Learn Uzbek. ���� ��������� ���� (original) (raw)
*** O'ZBEK TILI * UZBEK LANGUAGE ***
This is a copy of my Telegram-channel for learning Uzbek language.
Uzbek, like other Turkic languages, is interesting for its logic, consistency. This is its difference from modern Germanic languages, those formed by multiple mixing of Slavic and Germanic languages and multiple compromises between them. The Turkic languages have not changed much over the centuries, keeping the pure logic of constructing words and sentences...
The Uzbek language has 2 alphabets. One is based on the Latin alphabet, the other is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin based alphabet consists of 26 letters, three digraphs sh, ch and ng, and an apostrophe. The Cyrillic based alphabet consists of 35 letters.
Cyrillic:
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
Қ қ Ғ ғ Ҳ ҳ
Latin:
� � B b D d � � F f G g H h I i
J j K k L l � m N n � � P p Q q
R r S s � t U u V v X x Y y Z z
Oʻ oʻ Gʻ gʻ Sh sh Ch ch Ng ng
Pronunciation of letters:
"A " as in the word "cat"
"B " as in the word "bat"
"D " as in the word "den"
"E " as in the word "bet"
"F " as in the word "fish"
"G " as in the word "go"
"H " as in the word "house"
"I " as in the word "me"
"J " as in the word "joke" or as in "vision"
"K " as in the word "cold"
"L " as in the word "list"
"M " as in the word "man"
"N " as in the word "next"
"O " as in the word "hot" or as in "call"
"P " as in the word "pin"
"Q " like a " K ", but further back in the throat
"R " as in the word "rat" (trilled, like in Russian)
"S " as in the word "sick"
"T " as in the word "toe"
"U " as in the word "put" or as in "choose"
"V " as in the word "van"
"X " - "ch" as in German "Bach" or Scottish "loch"
"Y " as in the word "yes"
"Z " as in the word "zebra"
"O' " as in the word "row", "fur"
"G' " like a French or German "r"
"Sh " as in the word "shoe"
"Ch " as in the word "chew"
"Ng " as in the word "king"
Apostrophe is used either
to mark the phonetic glottal stop when put immediately before a vowel or
to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel.
Examples with " a ":
ana - that, there (points to something distant)
mana - this, here (points to something close)
aka - older brother
uka - younger brother
aka-uka - brothers
ana aka - that is the older brother
mana uka - this is the younger brother
mana aka-uka - these are brothers
Attention!
Almost always, the stress in Uzbek words is put on the last syllable!
Examples with " i ":
ip - thread
igna (nina) - needle
iz - track(s)
imzo - signature
Misollar - Examples:
Mana ip - This is a thread
Ana ip - That is a thread
Mana nina (igna) - This is a needle
Mana iz - This is a track (These are tracks)
Mana imzo - This is signature
Examples with " o ":
non - bread
bola - child
ol - take
olma � apple
Misollar - Examples:
Mana non - This is a bread
Mana bola - This is a child
Karim, nonni ol - Karim, take a bread
Lola, olmani ol - Lola, take an apple
Attention!
In Uzbek, the predicate is at the end of a sentence!
Examples with " u ":
bu - this, "this is"
uzum - vine, grapes
uchun - for
uy - home
uzun - long
Misollar - Examples:
Bu olma - This is an apple
Sardor, bu olmani ol - Sardor, take this apple
Mana uy - This is a home
Mana uzum - This is a vine
Umida, uzumdan ol - Umida, take these grapes
Mana Karim uchunuy - This house is for Karim
Bu uzum shirin - These grapes are sweet
Aziz, uzumdan ol - Aziz, take these grapes
Sevara uchun uzum ol - Take these grapes for Sevara
Uzbek prepositions are always placed after the word to which they refer!
Examples with " e ":
etik - high boot
eshik - door
el - people
erkak - man
ertaga - tomorrow
echki - goat
kelmoq - to come
The affix "-moq" gives an indefinite verb form.
Misollar - Examples:
Bu echki - This is a goat
Mana eshik - Here is the door
Ana etik - There is a high boot
Karim, ertaga kel - Karim, come tomorrow
Aziz, etikniol - Aziz, take the high boot
Tursun, eshiknioch - Tursun, open the door
Lola, echkini olib ket - Lola, take the goat away
Attention!
There are no prefixes in the Uzbek language. But there are many affixes that go in a certain order after the root of the word. The root of a word, as a rule, consists of 1-2 syllables; the main part of the word is often a set of affixes.
The affix "-ni" is used in the accusative case.
Examples with " o' ":
to�rt - four
bo�r - chalk
ko�z - eye
ko�cha - street
do�st - friend
so�z - word
o�z - own, -self-
Misollar - Examples:
Mana bo�r - Here is the chalk
Tursun, bo�rni ol - Tursun, take the chalk
Uzun ko�cha - Long street
So�zlarni o�qing - Read the words
O'z oilam - My ownfamily
Men buni o'zimqilaman - I do it myself
Examples with " q ":
qor - snow
quyosh - sun
quloq - ear, ears
qog�oz - paper
o�rtoq - comrade
qishloq - village
Misollar - Examples:
Qor yog�di - It was snowing
Quyosh nurlari - Sun rays
Quloq solmoq - listen
Yozuv qog�ozi - Writing paper
Qo�shni qishloq - Neighboring village
Examples with " g' ":
g�oz - goose
bog� - garden
tog� - mountain
g�alaba - victory
g�ayrat - energy, ardour
Misollar - Examples:
G�oz bolasi - Gosling
G�oz go�shti - Goose meat
Mevazor bog� - Orchard
Tog� etagi - Foot of the mountain
Tog� cho�qqisi - Peak
G�alaba qozonmoq - To win a victory
G�ayrat qilmoq - To act energetically
Examples with " h ":
ham - and, both
hayot - life
hozir - now
hazil - joke
hikoya - story
hamma - all
hafta - week
harakat - movement, motion
Misollar - Examples:
Ko�cha harakati � Street traffic
Men ham o�qiyman, sen ham o�qiysan � And I will teach, and you will
Hayot kechirmoq � To spend life, to live
Hazil qilmoq � To joke (qilmoq - to do)
Hikoyalar to�plami � Collection of stories
Hamma narsa � All things
O�tgan hafta � Last week
Examples with " j ":
juda - very
juma - Friday
jo�ja - chicken
jim - calm, quiet
janjal - scandal
janub - south
Examples with " ng ":
ong � consciousness
tong � dawn
bong � scream
jang � battle
Kishilik olmoshlari - Personal pronouns
Men � I
Sen � Thou
U � He, She, It
Biz � We
Siz � You
Ular � They
Attention!
In Uzbek, as in other Turkic languages, there is no grammatical gender.
So�roq olmoshlari - Interrogative pronouns
The interrogative pronoun Kim? - Who? - is used only in relation to people, and in relation to everything else Nima? - What?
Misollar � Examples:
� Bu kim? � Who is this?
� Bu Rustam. � This is Rustam.
� U kim? � Who is it?
� U � muhandis. � He is an engineer.
� Siz kimsiz? � Who are you?
� Men shifokorman. � I am a doctor.
� Bu nima? � What is this?
� Bu kitob. � This is a book.
� Mana bu nima? � What is this?
� Mana bu avtobus. � This is a bus.
Interrogative sentences are constructed in three ways:
1. Using interrogative particles (mi, -chi, -a):
Bu yaxshi kitobmi? - It is a good book, isn't it? (kitob - book)
Siz talabamisiz? - Are you a student? (talaba - student; -siz - 2nd person plural affix)
U-chi? What about him?
U shifokor-a? - He is a doctor, isn't he?
2. Using interrogative pronouns:
Ana bu nima? - What is there?
3. Using interrogative intonation:
Soat ikki bo'ldi? - It's two o'clock now (isn't it)?
(soat = hour, ikki = two, bo'ldi = was (bo'l = is, -di = past tense affix))
The word order in the interrogative sentence is usually the same as in the answer. That is, the interrogative pronoun is in the place of the word containing the answer.
Important affix "LAR�:
"Lar� is the main affix for the plural:
bolalar � children, so�zlar � words, tog�lar � mountains etc.
In some cases, this affix can be used not only with nouns, but also with other parts of speech, for example, with verbs:
Qidirdilar, ammo topolmadilar - They searched, but could not find.
In addition, this affix is used to convey a respectful attitude:
otamlar - my dear father, onamlar - my dear mother;
Xush kelibsizlar! - Welcome dear guest!
Egalik qo�shimchalari - Possessive affixes:
The Uzbek language has possessive affixes that are attached to names to indicate that a given object belongs to any person or object.
After the final vowel:
1st person, singular:� �m�;�� plural: �miz�
2nd person, singular:� �ng�;�� plural: �ngiz�
3rd person, singular:� �si�;�� plural: �si� or �lari�
After the final consonant:
1st person, singular:� �im�;�� plural: �imiz�
2nd person, singular:� �ing�;�� plural: �ingiz�
3rd person, singular:� �i�;�� plural: �i� or �lari�
This refers to the person and number inherited from the person or thing to which the object belongs.
In the third person, the number is not inherited. The affix "lari" = "lar"+"i", here "lar" gives us the plural of the subordinate object.
