Diougan Gwenc'hlan (fr/en) (original) (raw)

R�sum� C'est avec ce chant que s'ouvrait la premi�re �dition du Barzhaz, celle de 1839, avant qu'il ne soit "supplant�" par les "S�ries" en 1845. Gwenc'hlan est un barde qu'un prince chr�tien retenait prisonnier apr�s lui avoir crev� les yeux. Ayant le don de proph�tie, il pr�dit qu'il sera veng� par un prince pa�en. C'est la vision d'un sanglier bless� (le prince chr�tien), entour� de ses marcassins qu'un cheval de mer blanc aux cornes d'argent (le prince pa�en) vient frapper furieusement, r�pandant une mare de sang. Autre vision: le barde est couch� dans sa tombe. Il entend l'aigle appeler ses aiglons et tous les oiseaux du ciel pour venir se repa�tre de chair chr�tienne. Un corbeau est occup� � arracher ses deux yeux rouges de la t�te du chef de guerre qui a emprisonn� et fait aveugler le po�te. Un renard d�chire son c�ur hypocrite. Quant � son �me, elle ira habiter le corps d'un crapaud.

Contrairement � la pi�ce pr�c�dente, ce po�me n'a jamais �t� collect� par d'autres que La Villemarqu�. La plupart des folkloristes, en particulier Francis Gourvil qui d�couvrit en 1924 un "Chant Royal" dont l'existence �tait annonc�e par deux auteurs du XVIII�me si�cle, consid�rent le "Gwenc'hlan" du Barzhaz comme une forgerie fabriqu�e par le jeune chartiste � partir de r�miniscences litt�raires, en particulier galloises. Ces derni�res deviennent pour lui une r�f�rence de pr�dilection apr�s sa participation � l'"eisteddfod" de 1838 � Abergavenny. Un examen attentif de ce "Chant Royal", du po�me du Barzhaz et des commentaires qui l'accompagnent, d'une lettre de la ni�ce du Barde, Camille de La Villemarqu�, ainsi que d'un texte d'un autre de ses d�tracteurs habituels, Anatole Le Braz, conduisent � r�viser ce jugement p�remptoire et � conclure, m�me s'il est absent des manuscrits de Keransquer, � l'existence possible, sinon probable d'un authentique po�me populaire � l'origine de ce texte magnifique.

Le Guinclan des dictionnaires En 1834 les �rudits bretons s'int�ressaient � un myst�rieux manuscrit: "les proph�ties de Guinclan" (Guiclan ou Guinclaff) consid�r� comme disparu, depuis la R�volution, de l'abbaye b�n�dictine de Land�vennec o�, au dire du linguiste Dom Le Pelletier et du Capucin Gr�goire de Rostrenen, il �tait conserv� autrefois. Tous deux auteurs de dictionnaires bretons, ils avaient, l'un fait des citations, l'autre mentionn� l'existence de ce texte.

C'est donc, plus que le p�re Gr�goire et son erreur de date, Miorcec de Kerdanet qui est le grand responsable de toute la fantasmagorie autour du fameux proph�te du V�me si�cle qui enflamma tant d'imaginations et en particulier celle du jeune La Villemarqu�.
La soi-disant d�couverte de La Villemarqu�
Comme on le verra � propos du premier chant qu'il publia, "la Peste d'Elliant", le jeune chartiste avait eu en 1835 un entretien avec Miorcec � sa r�sidence de Lesneven. Il fut certainement question dans leur conversation du myst�rieux proph�te, car, dans le post-scriptum de la lettre qu'il lui envoya le 20 septembre, il lui demandait:
"Poss�dez-vous maintenant Gwinclan? Quel est l'�ge de ce monument si curieux?"