Examples:
my house �uyim; our house �uyimiz;
my houses �uylarim; our houses - uylarimiz;
your (thy) house �uying; your house - uyingiz;
your (thy) houses �uylaring; your houses - uylaringiz;
his house - uyi; their house �uyi;
his houses - uylari; their houses �uylari.
Examples with a final vowel:
otam � my father
otang � your (thy) father
otasi � his (her) father
otamiz � our father
otangiz � your father
otasi � their father
Examples with a final consonant:
maktabim � my school
maktabing � your (thy) school
maktabi � his (her) school
maktabimiz � our school
maktabingiz � your school
maktabi � their school
Examples � sentences:
Kitobim qani? � Where is my book?
Kitobingni ol � Take your book.
Kitobini ber � Give me his (her) book.
Kitobingni o�qi � Read your book.
Kitobimni o�qi � Read my book.
Kitobingni o�qiyman � I will read your book.
Kitobimiz kimda? �Who has our book?
Kitobingiz stolda �Your book is on the table.
Kitobingizni kim o�qidi? �Who has read your book?
Kitobingizni men o�qidim � I read your book.
Names of the days of the week:
Yakshanba - Sunday
Dushanba - Monday
Seshanba - Tuesday
Chorshanba - Wednesday
Payshanba - Thursday
Juma - Friday
Shanba � Saturday
Examples of yes/no questions:
Aziz shanba kuni ishladimi? - Did Aziz work on Saturday?
Ha, Aziz shanba kuni ishladi. - Yes, Aziz worked on Saturday.
Yo�q, Aziz shanba kuni ishlamadi. - No, Aziz did not work on Saturday.
Sen hafta kunlarini aytib bera olasanmi? - Can you name the days of the week?
Ha, aytib bera olaman, marhamat. - Yes, I can, please.
Siz shanba kuni ishlaysizmi? � Do you work on Saturday?
Dushanba kuni majlis bo�ladimi? � Will there be a meeting on Monday?
Lola dushanba kuni ishga boradimi? (or "Lola dushanbada ishga boradimi?") - Will Lola go to work on Monday?
Ha, Lola dushanba kuni ishga boradi. - Yes, Lola will go to work on Monday.
Seshanba kuni-chi? - And on Tuesday?
Seshanba kuni� ham boradi. (or "Seshanbada ham boradi") - Yes, and on Tuesday, too, will go.
Interrogative sentences can be formed using the following interrogative pronouns:
Kim?, Kimlar?� � Who?��(We say "Kimlar" if we know that there are several persons)
Nima?, Nimalar? � What?�� (We say "Nimalar" if we know there are multiple items)
Qanday? � Which?, What kind of...?, How?
Qanday qilib? - How?, In what way?
Qaysi? � Which?
Qaysi biri? - Which one of...?
Qancha?, Necha? � How much?, How many?
Nechta? � How many (items)?
Nechanchi? � Which (one) is on the bill?
Qachon? � When?
Qachondan beri? � Since when?
Qayerda? - Where?
Qayerga? - In which direction?
Qayerdan? - Where from?
Nega? - Why?
Nimaga? - Why? For what?
Examples of wh�questions:
Bu qanday qalam? Bu qora qalam.
What kind of pencil is this? This is a black pencil.
Teatr qaysi ko'chada joylashgan? Teatr Zarafshon ko'chasida joylashgan.
Which street is the theater located on? The theater is located on Zarafshon Street.
Siz qayerda o'qiysiz? Men universitetda o'qiyman.
Where do you study? I am studying at university.
U nimaga qiziqadi? U tarixga qiziqadi.
What is he interested in? He is interested in history.
Siz haftaning qaysi kuni dam olasiz?
Which day of the week do you rest?
Haftaning qaysi kunlari ishlaysiz?
What days of the week do you work?
Yakshanba kuni qayerga bormoqchisiz?
Where do you want to go on Sunday?
There are 2 features of the use of possessive affixes:
1. At the root of some words, a vowel in the second syllable disappears:
singil (sister) � singlim, singlimiz, singling, singlingiz, singlisi (my sister, our sister, �);
shahar (town) � shahrim, �;
bo'yin (neck) � bo'ynim, �;
qorin (belly) � qornim, �, qorni.
Voy qornim! = Woe is me!
2. At the root of two-syllable words ending in the consonants k or q,
- k changes to g:���� ko'ylak (shirt) � ko'ylagi, chelak (bucket) � chelagi,� yur�k(heart) � yur�gi,
- q changes to g':��� o'rtoq (comrade) � o'rtog'i, qishloq (village) � qishlog'i, bo�t�l�q (little camel) � bo�t�l�g�i.
Numeral
son - numeral, number
yil � year
oy - month
hafta � week
kun - day
soat � hour
Numerals are divided into cardinal (miqdor son) and ordinal (tartib son).
Cardinal numerals answer the questions "Qancha?", "Nechta?", "Necha?".
Ordinal numerals answer the question "nechanchi" (which) and are formed by adding suffixes to cardinal numerals:
-nchi (after final vowels);
-inchi (after final consonants).
1 � bir
2 � ikki
3 � uch
4 � to�rt
5 � besh
6 � olti
7 � yetti
8 � sakkiz
9 � to�qqiz
10 � o�n
20 � yigirma
30 � o�ttiz
40 � qirq
50 � ellik
60 � oltmish
70 � yetmish
80 � sakson
90 � to�qson
100 � yuz
1000 � ming
Ordinal numerals examples**:**
Uchinchi eshikdan kir! - Enter the third door!
Bu qirq oltinchi uy� - This is the forty sixth house
Ertaga o'n birinchi dars bo'ladi � Tomorrow will be the eleventh lesson
Birinchi yil o'tdi � The first year has passed
The use of cardinal numerals in sentences often looks like Number + ta + Noun:
Bu ko'chada sakkizta uy bor - There are eight houses on this street
Yigirma yettita olma bor - There are twenty seven apples
Another way is to use numerative words
Here are the most used numerative words:
dona � piece, item
nusxa � example of a book or a document
bosh � animal unit
tup � plant unit
nafar � person
juft � couple
yosh - used to indicate age�� (yosh � young)
Examples:
yetti dona daftar � seven copy-books
to�rt tup daraxt � four trees
o�n nafar o�quvchi � ten students
In many cases, neither the "-ta" affix nor the numerative word is used. For example, when we talk about time:
Ikki soat kutdik - We waited two hours
Bu yerda ikki yil yashadik - We lived here for two years
Bizga uch hafta kerak - We need three weeks
Nouns after numerals are not formed by the affix �lar:
ko�k qalamlar � blue pencils�� (no numerals)
beshta qalam � five pencils
besh dona qalam � five pieces of pencils
o�n tup daraxt � ten trees
Yer� - land, place.
Qay � Which? What kind of...? (rarely used)
Qaysi � Which?
Qaysi = Qay + si,�� �si� is possessive affix, 3rd person.
Qayer = qay + yer
Qayer? � What kind of place is it?
Bu qayer? Bu dalamiz. � What kind of place is it? This is our field.� (dala � field)
Let's recall such interrogative pronouns:
Qayerda? - Where?
Qayerga? - In which direction?
Qayerdan? - Where from?
Bu ko'cha qayerda? � Where is this street?
Qayerga qarayapsiz? � Where are you looking?
U qayerdan kelgan? � Where did he (she) come from?
Bu yerga keling! � Come here!
bu yerda � here
u yerda � there
Example:
- Men O�zbekistondan keldim.
- O'zbekistoning qayeridansiz?�� qa+yer+i+dan
- Toshkentda yashayman.
- I came from Uzbekistan.
- Where in Uzbekistan are you from?
- I live in Tashkent.
Words to memorize
bola - child
aka - older brother
uka - younger brother
aka-uka - brothers
ota - father
ona - mother
ota-ona - parents
singil - younger sister
opa - older sister; mother
opa-singil - sisters
o'g'il - son
qiz - girl, daughter
kishi, odam - human
qariya - old man
Examples:
Bolalarim bor - I have children
Akam sayrga chiqdi - My brother went for a walk
Bu odam mening o'g'lim - This man is my son
Singlingizning yashil ko'zlari - Your sister has green eyes
Qizimiz o'tgan yili tug'ilgan - Our daughter was born last year
In Uzbek, often the same word can act as both an adjective and an adverb.
Adjectives do not change in number.
Words to memorize (adjectives/adverbs):
katta - big; older�� /�� kichik - small; younger
yaxshi - good; well�� /��yomon - bad
oq - white�� /��qora - black
baland - tall�� /��past - lower
uzun - long�� /��qisqa, kalta - short
yosh - young�� /��qari - old (man); eski (thing)
achchiq - bitter�� /��shirin - sweet
issiq - hot�� /��sovuq - cold
og�ir - heavy�� /��yengil - easy
tez - fast, rapid, quick, quickly�� /�� sekin - slow, slowly
ko'p - many, much�� /��kam, oz - few, small
Examlpes:
katta yo'l - big road
yaxshi odamlar - good people
yaxshi ishlamoq - to work well
Yaxshi qoling! - Stay well!
past tog' - low mountain
Oq yo'l! - Have a good trip!
oq bo'r - white chalk
sovuq suv - cold water
og�ir chelak - heavy bucket
tez o'sish - rapid growth
sekin harakat - slow motion
ko'p daraxtlar - many trees
yosh ayol - young woman
kichik qiz - little girl
yomon kishi - bad guy
qora qor - black snow
baland bog' - high garden
uzun arqon - long rope
qisqa ko'cha - short street
qari kishi - old man
shirin konfet - sweet candy
issiq ko'l - hot lake
yengil ish - light work
kam miqdor - small amount
bir oz sut - a little of milk
eski uy - old house
achchiq tutun - bitter smoke
Imperative-subjunctive verbs
(buyruq-istak mayli)
In Uzbek, the imperative and the subjunctive moods of a verb are considered to be one mood.