R�sum� It was with this song that the first 1839 edition of the Barzhaz opened, before it was "superseded" by the "Series" in 1845 . Gwenc'hlan is a bard whom a Christian prince held captive after he had gouged out his eyes. Having a gift for prophecy, he predicts that he will be avenged by a Pagan prince. He has a vision: a wounded boar (the Christian prince) accompanied by its young which a white sea horse (the Pagan prince) furiously hits with its silver horns, shedding a pool of blood. Another vision: the bard lies in his grave. He hears the eagle calling its eaglets and all the birds of the sky that they may feed on Christian flesh. A raven is endeavouring to peck out the two red eyes off the head of the Christian chieftain who had imprisoned the bard and gouged out his eyes. A fox tears his hypocrite heart to pieces. As for his soul, it is doomed to don the body of a toad.

Unlike the previous piece, this poem never was collected by anybody but La Villemarqu�. Most folklorists, especially Francis Gourvil who discovered in 1924 a "Chant Royal" whose existence was stated by two 18th century authors, look on the Barzhaz ballad "Gwenc'hlan" as on a forgery composed by the young scholar in combining bookish reminiscences, in particular Welsh Bardic poetry. These Wesh poems became his favourite references as a consequence of his partaking in the 1838 "eisteddfod" at Abergavenny. But anyone pondering on this "Chant Royal", on the Barzhaz poem and the comments accompanying it, on a letter penned by the Bard of Nizon's niece, Camille de La Villemarqu�, as well as an essay by one of his usual disparagers, Anatole Le Braz, will be led to reconsider their opinion and to admit that, even if it is missing in the Keransquer MSs, genuine lore possibly, if not very likely existed whereon this inspiring epic poem is based.

The Guinclan of the dictionaries In 1834 many Breton scholars were in search of a mysterious MS: "Guinclan's prophecies" (or "Guiclan" or "Guinclaff") which was considered lost when the Benedictine abbey of Land�vennec was destroyed by the Revolution. Now it was formerly kept there, according to two linguists, the Reverend Le Pelletier and the Capucin monk Gregory of Rostrenen. Both of them had composed Breton dictionaries where they respectively quoted excerpts from this document, or mentioned its existence.

Much more than Father Gregory and his erroneous dating, it was, consequently, Miorcec de Kerdanet who was accountable for the wild imaginings that throve about the famous prophet of the fifth century. They inspired in particular young La Villemarqu�.
An alleged discovery by La Villemarqu�
As mentioned on the page dedicated to the first song he ever published "The Plague in Elliant", the young scholar had in 1835 an interview with Miorcec at the latter's house in Lesneven. The both certainly evoked in their discussion the ghostly prophet, since La Villemarqu� asked in a post-scriptum to the letter he sent to his friend on 20th September:
"Do you have the Guinclan MS now? How old is this unique document?"

LES TRADITIONS "DRUIDIQUES" GALLOISES ET LEUR SOI-DISANT SURVIVANCE EN BASSE-BRETAGNE

La proph�tie de Gwenc'hlan sur laquelle s'ouvrait le Barzhaz dans la premi�re �dition, celle de 1839, tient une place particuli�re dans le parcours personnel de La Villemarqu�.

Le mod�le gallois La tradition des congr�s d'artistes gallois remonte au moins au 12�me si�cle. Le premier "Eisteddfod" d'envergure se tint � Carmarthen, en 1451. Le second, dont on ait gard� trace, � Caerwys, en 1568. Au fil du temps, le niveau exig� des comp�titeurs � l'"eisteddfod" alla en se d�gradant. En 1789, un "eisteddfod" fut r�uni � Corwen o�, pour la premi�re fois, le public fut admis. Iolo Morganwg fonda le "Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain" (Haute session des bardes de l'�le de Bretagne) en 1792, en vue de restaurer et remplacer l'ancien "eisteddfod". Le premier "eisteddfod" nouvelle mani�re se tint � Primrose Hill, pr�s de Londres en Octobre 1792.

Le m�rite d'avoir �tabli des relations entre ce mouvement et les intellectuels de Basse-Bretagne revient � la Soci�t� biblique de Londres qui avait command� � Le Gonidec une traduction bretonne de l'Ancien Testament. Celui-ci, dans une lettre du 4 f�vrier 1837, signala au R�v�rend Thomas Price, pr�sident de l'association culturelle galloise "Cymdeithas Cymreigyddion y Fenni" deux d�fenseurs z�l�s de la langue bretonne, le po�te Brizeux et un "antiquaire tr�s studieux", Hersart de la Villemarqu�. Ces derniers furent aussit�t admis comme membres d'honneur de cette association, ainsi que Le Gonidec.

Le jeune chartiste �crivit alors au pr�sident pour �tre admis � concourir, lors du prochain "eisteddfod" qui devait se tenir � Abergavenny, pour la r�daction d'un m�moire sur "l'influence des traditions galloises sur les litt�ratures europ�ennes". A l'appui de sa demande, il signalait qu'il avait recueilli un grand nombre de chants des bardes d'Armorique parmi lesquels, disait-il, certains remontaient au V�me si�cle. Gr�ce � une de ses relations, le comte de Montalembert, pair de France, il obtint du ministre de l'Instruction publique une mission officielle assortie d'une allocation de 600 francs. Le d�part de La Villemarqu� et de six de ses amis eut lieu fin septembre 1838.

La Villemarqu� revint de l'"eisteddfod" de 1838 avec un "rapport sur la litt�rature du Pays de Galles", dat� de mai 1839, o� il soutient que les contes gallois qui ont servi de mod�le � Chr�tien de Troyes furent import�s de Bretagne. Il y attire aussi l'attention du ministre sur l'int�r�t d'assembl�es telles que ces eisteddfods "comme soutien du vieux patriotisme... [contribuant] � maintenir une heureuse harmonie entre le pauvre et le riche... [Le peuple est attach� � une aristocratie qui] veut partager avec lui des biens plus pr�cieux que les fruits grossiers de la terre". Admis dans "l'ordre des bardes de l'�le de Bretagne", il avait trouv� l�-bas un mod�le � suivre, dans les efforts entrepris par Owen Jones (1741-1814), un fourreur londonien �galement connu sous son de nom de barde, "Myvyr", pour publier entre 1801 et 1807 avec un ancien ma�on devenu homme de lettres, Edward Williams (1747-1826) dit "Iolo Morgannwg" (Edouard de Glamorgan) et l'auteur d'un c�l�bre dictionnaire gallois-anglais, William Owen Pughe (1769-1835) les "monuments populaires de la patrie" sous le titre "Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales". Les r�f�rences au "Myvyrian" sont innombrables dans le Barzhaz.

La "Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales" (extraits de Mary Jones' Celtic Encylopedia) Ce fut l'un des premiers recueils imprim�s de litt�rature galloise du Moyen-�ge, constitu� � partir de manuscrits divers, dont les "Quatre Livres anciens de Galles". C'est aussi la source o� puis�rent de nombreux traducteurs de litt�rature galloise, jusqu'� la publication par J. Gwenogwryn Evans des "Editions diplomatiques des manuscrits de Galles". Les 'Triades' de la 'Myvyrian Archaeology', 1801Malheureusement la Myvyrian Archaiology accueillit aussi les manuscrits provenant de la collection de Iolo Morgannwg, consid�r� alors comme une autorit� en mati�re de litt�rature et de folklore gallois, mais que le 20�me si�cle a d�masqu� comme un faussaire. Toutefois, toutes ses contributions n'�taient pas de sa fabrication.

* Le 1er tome �tait compos� de "bruts", c.�.d. d'histoires des Britons, en particulier une version galloise de "l'Histoire des rois de Bretagne" de Geoffroy de Monmouth. * Le second tome �tait consacr� aux Triades galloises (Trioedd Ynys Prydain), malheureusement "am�lior�es" dans leur forme par Morgannwg (� savoir, r��crites et augment�es, en particulier de la soi-disant "troisi�me s�rie", qui repr�sente � elle seule le tiers du volume).