We translate 1st person verbs as a wish, 2nd person verbs as an order/wish, 3rd person verbs as a wish for that person.
olmoq - to take� (the affix "-moq" gives an indefinite verb form)
Olmani ol! - Take the apple!��
Olma - apple. The "-ni" suffix is used in the accusative case, but not always:
Olma ol! - Take an apple!
Imperative-subjunctive affixes:
After the final vowel:
1st person, singular:� �-y�;�� plural: �-y-lik�
2nd person, singular:� no affix, or in polite form - "-ng";�� plural: �-ngiz�
3rd person, singular:� �-sin�;�� plural: �sin� or �-sin-lar�
After the final consonant:
1st person, singular:� �-ay�;�� plural: �-ay-lik�
2nd person, singular:� no affix, or in polite form - "-ing";�� plural: �-ingiz�
3rd person, singular:� �-sin�;�� plural: �sin� or �-sin-lar�
If we are in the case of 3rd person pl. and we discard -lar, it turns out a less respectful, commanding tone.
Words to memorize:
och - open
yop - close
o'tir - sit down, sit
tur - stand up, stand
yot - lie down, lie
ol - take
ber - give
ishla - work
Examples for Imperative-subjunctive:
Men ishlay. - I would work.
Biz ishlaylik. - Let's work.
Sen ishla! - Work!�� /�� Siz ishlang! - Work please!
Siz ishlangiz! - Work (please)!�� (plural)
U ishlasin. - It would be nice for him (her) to work.
Ular ishlasin. (or "Ular ishlasinlar") - It would be nice for them to work.
Men o'tiray. - I would sit.
Biz o'tiraylik. - Let's sit down.
Sen o'tir! - Sit!�� /��Siz o'tiring! - Sit down please!
Siz o'tiringiz! - Sit down (please)!�� (plural)
U o'tirsin. - It would be nice for him (her) to sit down.
Ular o'tirsin. (or "Ular o'tirsinlar") - It would be nice for them to sit down.
Words to memorize:
ha - yes
yo'q - no
bugun - today
hozir - now
kerak - "it is necessary"
mumkin - "it is permissible"
Examples:
Bugun haftaning nechanchi kuni? - What day of the week is it today?
Bugun seshanba. - Today is Tuesday.
Eshikni qachon yopasiz? - When do you close the door?
Hozir yopaman. - I'm closing now.
Bu suv issiqmi? - Is it hot water?
Ha, bu issiq suv. - Yes, it's hot water.
Yo'q, bu sovuq suv. - No, it's cold water.
Bu nima uchun kerak? - Why is this necessary?
Bu kerak emas. - It is not necessary.
emas = not
Words to memorize:
qog�oz - paper
kitob - book
matn - text
harf - letter
daftar - copybook
uy - home
ko'cha - street
yo'l - road
shahar - town
qishloq - village
Examples:
Bu yaxshi kitobmi? - Is this a good book?
Ha, yaxshi. - Yes, good.
Aka, daftarni bering! - Brother, give me the copybook!
Yo'q, bu mening daftarim! - No, this is my copybook!
Compound words to memorize:
shu - this
shu-shu - ever since
o'sha - same
o'sha-o'sha - ever since
tez - quick
tez-tez - frequent
dona - piece, item
dona-dona - grainly, powdery
dona-dona qilib ...moq - (do something) clearly:
dona-dona qilib gapirmoq - speak clearly,
dona-dona qilib yozmoq - write clearly
juda - very, too much
juda-juda - absolutely
kalta - short
kalta-kalta - (do something) often and intermittent
kalta-kalta qadam bosmoq - to take small steps
rasta - shopping row
rasta-rasta - (stand, move) in rows, in a string
gala - horde, pack
gala-gala - like a horde, in a pack
taka - goat
taka-taka qilmoq - to seek through
xona - room
xona-xona - consisting of separate rooms, honeycomb, checkered
shoda - bundle, necklace
shoda-shoda - bundles; many, a lot of
shona - flower-bud
shona-shona - studded with buds
qayta - again
(qaytmoq - to return)
qayta-qayta - repeatedly, over and over again
g'udda - knob, pimple
g'udda-g'udda - knobby
halqa - circle, ring, (chain) link
halqa-halqa - in rings, in plumes of smoke:
tutun halqa-halqa bo'lib chiqmoqda - smoke billows in rings
boshqa - another
...-dan boshqa - except ...:
sendan boshqa - except you
boshqa-boshqa - separately, different
bo'lak - part, piece
bo'lak-bo'lak - in pieces, in parts
ayrim - special, separate
ayrim-ayrim - separately
alohida - separate, special, detached
alohida-alohida - separately
Demonstrative pronouns
Birlik (singular):
u = that, he, she
bu = this
shu = this here
o'sha = the one, the very
bunday = like this, like that
shunday = so, such
o'shanday = the same, as well
Ko'plik (plural):
ular = those, they
bular = these
shular = these here
o'shalar = those same
Examples: �
Ana u kim? - Who is he?
U � sotuvchi. - He is a salesman.
Mana bu nima? - What is this?
Bu � olma. - It's an apple.
U erda nima? - What is there?
U - daraxt. - That is a tree.
Shu ko'chada yurdingizmi? - Did you walk down this street?
O'sha uyni ko'ryapsanmi? - Do you see that house?
O�sha kuni. - That day.
Bunday taom tezda tayyorlanadi. - Such a dish is prepared quickly.
Bu shunday yuz berdi. - It happened like this.
Siz o'shanday yoshsiz hamon. - You are still so young.
Ular shaharga kelishdi. - They came to town.
Bu boshqa-boshqa narsalar. - These are different things.
Bular boshqa-boshqa. - These are different.
Bu daraxtlar - teraklar. Shular eng baland. - These trees are poplars. These are the highest.
Odamlarni ko'ryapsizmi? O'shalar. - Do you see people? These are the ones.
Words to memorize:
savol - question
javob - answer
Examples:
Savolingizni bering! - Ask your question!��("ingiz" - possessive affix, "ni" - accusative affix)
U menga javob bersin! - Let him give me the answer!��("sin" - imperative-subjunctive affix)
Words to memorize:
ko�z - eye
quloq - ear
qo'l - hand
yelka - shoulder
bo�yin - neck
qorin - belly
Examples:
uning go'zal ko'zlari - her beautiful eyes
uzun quloqlar - long ears
Menga qo'lingni ber! (or: "Menga qoʻlingizni bering!") - Give me your hand!
qalin bo'yin - thick neck
katta qorin - big belly
Case formation in Uzbek language
There are six main cases in Uzbek language: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative and ablative:
Genitive (Possessive) Case. Possessive suffix �NING
There is a special suffix construction in Uzbek which means belonging to. Unlike in English, Uzbek possession can be marked by both Possessor and Possessed. In Uzbek the Possessor is suffixed with -ning and Possessed is suffixed with �im, -ing, -i, -miz, -ingiz, �ngiz.
The formation of possessive relationship is following: the Possessor �Anvar� has a possession �kitob� or �ona�. When suffixed in Uzbek it becomes �Anvarning kitobi� (Anvar�s book) or �Anvarning onasi� (Anvar�s mother).
The plurals are formed by the adding -lar to the root word of either the possessor or the possessed or to both according to context. The possessive forms of personal pronouns are usually dropped when a noun already reflects possession: Mening ismim � Barno vs. Ismim Barno.
Words in the possessive case in a sentence are always a definition and are ahead of the word being defined.
Examples:
Bizning hovlimiz katta. � Our yard is big.
Sening do�sting aqlli. � Your friend is smart.
Bu sening kitobingmi? � Is this your book?
Bizning auditoriya katta. � Our auditorium is huge.
Sening ko�zlaring juda chiroyli. � Your eyes are very beautiful.
Sizning akangiz qayerda ishlaydi? � Where does your brother work?
Maktabning hovlisi chiroyli. � The school yard is beautiful.
Sizning familiyangiz nima? � What's your last name?
Sizning otingiz nima? � What is your name?
Shaharning ko�chalari chiroyli. � The streets of the city are beautiful.
Karimning otasi � o�qituvchi. � Karim's father is a teacher.
Sinf jurnali qayerda?�� � Where's the class register?
Biz Alisher Navoiyning she�rlarini o�qidik.� � We read Alisher Navoi's poems.
O�qituvchimizning topshirig�ini bajardik. � We have completed the teacher's task.
Ariqning suvi toza. � The water of the ditch is clean.