"Quant aux notes qui suivent le traduction [de Guinclan], elles sont pleines de noms gallois d'allure barbare: Aneurin, Llywarch Hen, Goddodin... pris dans la "Myvyrian Archaiology". Or cet ouvrage, La Villemarqu� �tait � peu pr�s le seul � le conna�tre de ce c�t�-ci du d�troit et il supposait chez celui qui le citait � tout propos (d'apr�s des traductions anglaises) une connaissance approfondie de la langue galloise et d'une litt�rature dont si peu de gens en France et en Europe savaient qu'elle existait." On ignore quelles sont les "traductions anglaises" dont parle Gourvil.
La "Vindication of the genuineness of the ancient British poems of Aneurin, Taliesin, Llywarch Hen and Merdhin" de Sharon Turner (1768-1847) publi�e en 1803 ("Justification de l'authenticit� des anciens po�me britonniques attribu�s � Aneurin etc.") est cit�e en note d�s la 7�me page (vii) de l'introduction. Elle est cit�e une seconde fois, page xii, pour justifier l'assimilation du barde Gweinchgant (alias Ciant) dont parle Nennius au Guinclan breton, rebaptis� "Gwenc'hlan". Elle a servi de toute �vidence � La Villemarqu� pour r�diger ses longs expos�s sur la situation sociale et le r�le des bardes insulaires, sur la philosophie des druides, leur croyance � la m�tempsychose et aux cercles de l'existence et sur les Triades. Cet ouvrage comprend plusieurs citations de po�mes d'Aneurin, Taliessin, Llywarch Hen et Myrddin.
Elles ont pu aider le jeune La Villemarqu� � se rep�rer dans l'ouvrage de Myvyr, mais n'ont pu lui fournir tous les �claircissements n�cessaires � la r�dactions des nombreuses r�f�rences sur des sujets divers dont est �maill� son recueil. On trouvera � la suite du pr�sent encart un tableau synoptique montrant comment il a pu, par exemple, se servir de la "Vindication" et de la "Myvyrian" de 1801-1807 pour faire le rapprochement entre l'"El�gie de Cynddylan" (les aigles de la rivi�re Eli) et la "Proph�tie de Gwenc'hlan" (repas des aiglons). Il n'en reste pas moins qu'on ne peut faire correspondre � une traduction anglaise de la "Vindication" qu'un nombre restreint de notes "cf. Myvyrian".
Les notes des pages vii et xii de l'Introduction du Barzhaz 1839 ont disparu, ainsi que quasiment toutes les r�f�rences � des auteurs de langue anglaise dans les �ditions suivantes, peut-�tre parce qu'elles d�non�aient la dette contract�e par La Villemarqu� envers ceux-ci. La note vii conseillait:
"Voyez l'excellente dissertation de Sharon Turner 'A vindication...' London, 1803_". Elle visait � expliciter la phrase:_ "Les plus anciens monuments [des bardes domestiques gallois] dont l'authenticit� est d�sormais � l'abri de toute objection."
L'ouvrage de Turner, (consultable en ligne) combin� avec la "Myvyrian", �dition 1801-1807, a certainement inspir� � La Villemarqu�, outre les longues consid�rations consacr�es au m�me sujet dans l'Introduction du Barzhaz, son �tude des "Bardes bretons" en 550 pages, publi�e en 1850. Dans ladite �tude, il utilise, pour reproduire les textes gallois, l'orthographe de Le Gonidec, ce qui lui sera reproch� non seulement par les celtistes britanniques, mais aussi par son compatriote Ernest Renan dans un article paru le 1er f�vrier 1854 dans la Revue des Deux Mondes.
Jubainville accusera Kervarker de ne pas conna�tre le breton. La m�connaissance totale du gallois que Gourvil lui impute est, sans doute, une seconde m�disance aussi peu fond�e que la premi�re.
La Villemarqu� a d� s'int�resser au gallois avant son s�jour au pays de Galles (commenc� en d�cembre 1838) quand il fournit, en avril 1838, � Lady Guest une transcription du "Chevalier au Lion" de Chr�tien de Troyes � partir d'un manuscrit de la biblioth�que royale. Cette transcription devait �tre annex�e � la traduction anglaise par cette dame au conte gallois "Iarlles y Ffynnawn" (Yvain ou la Dame de la Fontaine), publi� en 1839 dans le 1er Tome d'un recueil intitul� "The Mabinogion from the Llyfr Coch o' Hergest...".
Si bien que La Villemarqu� devait, d�s avant l'acquisition de la "Myvyrian Archaiology" en 1839, conna�tre suffisamment de grammaire et de vocabulaire gallois pour identifier, - avec l'aide de Gallois rencontr�s sur place ou d'ouvrages tels que celui de Sharon Turner et en s'appuyant sur la table des mati�res en anglais de la "Myvyrian" -, les passages de ce recueil qu'il pouvait utilement exploiter. Quand ses traductions sont erron�es ou impr�cises, elles portent g�n�ralement sur des mots et des tournures qui font toujours d�bat parmi les linguistes.
C'est cependant sa connaissance imparfaite du gallois en 1839 qui explique sans doute que ce n'est que dans l'�dition 1845 du Barzhaz que La Villemarqu� fait le rapprochement entre le chant populaire breton Yannig Skolan et le po�me gallois "Yscolan" qui figure � la p. 104 du tome I de la "Myvyrian".
La soi-disant p�rennit� des traditions druidiques en Bretagne
Dans l'introduction au Barzhaz Breizh, �dit� pour la premi�re fois en 1839 � 500 exemplaires, La Villemarqu� d�veloppe la th�se selon laquelle:
" il s'est conserv�...des bardes en possession de traditions druidiques... en Armorique...jusqu'� nos jours" (Citation de l'historien Jean-Jacques Amp�re).
On appr�ciera son habilet� � d�tourner un texte d'Ausone (env. 310 - env. 394), pour d�montrer que ces bardes existaient au 4�me si�cle apr�s J.C... Il est question dans l'original d'un certain
"Phoebicius qui, [bien qu'il f�t] gardien-du-temple (Beleni aedituus) de Belenos, [n'en tira aucun profit. Et pourtant], il �tait issu, para�t-il, d'une famille de druides armoricains (stirpe satus druidum gentis aremoricae)".
Dans l'"Introduction au Barzhaz" (page VI de l'�dition de 1839, page XVI de celle de 1867), on lit:
"Ausone connut l'un deux qui �tait pr�tre du soleil...Il se nommait Phoebicius; il chantait-et-composait-des-hymnes-en-l'honneur-du-dieu (aedituus!) Belen. Il appartenait � une famille de druides de la nation armoricaine."
Ce qui prouve que
"l'Armorique...[par] sa position g�ographique, ses for�ts, ses montagnes et la mer avait �t� mise � l'abri des influences �trang�res et [que] ses bardes conservaient encore au 4�me si�cle de l'�re chr�tienne leur caract�re primitif... Mais ces po�tes ne devaient pas tarder � d�g�n�rer: Ausone semble l'insinuer quand il fait observer que Phoebicius est pauvre malgr� son illustre origine et que son �tat ne l'a gu�re enrichi."
Remarque: Le sens d'"aedituus, aeditimus, aeditumus" est bien connu: Gardien charg� de la surveillance d'un temple. Il en avait les clefs, l'ouvrait aux heures marqu�es, en surveillait le balayage et le nettoyage et servait de guide aux �trangers, leur expliquant les raret�s et les �uvres d'art que l'�difice contenait (Pline. XXXVI, 4, 10). Cet emploi �tait honorable (Dict. d'Antony Rich de 1883). L'acception de "barde" retenue par "La Villemarqu�" est un contresens.
Ce contresens n'est peut-�tre pas volontaire dans la mesure o� il pourrait r�sulter:
- soit d'une homonymie approximative avec "a�de" (barde grec),
- soit du fait que Daniel Lous Miorcec de Kerdanet (1792 - 1874) faisait figurer Phoebicius dans ses "Notices chronologiques sur les th�ologiens , jurisconsultes, philosophes, artistes, litt�rateurs , po�tes, bardes, troubadours et historiens de la Bretagne , depuis le commencement de P�re chr�tienne jusqu'� nos jours..." publi�es � Brest en 1818.
Cependant,