Bizning kutubxonamizda kitob ko�p. � There are many books in our library.
Respublikamizning poytaxti � Toshkent. � The capital of our republic is Tashkent.
Toshkentning binolari chiroyli. � The buildings of Tashkent are beautiful.
Siz shaharning qaysi tumanida yashaysiz? � What area of the city do you live in?
Kecha sening maqolangni o�qidik. � We read your article yesterday.
Mening fikrim shu. � That's my opinion.
The possessive case can be formed - with the suffix -ning, and unformed - without the suffix -ning.
The formed possessive case denotes a specific, definite object:
Meningsinglim ishga ketdi � My sister has gone to work
O�quvchiningotasi maktabga keldi� � The student's father came to school
Umarningo�rtoqlari kinoga ketdilar � Umar's comrades went to the cinema
Informal possessive indicates an indefinite meaning:
Shahar ko'chalari uzun va keng bo'lishi kerak � City streets should be long and wide
Often there are nouns in sentences for which the Possessor is not explicitly indicated.
Nouns in the 3rd person must be suffixed (-i or -si) in the following cases:
1. Ownership is known, even if the Possessor is not explicitly specified:
Shahardan tashqarida Sirdaryo oqadi. Daryosi sayozlashdi.
The Syrdarya River flows outside the city. The river became shallower.
2. It is said about a certain subject, the uniqueness of which is emphasized by the definition. In this case, -i (-si) serves as a definite article:
Bu Kickik Halqa yo�li.
This is the Little Ring Road.
About haq, haqda, haqida
haq = truth,
haqda, haqida = about.
Bu kitob o'tmish olimlari haqida. - This book is about the scientists of the past.
but:
Nima haqda yozmoqchisiz? - What do you want to write about?
Present-Future Tense. Personal Endings of Predicates
The simplest and most frequently used grammatical tense in the Uzbek language is Present-Future.
It is so called because the form of verbs (or other parts of speech as a predicate) does not change depending on when an event occurs, in the present or in the future. Time is determined by the context or adverb of time.
For the case of the present tense, this is an analogue of the English Present Simple. By the way, there is also an analogue of Present Continuous in the Uzbek language, but we will talk about this later.
Examples:
1. Men talabaman. Universitetda tarix fanini o'rganaman. Kechqurun kitob o'qiyman.
I am a student. I study history at university. I read books in the evenings. (Present)
2. Ertaga ishlamaymiz. Biz daryoga boramiz.
We will not work tomorrow. We will go to the river. (Future)
Sentences in the Present-Future are formed using the affixes "a" or "y" and "personal endings".
The personal ending is added to the verb or other part of speech used as a predicate. Since the predicate in the Uzbek language is almost always put at the end of a sentence, a significant part of sentences end in personal endings. This fact gives the originality of Turkic poetry.
Personal Endings:
1st person, singular:� �man�;�� plural: �miz�
2nd person, singular:� �san�;�� plural: �siz�
3rd person, verb, singular:� �di�;�� plural: �dilar�
3rd person, other parts of speech, singular:� no ending;�� plural: �lar�
Examples (predicate is a verb):
bilmoq � to know
Men bilaman � I know, I will know
Sen bilasan � You know, You will know
U biladi � He (she) knows, He (she) will know
Biz bilamiz � We know, We will know
Siz bilasiz � You know, You will know
Ular biladilar � They know, They will know
ishlamoq � to work
Men ishlayman � I work, I will work
Sen ishlaysan � You work, You will work
U ishlaydi � He (she) works, He (she) will work
Biz ishlaymiz � We work, We will work
Siz ishlaysiz � You work, You will work
Ular ishlaydilar � They work, They will work
Examples (predicate is another part of speech):
Siz chiroylisiz � You are beautiful
Ular kichik � They are small
Ular bolalar � They are children
Biz uydamiz � We are at home
Men och emasman � I'm not hungry�� (When we use "emas" = "not", the personal ending is added to the word "emas"!)
If a personal ending is used, the pronoun is often omitted:
Dushanba kunlari ishlayman � I work on Mondays
Chiroylisiz � You are beautiful
Uydamiz � We are at home
Och emasman � I'm not hungry
The interrogative form of verbs in the present-future is formed using the affix -mi, which is added to the end of the word:
Hamma narsani tushunasizmi? Ha, tushunaman. � Do you understand everything? Yes I understand.
Ertaga ishlaysizmi? Ha, ishlayman. � Will you work tomorrow? Yes, I will work.
The negative form of verbs in the present-future is formed by adding the affix -ma, which is inserted after the root. Since "ma" ends with a vowel, the affix "y" follows.
Hamma narsani tushunasizmi? Yo'q tushunmayman. � Do you understand everything? No, I don't understand.
Ertaga ishlaysizmi? Yo'q, ishlamayman. � Will you work tomorrow? No, I will not work.
Time. Time of day. Frequently used adverbs of time
vaqt � time
payt � moment of time
tong � dawn
erta � morning
kun � day
kech � evening
tun - night
tongda � at dawn
ertalab - in the morning
kunduzi - in the afternoon
kechqurun - in the evening
tunda, kechasi - at night
hozir, endi � now
bugun � today
kecha � yesterday
ertaga � tomorrow
Age
yosh � age; young
Siz necha yoshdasiz? - How old are you?
Men yigirma yoshdaman. - I'm twenty years old.
OR:
Men yigirmadaman. - I'm twenty.
OR:
Yigirmadaman. - I'm twenty.
Here "da" is the affix of the locative case; "man" � personal ending.
Similarly, we can ask and answer:
Men necha yoshdaman? - How old am I?
Siz qirq yoshdasiz. - You are fourty years old.
U necha yoshda? - How old is he (she)?
U ellik bir yoshda. - He (she) is fifty-one years old.�� (there is no personal ending here, because "yosh" is not a verb)
Akang necha yoshda? - How old is your brother?
Akam o'ttiz uchda. - My brother is thirty-three.
Verbs to memorize:
bor - there is/are, existing, have
Menda chelak bor - I have a bucket
bo'lmoq - to be, to take place, happen
Siz kim bo'lasiz? - Who are you?
Sog' bo'ling! - Be healthy!
Bor bo'ling! - I wish you to live!
bilmoq - to know
bilim - knowledge
tushunmoq - to understand
yashamoq - to live (anywhere)
qilmoq - to do
qaramoq - to look
ko'rmoq - to see
eshitmoq - to hear, to listen
tinglamoq - to listen
quloq solmoq - to listen
quloq bermoq - to listen
solmoq - to put
o'qimoq - to read; study (somewhere)
yozmoq - to write
gapirmoq - to speak, to talk
gaplashmoq - to speak, to talk, to negotiate
aytmoq - to say, to speak, to tell; to call, to invite
demoq - to tell (the words) (a case of direct speech, retelling)
so'zlamoq - to talk, to tell, to narrate
(so'z - word)
so'ylamoq - to talk, to tell, to narrate
yurmoq - to go, to move
bormoq - to go (anywhere); to reach
�
kelmoq - to come
qolmoq - to stay (anywhere)
ketmoq - to go out
qochmoq - to run away
qaytmoq - to return
�
kechmoq - to overpass, to go through something; to forgive
o�tmoq - to pass, to step over
�
kirmoq - to enter
chiqmoq - to go outside, to leave
yordamlashmoq, yordam bermoq - to help
ko'maklashmoq - to provide support, to help, to help each other
Compound verbs:
chiqib qoldi � appeared ("leaving, got up")
qochib ketdi � disappeared ("left running away")
If we don't use "a" ("y"), but use a personal ending, this is the Past tense (qoldi, ketdi).
Antonyms:
boshlamoq - to begin
bitirmoq - to finish
tugatmoq - to finish
turmoq - to stand, to stand up
o'tirmoq - to sit, to sit down
ochmoq - to open
yopmoq - to close
olmoq - to take
bermoq - to give
Examples � sentences:
Bu yerga keling! - Come here!
Bu yerga qarang! - Look here!
Eshiting! Tinglang! Quloq soling! Quloq bering! - Listen!
Qaytaring! - Return!
Qaytaring! Takrorlang! - Repeat!
Javob bering! - Answer!
Ichkariga kiring! - Come on in!
Kitob o'qing! - Read a book!
Kitobni o'qing! - Read the book!
Derazani oching! - Open the window!
Derazani ochmang! - Don't open the window!
Buni qilma! - Don't do it!
Gapirmang! Gaplashmang! - Do not speak!
Menga yordam bering! - Help me!
Bu dori menga yordamlashadi. - This medicine helps me.
Ular bir-birlariga ko'maklashadi. - They help each other.
Ertaga u unga bir og'iz so'z aytmaydi. - Tomorrow he won't say a word to her.
Earlier it was said that the possessive case affix "-ning" and the possessive affix "-i (-si)" can be omitted. Put crudely, they are used in the same case when in English we use the definite article "the", and are not used in the indefinite case.
Approximately the same can be said about the accusative affix "-ni".
That is, the accusative case, like the possessive, can be "formed" and "unformed".
Example of an unformed accusative case:
Tez orada uy quramiz. - We will build a house soon.
Here the word "uy" has no affix for the same reason that in English we use the indefinite article.
The cases of the formed accusative need to be described in more detail.
1. With proper names:
Rashidni toping - Find Rashid.
2. With personal, interrogative or reflexive pronouns:
U meni o�z uyiga taklif qildi. � He invited me to his house.
Siz kimni so�rayapsiz? � Who are you asking?
Anna o�zini hech kimga tanishtirmadi. � Anna did not introduce herself to anyone.
3. With nominalized adjectives:
Qizilni oling. - Take the red.
U bilganini so�zlab bersin. � Let him tell what he knows.�� (bilganini = bil + gan + ini, "gan" turns a verb into a past participle)
Birinchisini oling, men ikkinchisini olaman. � Get the first one, I'll get the second one.
4. With words defined by the form of the possessive case:
Uning otasini uchrashdim. � I met his father.
5. With words formed using the possessive case affix "-ning":
Men bugun kelganingni eshitdim. � I heard you came today.
6. With participles:
Kelganini ko�rdim. � I saw him come.
7. With verbal nouns:
Akam o�qishni bitirdi. � My brother graduated.�� (o�qishni:� o�qimoq � to read; to study; �-ish� is an affix forming a verbal noun)
8. If a word in the accusative case is separated from the predicate by other members of the sentence:
Vazifani soat beshda tugatdik. � We finished the task at five o'clock.
9. When using some verbs of motion, we consider that we are in the accusative case and also use "-ni":
Shaharni kezmoq. � Walking around the city.
In this block materials of the textbook are used:
G.H.Bakieva et al., "Uzbek language for the CIS countries".
The logic of changing adverbs of time according to casesis best demonstrated by examples with the most commonly used adverbs.
We already know the words:
kun - day
tun � night
tong - dawn
erta - morning
kech - evening
kecha � yesterday; night
ertaga - tomorrow
ertaga ertalab � tomorrow morning
kecha ertalab � yesterday morning
ertaga kechqurun � tomorrow evening
ertalab � in the morning, kechqurun � in the evening
bugun kechqurun � tonight
avval � before, first
Avval ishni tugatamiz � We'll finish the job first
Sendan avval ko'rganman � I've seen it before you
oldin� � before, ago
Ikki yil oldin � Two years ago
Ovqatdan oldin � Before meals
Sizdan sal oldin � Just before you
oldinda � ahead
oldinda boradi � goes ahead
oldindan � in advance
oldinga ��forward
ilgari � ago, before; forward
Buyuk alloma ming yil(dan) ilgari yashagan edi � The great thinker lived 1000 years ago
U ilgari ketadi � He goes ahead
ilgaridan � in advance, from the beginning
keyin � after
U mendan keyin kirdi � He came in after me
keyinda � behind
U keyinda qoladi - He falls behind
keyindan � after
so'ng � after (the end of something), later
U bir yildan so'ng o'qishni bitiradi � He graduates in a year
ertadan so'ng � day after tomorrow
o�sha � that
o�sha kecha � that evening
o�shanda � at that time, then
O�shanda mening shaxsiy uyim bor edi. � I had my own house then.
o�shandan buyon � since
buyon = bu+yon; yon � side, sidepiece
Qachondan beri? � Since when?
qachon � when, as soon as
paytgacha � until then (payt - moment of time)
yonida � beside (by place or time)
(yon � side, sidepiece)
yoniga � nearby
yonidan � past (something)
deraza yonida - next to the window
Aziz oʻchoq yonida oʻtiradi. � Aziz sits by the fire.
yoniga kelmoq � to approach
U yonidan o'tib ketdi. � He walked past me.
yaqinda � recently; soon
(yaqin � close (object, person))
yaqindan � close (to something or someone); recently
Yaqinda daryoga bordik. - We went to the river recently.
Biz yaqindan tanishmiz. - We are intimately familiar.
allaqachon � a long time ago
allaqachon kelgan � already arrived
Ranglar � Colors
rang � color, tone, tinge
tus � hue, shade, color; appearance, manner
Qizil rang sizda qanday hislarni uyg'otadi? � How does red make you feel?
Tarkibidagi gemoglobin qonga qizil tus beradi. � Hemoglobin, which is part of the blood, gives it a red color.
rangli� � colored
r_angli bo'yoqlar � colored paints_
tusli � colored
qora tusli ot � black horse
bo'yoq � paint, color
gul � flower
guldasta � bunch of flowers
chechak � flower
Asosiy ranglar � Primary colors:
oq � white
qora � black
qizil � red
ko�k � blue
yashil � green
sariq � yellow
Bu qaysi rang? � What is color?
Bu qizil rang. � This is red.
Gulning rangi qanday?�OR� Gul qanday rangda? � What color is the flower?
Gulning rangi qizil.�OR� Gul qizil rangda. � The flower is red.
Uzbeks often say "ko�k" instead of the word "yashil". For example: ko�k choy (green tea), ko�k o't (green grass). But: Yashil bo'yoq (Green paint).
Uzbek tongue twister:
Oq choynakka oq qopqoq, ko�k choynakka ko�k qopqoq.
White lid on white teapot, blue lid on blue teapot.
rasm � drawing, picture
surat � picture, drawing
asar, san'at asari � work of art
rassom � artist
rasm chizmoq � to paint
Bog�lovchilar - Conjunctions
va � and
qalam va qog'oz�- pencil and paper
ham � ham � both, also, as well as�� (after vowels sounds like "yam")
Bozorda ota ham, onasi ham savdo qiladi. - Both father and mother trade in the market.
hamda � as well as
Seshanba, chorshanba hamda payshanba kunlari bandman. - I am busy on Tuesday, Wednesday and also Thursday.
yo (yoxud, yoki) � or
qora yoki oq � black or white
Yo men boray, yo sen kel. � Either I go or you come
xoh � xoh � either
xoh bugun, xoh ertaga - either today or tomorrow
xoh-noxoh � whether wanting to or not
�no" is a prefix borrowed from Farsi (Persian), which has the meaning of negation
esa � but, as for
O'qituvchining esa hech narsadan xabari yo'q edi. - As for the teacher, he didn't know anything.
bo�lsa � but, as for
Men hamma narsani qildim, u bo'lsa hali buni qilmagan.- I've done everything, but he hasn't done it yet.
bo�lmasa � otherwise, in that case, then
Mayli bo'lmasa, ertaga uchrashamiz. - Okay, then we'll see you tomorrow.
lekin � but; however
ammo � but, though, however
biroq � except, yet, however
U o'qiy oladi, lekin sekin. � He can read, but slowly.
Ammo, ishning muvaffaqiyati aniq emas. � However, the success of the work is not certain.
Suqrot mening do'stim, biroq haqiqat muhimroqdir. � Socrates is my friend, but the truth is dearer to me.
Compound words to memorize - 2:
bormoq - to go
borib-borib - over time, gradually, little by little; in the end.
bo'lmoq - to be, to take place, happen
bo'lib-bo'lib - piece y piece, in parts.
kelmoq - to come
kelib-kelib - subsequently; finally, in the end;
sakramoq - to jump
sakrab-sakrab - ride with difficulty
yov - enemy
yov-yov - enemy attack; fighting, battle
gajak - curl, lock, ringlet (on forehead); a silver or gold ornament resembling a
ringlet and worn by women on the forehead; curled
gajak-gajak - all curly, full of curls
katak - coop, pen; square; cell, chamber; nostril; checkered
katak-katak - made up of many chambers, squares
lo'ppak - mature, full, ripe (usu. cotton)
lo'ppak-lo'ppak - lush, fluffy
teshik - hole, opening
teshik-teshik OR ilma-teshik - full of holes, riddled with holes
chakak - lower jaw
chakak-chakak - emaciated, thin, haggard, hollow-cheeked
Present Continuous Tense
In the Uzbek language, there is a tense similar to the English Present Continuous. It expresses a state, event or action which is taking place at the same time it is being reported.
Use the affix �yap� and personal ending present tense.
In the case of the 3rd person, instead of the personal ending "di", you need to use "ti". This is due to the voiceless ending of the affix "yap".
So, personal endings:
1st person, singular:��man�;�� plural: �miz�
2nd person, singular:��san�;�� plural: �siz�
3rd person, verb, singular:� �ti�;��plural: �ti(lar)�
If we are in the case of 3rd person pl. and we discard -lar, it turns out a less respectful connotation.
As in the case of the Present-Future tense, the personal pronoun is usually omitted unless deliberately emphasizing who is doing the action. A leading pronoun is redundant - its meaning is already present in the personal suffix at the end of the verb.
Examples:
(uxlamoq � to sleep)
Hozir uxlayapman � I�m sleeping now
Hozir uxlayapsan � You are sleeping now
Hozir uxlayapti�� He is sleeping now
Hozir uxlayapmiz � We are sleeping now
Hozir uxlayapsiz � You are sleeping now
Hozir ular uxlayaptilar � They are sleeping now
Singlim maktabga boradi. Bugun u she'r yodlayapti. � My sister goes to school. Today he is memorizing a poem.
Vazifani bajaryapsizmi? � Are you completing a task?
Nega o'ynamayapsiz? � Why aren't you playing?��� (o�ynamoq � to play)
Men hozir uy quryapman. � I am building a house now.