WELSH "DRUIDIC" TRADITION AND ITS ALLEGED SURVIVAL IN BRITTANY

"Guinclan's prophecy", which came first in the "Barzhaz Breizh" collection, in the 1839 edition, has played a very special part in La Villemarqu�'s personal career.

The Welsh model The tradition of meetings of Welsh artists dates back to at least the 12th century. The earliest large scale "Eisteddfod" took place in Carmarthen, in 1451. The next recorded "eisteddfod" was held in Caerwys in 1568. As time went by, the standard of the main "eisteddfod" deteriorated. In 1789, an "eisteddfod" was held in Corwen where for the first time the public were admitted. Iolo Morganwg founded the "Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain" (High-session of the Bards of the Isle of Britain) in 1792 to restore and replace the ancient "eisteddfod". The first "eisteddfod" of the revival was held in Primrose Hill, London in October, 1792.

The Breton intellectuals are indebted to the Biblical Society of London for creating links with their colleagues in Britain, as they had appointed Le Gonidec to translate the Old Testament into Breton. The latter mentioned in a letter sent on 4th February 1837 to the Reverend Thomas Price ,the Chairman of the Welsh cultural society "Cymdeithas Cymreigyddion y Fenni" two staunch defenders of the Breton language, the poet Brizeux and a very "zealous scholar" named Hersart de la Villemarqu�. The both were immediately admitted to honorary membership, along with Le Gonidec.

The young man wrote then to the Chairman and asked to compete, on the occasion of the next "eisteddfod" whose venue was the little town Abergavenny, in a contest to submit a essay on the "influence of Welsh Tradition upon European literatures". In support of his request he pointed out that he had gathered a large amount of Breton Bardic songs some of them, so he wrote, could be dated as far back as to the 5th century. Thanks to one of his acquaintances, Count de Montalembert, a Peer of France, he was entrusted by the Ministry of Eductation with an official mission accompanied with a subsidy of 600 Francs. By the end of September 1838 La Villemarqu� left for Wales with six of his Friends.

He came back from the 1838 "Eisteddfod" with a "Report on the Welsh literature", dated May 1839, where he explained that the Welsh tales used as models by Chr�tien de Troyes were in fact imported from Brittany. He also draws the Minister's attention to the importance of literary gatherings like these eisteddfods "as supports of old patriotism...[that contribute] to maintaining a harmonious relationship between poor and rich...

["The lower classes support an aristocracy who] are willing to share with them more precious wealth than mere fruit of the soil".
He had been admitted as a member of the "Order of Bards of the Isle of Britain" and found a model in the endeavours made by Owen Jones (1741 - 1814), a London furrier also known as Bard "Myvyr", to publish in Welsh without translations, between 1801 and 1807, with a former stonemason turned into a Welsh man of letters, Edward Williams, alias "Iolo Morgannwg" (Edward of Glamorgan, 1747 - 1826) and William Owen Pughe (1769-1835), the "literary heritage of the Welsh nation" under the title "Myvyrian Archaeology of Wales". References to the "Myvyrian" are countless in the Barzhaz.