There are two more ways to construct the Uzbek Present Continuous:
1. verb + moq + da + personal ending
2. verb + ("a" or "y") + yotir + personal ending�� (This form is usually used in the literature)
In both cases, in the case of a third person, the personal ending is not used!
Examples:
Ukam Navoiyning she'rlarini yodlamoqda. � My brother is memorizing Navoi's poems.
Navoiyning she'rlarini yodlamoqdaman. � I am memorizing Navoi's poems.
Qayerdan kel_a_yotirsiz? � Where are you coming from?�� (kelmoq � to come)
Buxorodan kel_a_yotirman. � I am coming from Bukhara.
Hozir ham balki bu haqda o�yla**_y_otir**. � Maybe even now he is thinking about it.
Word order in sentence
1. We put the subject at the beginning of the sentence, and only attributives or adjunct of place and time can precede it.
2. The predicate is placed exclusively at the end of the sentence.
3. The dependent members of the sentence come before the principal one.
Yovvoyi hayvonlari � Wild animals:
Tulki � Fox
Ayiq � Bear
Kiyik � Deer
Quyon � Hare, Rabbit
Bo'ri � Wolf
Olmaxon � Squirrel
Fil � Elephant
Sher � Lion
Yo'lbars � Tiger
Maymun � Monkey
Uy hayvonlari � Domestic animals:
Ot � Horse
Toychoq � �olt (young horse)
Eshak � Donkey
Xo'tik � Colt (young donkey)
Sigir � Cow
Buzoq � Calf
Tuya � Camel
Bo'taloq � Young camel
Echki � Goat
Uloqcha � Goatling
Qo'y � Sheep
Qo'zichoq � Lamb
Cho'chqa, To�ng�iz � Pig
Qobon � Boar
It � Dog
Kuchukcha � Puppy
Pishak � Cat
Pishakcha � Kitten
G'oz � Goose
G'oz bolasi � Gosling
Tovuq � Hen
Jo'ja � Chicken
O'rdak � Duck
O'rdakcha � Duckling
Definite Past Tense. Aniq o'tgan zamon fe'li
The definite past expresses an event or action completed in the past, and the speaker was an eyewitness to this action or its participant.
The definite past tense is formed by adding to the verb stem the affix -di, plus the possessive type of personal endings.
Personal endings for Definite Past:
1st person, singular:��m�;�� plural: �k�
2nd person, singular:��ng�;�� plural: �ngiz�
3rd person, singular:�no ending;�� plural: �lar�
Men kirdim � I entered
Biz kirdik � We entered
Sen kirding � You entered
Siz kirdingiz � You entered
U kirdi � He (she) entered
Ular kirdilar � They entered
Examples:
Kecha biz qishloqqa qaytdik. � Yesterday we returned to the village.
Bugun maktabda darslar bo'ldi. � There were classes at school today.
- Seshanba kuni siz nima qildingiz? �� What did you do on Tuesday?.
- Ishladim. � I worked.
- Bugun ertalab nima qildingiz? � What did you do this morning?
- Kitob o�qidim. � I read a book.
- Turdingmi? � Did you get up?�� Tur+di+ng+mi
- Yo'q, men o'tiraman. � No, I will sit.
The negative form of the definite past tense is formed by adding the negative affix -ma to the verb base, followed by the affix -di and then personal ending:
Ular h�li shahardan qaytmadilar. � They have not yet returned from the city.�� qayt+ma+di+lar
bo�lmoq � to be; to take place, happen; to be finished; to be suitable; to exist, be present; to be found; to become; to divide
Bugun yigirma daraja sovuq bo'ladi. � It will be twenty degrees cold today.
Siz kelajakda kim bo�lasiz? � Who will you be in the future?
Shifokor bo�laman. � I will be a doctor.
Sog� bo�ling! � Be healthy!
Yo�l bo�lsin! � Have a safe trip!
Yo�l bo�lsin? � Where are you off to?
Nima bo'ldi? � What�s happened?
The use of bo'lmoq in the past tense indicates that a change of state has occurred, which may or may not be still relevant at present time:
Bugun kuchli shamol bo'ldi. � There was a strong wind today.
Soat necha bo�ldi? � What time is it?
Soat to�rt bo�ldi. � It's four o'clock.
emoq � to be.
This verb form is obsolete; usually this verb is used in the past tense (edi).
bor � there is/are, existing, present.
This modal verb has no infinitive.
Examples:
Kecha sovuq edi. � It was cold yesterday.
Qayerda edi? � Where was it?
O�tgan kuni ham ish ko�p edi. � There was a lot of work last day.
O'tgan yili shaxarda edik. � We were in town last year.
It is important:
Menda eshak bor. � I have a donkey.
Menda eshak yo'q. � I haven�t a donkey.
Menda eshak bor edi. � I had a donkey.
Menda eshak yo'q edi. � I hadn't a donkey.
Another way:
Mening akam bor. � I have a brother.
Singlim yo'q. � I don't have a sister.
Words to memorize:
dunyo � world, universe
olam � world, universe, cosmos
sharq � east
g'arb � west
shimol � north
janub � south
bahor � spring
yoz � summer
kuz � autumn
qish � winter
quyosh � sun
osmon � sky
iqlim � climate
yomg�ir � rain
qor � snow
shamol � wind
bulut � cloud
do�l � hail
ayoz � frost
tog� � mountain
g�or � cave
dengiz � sea
ko�l � lake
daryo � river
Verbs to memorize:
o'rganmoq � to study
yodlamoq � to memorize; to recall
unutmoq � to forget
o'ylamoq � to think (of, about), to consider
bitirmoq � to finish, to end; to complete; to liquidate, to destroy
tugatmoq � synonym for " bitirmoq"
o'ynamoq � to play; to dance; to play with
kuylamoq � to sing
ichmoq � to drink
ovqatlanmoq � to eat
ushlamoq � to hold
tashlamoq � to throw
qurmoq � to build
ekmoq � to sow, to plant
tug�ilmoq � to be born
uyg�onmoq � to wake up
ko�rsatmoq � to show
aylanmoq � to spin, to turn; to take a walk
shug�ullanmoq � to be busy with something
The nominative caseis distinguished by the absence of a case affix:
Qush shimolga uchmoqda. � The bird is flying north.
We have considered the formation of genitive (possessive) and accusative cases above.
Now let's study thelocative, ablative and dative cases.
Locative indicates the object or person where the action took place. Often by action is meant possession, "I (you, he, ...) have (has) ...". It can also indicate the time of the action; indicate the location of a person or object.
Nouns and other parts of speech in this case answer questions:
Kimda? (On whom? Who has it?)
Nimada? (On what? What has it?)
Qayerda? (Where?)
Qachon? (When?)
The locative is formed using the affix "da".
Examples:
Tog'larda sovuq shamollar esadi.
(Cold winds blow in the mountains.)
Menda ikki o�g�il bor.
(I have two sons.)
Chelakda suv bor.
(There is water in the bucket.)
Hafta oxirida biz teatrga boramiz.
(At the end of the week we go to the theater.)
Otam Toshkentda yashaydi.
(My father lives in Tashkent.)
Words in the Ablativecase are formed using the affix -danand indicate:
1. the beginning of the action:
Ish seshanbadan boshlanadi. � The work starts on Tuesday.
2. place of origin:
Kecha akam qishloqdan keldi. � My brother came from the village yesterday.
3. the material from which the object is made:
Bu uy toshdan qurilgan. � This house is built of stone.
4. the object with which we compare something:
U mendan o'n yosh katta. � He is ten years older than me.
The words in the Ablative case answer the questions:
Kimdan? (From whom?)
Nimadan? (From what?)
Qayerdan? (From where?)
Qachondan? (Since when?)
Words in the Dative case indicate the object or person to whom the action is directed, as well as the place or time of the end of the action.
Words in the Dative case are formed using the affix -ga. If a word ends in k or g, the affix -ka is applied; if it ends in qor g�, -qa is applied.
The words in the Dative case answer the questions:
Kimga? (For whom?)
Nimaga? (For what?)
Qayerga? (Where? In what direction?)
Examples:
Men daftarni o�sha yigitga berdim. � I gave the notebook to that guy.
Darslarga vaqtida tayyorlanamiz. � We will get ready for the lessons on time.
U ertaga daryoga keladi. � He will come to the river tomorrow.
Case forms of the personal pronouns
One letter n is written when the pronouns men and sen are in the genitive and accusative cases; the letter n is added to the pronoun u in the dative, locative and ablative cases before the affixes, for example:
Unga oq qog'oz bering. � Give him a white paper.
Unda non bor. � He has bread.
Undan hamma narsani oling. � Get everything from him.
Words to memorize :
maktab � school
o'qituvchi � teacher
o'quvchi - student, pupil
talaba � student
kasb � profession
hunar - profession, craft
ishchi � worker
ish � work
ishlamoq - to work
sotuvchi � salesman
haydovchi � driver
quruvchi � builder
shifokor � doctor
jarroh - surgeon
murabbiy � coach
muhandis � engineer
harbiy � soldier
dehqon � farmer
cho'pon � shepherd
rassom � artist
siyosatchi � politician
tilshunos � linguist
til - tongue, language
Ingliz tili - English language
ustoz - master, mentor
hamkasb � colleague
Examples:
Uning otasi - shifokor. - His father is a doctor.