Y Myvyrian Archaiology (excerpts from Mary Jones' Celtic Encylopedia) It was one of the earliest printed collections of medieval Welsh literature, culled from many manuscripts, including the so-called "Four Ancient Books of Wales." It served as the source text for many translators of Welsh literature until the advent of J. Gwenogwryn Evans' diplomatic editions of the medieval Welsh manuscripts. Unfortunately, The Myvyrian Archaiology also used the manuscripts in the collection of Iolo Morgannwg, who was considered an authority on Welsh literature and folklore at the time, but was revealed as a forger in the twentieth century. However, not all that Morgannwg had was of his own hand.

* The first volume were "bruts", i.e. histories of the Britons, particularly one of the Welsh redactions of Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Kings of Britain". * The second volume contained the Welsh Triads (Trioedd Ynys Prydain), though unfortunately in Morgannwg's "improved" form (i.e., his rewrites and additions, amounting to an entire third of the triads, including the so-called "third series").

"As for the notes which follow the translation [of "Guinclan"], they are full of Welsh names of barbaric appearance: Aneurin, Llywarch Hen, Goddodin... taken from the "Myvyrian Archaiology". Now this work which, except La Villemarqu�, almost nobody knew on this side of the Channel, demanded from the one quoting it every now and then (after English translations) a thorough knowledge of the Welsh language and literature, whereas only a very few people in France and Europe were aware that they existed." Yet Gourvil omits to tell us which "English translations" he means.
Sharon Turner's (1768-1847) "Vindication of the genuineness of the ancient British poems of Aneurin, Taliesin, Llywarch Hen and Merdhin" published in 1803 is quoted in a note on the 7th page (vii) of the "Introduction" to the 1839 Bazhaz Breizh. It is quoted a second time, on page xii, to justify the assimilation of the bard Gweinchgant (alias Ciant) mentioned by Nennius to the Breton prophet Guinclan, renamed "Gwenc'hlan". It was obviously used by La Villemarqu� to write his lengthy statements on the social situation and the role of the bards of the Isle of Britain, on the philosophy of the druids, their belief in metempsychosis and circles of existence, and on the Triads. This work includes several quotations from poems by Aneurin, Taliessin, Llywarch Hen and Myrddin.
They may have helped young La Villemarqu� to struggle his way within Myvyr's only Welsh work. But Turner's translations could not provide La Villemarqu� with all particulars required for the drafting of the references to the "Myvyrian" that abound in the Barzhaz. Following the present insert chart there is a synoptic table showing how he possibly was prompted by the "Vindication" and the "Myvyrian" of 1801-1807, to make a connection between the "Elegy of Cynddylan" (the eagles of the Eli river) and the "Prophecy of Gwenc'hlan" (meal for the eaglets). The fact remains that English translations from the "Vindication" can only be matched with a limited number of "cf. Myvyrian" notes.
The notes on page vii and xii of the Introduction to the Barzhaz 1839 disappeared in subsequent editions, perhaps because it revealed a model followed a little too closely. It advised the reader:
"See Sharon Turner's excellent essay 'A vindication...' London, 1803", while explaining the sentence: " [The Welsh domestic bards'] oldest monuments whose authenticity is now at free from objection."
Turner's work (available online) combined with the "Myvyrian" certainly inspired La Villemarqu� to write his "Breton Bards", a study in 550 pages, published in 1850. In it he uses, to render the Welsh texts, the spelling of Le Gonidec, which was reproached to him not only by the British Celtists, but also by his compatriot Ernest Renan, in an article published on February 1, 1854 in the Revue des Deux Mondes.
Jubainville was to accuse, later on, Kervarker of not knowing Breton. The total ignorance of Welsh imputed by Gourvil to said La Villemarqu� is, without doubt, another slander as unfounded as the first.