Mening yangi kasbim � quruvchi. - My new profession is a builder.
Universitetni bitirib, tilshunos bo�laman. - I will graduate from university and become a linguist.
Muhandislar shanba kuni ishlamaydi. - Engineers do not work on Saturdays.
Mening hamkasbim sizning tilingizda gapirmaydi. - My colleague does not speak your language.
Hozir talabalar kitob o�qimoqda. - Now students are reading books.
Postpositions
Ko'makchilar
There are no prepositions in the Uzbek language, their role is played by postpositions.
At the same time, there are few "proper postpositions", often their functions are performed by other parts of speech, as well as case forms.
Example:
bir uydan ikkinchisiga � �� ���� � ���� � from one house to another
However, some postpositions are very popular:
bilan � (together) with, and; by, from; with that
uchun � for; in order to; because
kabi � such as, like
orqali � through, via, from
qadar � like, as; as much as, as many as; nearly, about; up to, until
uzra � on, over, all over, throughout
Examples:
Men siz bilan ishlayman. � I will work with you.
Men u bilan faxrlanaman. � I am proud of him.
Shu bilan majlis tamom bo�ldi. � The meeting ended with that.
Men bolalar uchun kitob yozyapman. � I am writing a book for children.
shuning uchun � in order to
U kattalar kabi harakat qiladi. � He acts like an adult.
Men eshik orqali kirdim. � I entered through the door.
Qishga qadar bu sabzavotni saqlab bo'lmaydi. � This vegetable cannot be stored until winter.
Shahar uzra yog'ilardi qor. � It was snowing over the city.
Words to memorize :
chelak � bucket
savat � basket
idish � dish
piyola � bowl
qoshiq � spoon
choynak � teapot
dasturxon � tablecloth (spread over a table or upon the floor); "table" (of food)
quti � box
o'roq � sickle
hamyon � purse
tanga � coin
koptok � ball
chang'i � ski
stol � table
stul � chair
javon � cupboard; wardrobe; shelf.
karavot � bed
arqon � rope
qop � sack
kiyim � clothes ,clothing
ko'ylak � shirt
yopinchiq � coverlet, cape, poncho
shim � trousers
telpak � fur hat
etik � high boot
qidirmoq � to look for, to search for
topmoq � to find
Examples:
Qaysi ko'ylakni oldingiz, oq yoki ko'k? � Which shirt did you get, white or blue?
Sizga qora shim yoqadimi? � Do you like black pants?� �_(yoqmoq - to please, to be agreeable to)_
Ana shu koptok men uchun! � This ball is for me!
O'z qo'llaringiz bilan javon yasang. � Make a shelf with your own hands.
Dasturxonimizda choynak bor. � There is a teapot on our table.
Olmalarni qutiga soldi. � He put the apples in the box.
Uyimizda uchta karavot yo'q edi. � We didn't have three beds in our house.
�
Men quyonimni qidiryapman. � I'm looking for my rabbit.
Quyonimni topdim. � I found my rabbit.
Affix -niki
It is used to reflect connection with or belonging to.
The affix �niki is attached to the end of the word or personal pronoun.
bu mening qalamim � this is my pencil
bu qalam meniki � this pencil is mine
OR: bu meniki � this is mine
eshikning ruchkasi � door handle
ruchka eshikniki � handle of the door
OR: bu eshikniki � it's of the door
Personal pronouns with the -niki affix answer the question "Kimniki?" (�**Whose?**�).
meniki � mine
bizniki � ours
seniki � yours
sizniki � yours
uniki � his/hers/its
ularniki � theirs
Examples:
Bu qalam kimniki? � Bu qalam meniki.
Whose pencil is this? - This pencil is mine.
Xona kimniki? � Anvarniki.
Whose room is it? - Anwar's.
- Olma siznikimi?
- Ha, meniki.
- Yo�q, meniki emas.
- Is the apple yours?
- Yes, mine.
- No, not mine.
- Sening isming kim?
- Ismim Nosir.
- Meniki, Asad.
- What is your name?
- My name is Nasir.
- Mine, Asad.
- Ular kimniki?
- Ular otamniki, meniki emas.
- Whose are they?
- They are father's, not mine.
- Sening isming nima?
- Karim, seniki-chi?
- Meniki ham.
- What is your name?
- Karim, what about you?
- Mine too.
meniki emassan - you are not mine
Bu yilgi mevalar bizniki bo�ladi. � This year's fruits will be ours.
Mevalarning hammasi uniki bo�ladi! � All the fruits will be his!
meni, seni, �
When we encounter a personal pronoun with �-ni� at the end, we realize that it is most likely a pronoun in the accusative case.
But there is a possibility that this is a simplified form of the possessive case, that is, instead of �mening� it is said (or even written) �meni�.
Examples:
bu meni ishim emas = bu mening ishim emas � this is not my job
meni sevimli ayolim = mening sevimli ayolim � my beloved woman
BUT:
men seni sevaman � I love you�� (accusative)
Food
yemoq � to eat
yeb bo�lmaydigan OR yesa bo�lmaydigan � uneatable
ovqat � food
ovqatlanmoq, ovqat yemoq � to eat, to feed, to have a meal
Tom ovqat yedi, pivo ichdi va keyin uxlab qoldi. � Tom ate, drank beer and then went to sleep.
ichmoq � to drink
pishirmoq � to cook
qaynatmoq � to boil, to cook
ovqat qilmoq, ovqat tayorlamoq � to cook
tayorlamoq � o prepare
nonushta, nahorlik � breakfast
tushlik � lunch, dinner
kechki ovqat � supper ("evening meal")
nonushta qilmoq, nahorlik qilmoq � to have breakfast
tushlik qilmoq � to have dinner
choy � tea
non � bread
shirmon non, shirmon � rich bread
sho�rva � soup
xo�rda � rice soup
taom � dish, meal solution
idish � dish, vessel, container
idish-tovoq � tableware, crockery
qoshiq � spoon
vilka � fork
tuz � salt
shakar, qand � sugar
shirin � sweet, tasty
mazali � tasty, pleasant
pazanda � cookery specialist
oshxona � dining room, kitchen
chuchvaraxona � dumpling bar
(chuchvara � dumplings,� xona � room)
mehmon � guest
mezbon � host, master of the house
Dasturxonga marhamat! � Welcome to the table!
demoq � to tell, to say, to pronounce
Usually this verb is used when transmitting direct speech or when retelling.
Examples:
� Menga piolani bering, � dedi.
"Give me a cup," he said.
Kecha sizda ot yo'q dedingiz.
You said yesterday that you don't have a horse.
Salom de.�� OR��Salom deng. � Share a hello.
Nima deysiz? � What are you talking about?
Sizda yigirma tanga bor, deysizmi? � You say you have twenty coins?
Sometimes, in the imperative-subjunctive mood, the affix -gin is added to the verb base instead of -ing. The result is a sentence with a hint of a wish.
For example:
ha degin � say �yes�
ishlagin � work�� (�would you like to work?�)
yozgin � write�� (similarly)
o'qigin � �learn�� (similarly)
The use of �gin as an alternative to the main imperative affix for 2nd-person is also found in other Turkic languages, for example, in Kumyk it will be "����".
Words to memorize:
olmoq � to take
�-a + olmoq (adverbial participle + verb) - to be able (to do something)
tushuna olmayman � I can�t understand
qaza olmayman � I can't dig
BUT:
qazishim mumkin � I can dig � that is, in the affirmative sentence, the word �mumkin� is more often used
(qazimoq, qazmoq - to dig, qazish - verbal noun "digging")
eplamoq - to cope, to manage to
Ular buni epladi. � They did it.
istamoq, xohlamoq, tilamoq � to want, to wish
Family
Qarindoshlik atamalari
oila � family
xonadon � family, household; house, dynasty
qarindosh � relative
erkak � man
ayol � woman, wife
xotin � wife, woman
rafiqa � wife
kuyov, turmush o�rtoq � husband
juvon � young married woman
bola � child
qiz � daughter, girl
o�g�il � son, boy
nevara, nabira � grandchild
evara � great-grandchild
chevara � great-great-grandchild
aka � older brother
uka, ini � younger brother
opa � older sister
singil � younger sister
aka-uka � brothers
opa-singil � sisters
ota, dada � father
ona, oyi, aya, opa � mother
buva � grandfather
buvi � grandmother
qaynota � father in law
qaynona � mother in law
tog�a � maternal uncle
amaki � paternal uncle
xola � maternal aunt
amma � paternal aunt
jiyan � nephew, niece
How to exchange greetings
Words of greeting
Salomlashish
Assalomu alaykum! � Hello!�� (�Peace be with you!�)
Va alaykum assalom! � Hello!�� (�And the same to you!�)
Yaxshimisiz? � Are you okay?
Salomatmisiz? � How are you?
Ishlaringiz qanday? � How are you doing?
Kayfiyatlaringiz yaxshimi? � How are you doing?�� (�Are you in a good mood?�)
Qalaysan? � How are you?�� (Qalay = Qanday)
Xayrli tong!�������� � Good morning!
Xayrli kun! � Good day!
Xayrli kech!������� � Good evening!
Xayrli tun! � Good night!
Responses to greetings
Hammasi joyida! � I'm alright!
Xudoga shukur! � Thank God!
Words of farewell
Xayrlashish
Xayr!������� � Bye!
Sog� bo�ling! � Be healthy!
Sog�bo�l! � Be healthy!
Ko�rishguncha! � See you there!
Uchrashguncha!�� Goodbye!
Yaxshi qoling! � Best wishes staying!
Xudo yor bo�lsin! � May God be with you!
Oq yo�l! � Have a safe trip!
Related words
salomat, sog� � healthy
salomatlik, sog�lik � health
kayfiyat � mood, spirits, well-being
joy � place, location
joyida � in place, in order
joylashmoq � to settle, to find a place, to become situated
turar joy � housing, place of residence
hamma, barcha � all, every
hamma narsa � all things, all items
narsa � thing, item
Xudo � God
uchrashmoq � to meet
uchrashuv � meeting
Types of participles in Uzbek
Participles in the Uzbek language are of the following types:
1. Past participle formed with the affix -gan (phonetic variants � -kan, -qan):
o'qigan (read):�� Bu kitobni o'qigan odam. � This is the man who read the book.
yozgan (wrote):�� Bu kitobni yozigan odam. � This is the man who wrote the book.
tug'ilgan kuni � Birthday,
o'tgan yili � last year.
Using this form, an Indefinite Past tense is formed, which corresponds to the English Present Perfect.
2. Present-future participle. It is formed from adverbial participles with the affix -� (-�) using the affix -digan:
ishlaydigan (working or the one that will work), yozadigan (writing or the one that will write).
3. Focal present participle. It is formed from adverbial participles with the affix -� (-�) using the affix -yotgan (after -a) or -otgan (after -y):
kelayotgan (coming), ishlayotgan (working).
4. Progressive past participle. It is formed with the affixes -uvchi, -ovchi:
2019 yil 1 yanvardan barcha ishlovchi pensionerlarga pensiyani to'liq miqdorda to'lash tartibi joriy etildi. � From January 1, 2019, the procedure for paying pensions in full to all working pensioners was introduced.
5. A very rarely used type of the future participle with the affixes -ar (-r)(affirmative form) and -mas(negative form):
kelar / kelmas � the one who will come / the one who will not come;
ko'chmas mulk savdo � immovables sales, property for sale. (ko'chmoq � to move somewhere else)
More often this type of participle is used to form a Future Presumptive tense:
��n ertaga kutubxonaga borarman. � I'll possibly go to the library tomorrow.
Indefinite Past tense
This tense corresponds to the English tenses Present Perfect or Past Simple.
To form this tense, you need to attach the affix -gan and the personal ending of group I. By the personal endings of group I, we mean those that are used in the Present-Future tense, and not in the Definite Past.
�
Examples:
Universitetni qachon tugatgansiz? - When did you graduate from university?
U bu kitobni o'qimagan. OR U bu kitobni o'qiganemas. - He has not read this book.
Men 1980 yilda tug'ilganman. - I was born in 1980.
Siz Kaspiy dengizi sohilida bo'lganmisiz? - Have you ever been to the shores of the Caspian Sea?
Postpositions-names
old � front
orqa � back������
yon � side, flank
o'rta � middle
tomon � side, direction, area
ust � top, top side
ost � bottom, bottom side
past � bottom; low
These words have partially lost the meaning of objectivity and moved into the category of postpositions. Unlike proper postpositions, postpositions-names take possessive and case affixes:
deraza yonida � near the window
daryo oldida � by the river
uy orqasida � behind the house
u tomonga � in that direction
do'kon yonidan o'ddik � we passed by the store
ekan
The use of ekan - to be seemingly, apparently. When the information most often presented as new, just discovered fact sometimes unexpected for the speaker himself. The temporal distinction between a past and a present state of affairs is not marked grammatically. The tense must be decided from the context.
This word can be considered as a participle formed from the verb emoq, e+kan (here �kan� = �gan�);
thus, the verb �emoq� is used in practice in two forms: in Definite Past (edi, edim, edik, eding, �) and in the form �ekan�.
shunday ekan � so, in that case
bor ekan �there is, �as long as there is ��
Mehr yurakda bor ekan, ... = As long as there is love in the heart, ...
Examples:
Bo'yoq juda yorqin ekan � The paint is really bright
men hayotda bor ekanman � as long as I am alive
Bolangizni boshida otasi bor ekan, siz bor ekansiz � As long as your child has a father, you exist
Undan mening xabari bor ekan � I have a message from him
Bizda bunday planlar yo'q ekan � We have no such plans
Menda juda ko'p yaxshi ko'ylaklar bor edi � I had a lot of good shirts
Mening shaxsiy uyim bor edi � I had my own house
Mening shaxsiy uyim yo'q edi � I didn't have my own house
The poem "Oʼsha men edim"
Author � Xurshid Abdurashid
Singer � Shuhrat Daryo
Analysis of the text of the poem:
TEXT | WORD-BASED TRANSLATION | COMMENTS |
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Oʼsha men edim� Derazang yoniga qoʼndi kabutar Ilkida oʼrogʼliq maktub bor edi. Senga boqib turgan maʼyus koʼzlari, Shu onda nedandir umidvor edi. Sen esa pardani yopib qoʼyding jim, Oʼsha men edim-ku, oʼsha men edim. | That was me... A pigeon has landed on your window He had a message. Sad eyes were looking at you, At that time, he was hoping for something. And you quietly closed the curtain. That was me, that was me. | qo�nmoq � to get down (on something) oʼrogʼliq maktub � a folded message, a scroll ilkida � in the hands (poetic) (also the homonym ilk � first, initial) boqmoq � to look at, �ga boqmoq � keep an eye on, to observe shu onda � at that moment (on = moment) nedandir � for something esa - as for, however, whereas yopib qoʼymoq � to cover, to close (qoʼymoq � to put, to place; to stop) jim � quiet, still |
Koʼchaga chiqding sen bogʼ aylangani, Daydi shamollarday xayoling tarqoq. Bogʼ kezib yurarding shunda nogahon Oyogʼing ostiga tushdi bir yaproq. Oʼsha yaproq kabi sochilgandi kim? Oʼsha men edim-ku, oʼsha men edim. | You went out for a walk in the garden, Your mind is scattered like the wind. You were walking in the garden, and suddenly A leaf fell at your feet. Who threw this leaf? That was me, that was me. | aylanmoq � to spin, to turn; to go or walk around, to take a walk daydi � wandering shamol+lar+da+y � like the wind xayol � thought(s), imagination, idea, fancy tarqoq � spread out, scattered kezmoq � to walk about, to stroll; kezib yurmoq � inspect shunda � at the same time (an indication of an action, an event) nogahon � sudden (= nogohon = nogoh, see below) oyoq � leg, foot (oyogʼing � your leg, your foot) ost � bottom side, bottom; ostiga � down, under tushmoq � to fall, to descend yaproq � leaf kabi � such as, like sochilmoq � to scatter, sochilgan � scattered |
Bogʼda gullar terding avaylab asta Nogoh qoʼllaringga sanchildi tikan. Nozik qoʼling bilan sugʼurding uni Deding �Shunday gulda tikan bor ekan�. Senga talpingandi shu tikan, gulim, Oʼsha men edim-ku, oʼsha men edim. | You were carefully picking flowers in the garden, Suddenly a thorn pricked your hands. You took it out with a gentle hand And said: "There was a thorn in such a flower." This thorn that reached you, oh my flower, That was me, that was me. | termoq � to gather, to pick up avaylab � taking great care, carefully asta � slowly, quietly; carefully nogoh = no+goh � sudden; goh � sometimes, at times; yomg'ir goh yog'adi, goh tinadi � sometimes it rains, sometimes it stops; goh-goh � from time to time. sanchilmoq � to stick in tikan � thorn nozik � delicate; sensitive; graceful (noz � tenderness) sugʼurmoq � to pull or draw out; to wrest talpinmoq � to reach |
Soʼng qaytding uyingga oʼy surib sokin, Deraza yoniga qoʼyding gullarni. Tin olmoq dardida choʼkding toʼshakka Va yigʼlab oʼqiding �Oʼtkan kunlar�ni. Kimnidir oʼylading, koʼzlari sim-sim, Oʼsha men edim-ku, oʼsha men edim. | Then you went back to your house in a calm reverie, You put flowers by the window. With the thought of rest, you lay down in bed And you read "Bygone Days" with tears. You were thinking about someone, your eyes were twinkling, That was me, that was me. | o'ylamoq � to think, o'y � thought surmoq � to push, to move;� oʼy surib � thinking about something sokin � quiet, peaceful, still qoʼymoq � to put, to place tin olmoq � to relax, to take a breath; tin � breath; tinim � peace, rest dard � malady, ailment; concern, worry cho'kmoq � to get down, to sit down, to lie down toʼshak � mattress, bed yigʼlamoq � to cry, to weep �Oʼtkan kunlar� - �Bygone Days� - novel by Abdulla Qodiriy sim-sim � throbbing, twinkling |
Recitation of the verse "O'sha men edim"
Last updated: 26.08.2024, 11:00.
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