La Villemarqu� must have been interested in Welsh before his stay in Wales (from December 1838) when he provided, in April 1838, Lady Guest with a transcription of Chr�tien de Troyes's "Chevalier au Lion" from a manuscript kept in the Royal Library. This transcription was to be appended to this lady's English translation of the Welsh tale "Iarlles y Ffynnawn" (Yvain or the Lady of the Fountain), published in 1839 in the 1st Volume of a collection entitled "The Mabinogion from the Llyfr Coch o 'Hergest...".
So that before 1839, when he purchased this collection in Wales, La Villemarqu� must have been already conversant enough in Welsh (grammar and vocabulary) to identify, based on the English table of contents, the passages of the Myvyrian that he could relevantly exploit. La Villemarqu�'s faulty or imprecise translations generally relate to words and phrases that are still in dispute among linguists.
However, it is his imperfect knowledge of Welsh in 1839 which undoubtedly explains that it was only in the 1845 edition of Barzhaz that La Villemarqu� made the connection between the popular Breton song "Yannig Skolan" and the Welsh poem "Yscolan" which appears on p.104 of volume I of the "Myvyrian".
The alleged survival of Druidic antiquities in Brittany
In the introduction to the Barzhaz Breizh, 500 copies of which were first printed in 1839, La Villemarqu� elaborates a theory to the effect that:
"Bards have maintained the Druidic traditions... in Armorica...and passed them on to the present days." (Quotation of the historian Jean-Jacques Amp�re).
To "prove" the existence of these bards in the 4th century A.C., he is astonishingly clever at diverting a text of Ausonius (ca 310 - ca 394) about a certain
"Phoebicius, who, being 'attendant' of the Belenos temple (Beleni aedituus) , [did not draw any profit from his position, though] he was said to be a scion of an Armorican druid family (stirpe satus druidum gentis aremoricae)."
Article 'Phoebicius' dans les 'Notices' de Miorcec, 1818
The "Introduction to the Barzhaz" (page VI in the 1839 edition, page XVI in the 1867 edition) reads thus:
"Ausonius knew one of them who was a priest of the Sun...His name was Phoebicius. He 'sang and composed hymns in the honour' (=aedituus) of Belenos. He belonged to a race of Druids of the Armorican nation."
This shows that
"Armorica [due to] its geographic situation, its woods and mountains and the sea has been long protected against foreign influences and that its bards still kept in the 4th century A.C. their primitive character... though they were at that time already decaying: That's what Ausonius infers when he states that Phoebicius is poor in spite of his illustrious origin and remained so in spite of his position as a bard."
Remark: there is no doubt about the meaning of "aedituus, aeditimus, aeditumus": a temple attendant who kept the keys of the edifice which he opened and closed at fixed hours, supervised its upkeep and acted as a cicerone for strangers, explaining the curiosities and works of art it contained (Plinius. XXXVI, 4, 10). This position was honourable (Dictionary of Anthony Rich from 1883).
Using the word in the sense of "bard" is a (purposeful?) mistranslation by La Villemarqu�.
There is a possibility that he may have been misled
- either by the rough homonymy with the word "a�de" (Greek bard)
- or by the fact that Daniel Louis Miorcec de Kerdanet (1792 - 1874) had included Phoebicius in his "Chronological Notices on theologians, jurisconsults, philosophers, artists, writers, poets, bards, troubadours and historians of Brittany since the outset of the Christian era to the present day..." published in Brest in 1818.
However,

Comment la lecture de "A Vindication of the Genuineness..." de Sharon Turner
a pu inspirer � La Villemarqu� un rapprochement avec "La Proph�tie", strophes 23 � 26, via la page 109 de la "Myvyrian", Tome I, �dition 1801

Le "maes" (champ) de l'Eisteddfod national gallois de 2007, Iolo Morganwg, Eisteddfod de Cornouailles 2007 et sa Dame (pour les couleurs cf. F�te de juin), Archidruide et laur�at de 1958, Goursez de Saint-Brieuc en 1906