Luke Muehlhauser (original) (raw)

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

I also listened to a significant portion of the recorded works by each of the (new-to-me) composers listed below.2 My favorites pieces from them (names linked to playlists) were:

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  1. See also the original YouTube version here. []
  2. The pieces I listened to for each composer were: Henryson, Bjarnason, Balter, McAllister, Gosfield, Leshnoff, Fibich, Taneyev, Beach, Chausson, Danielpour, Omiccioli, Schoenberg, Anassian, Moszkowski, Humperdinck, Alfven, Sinding, Zemlinsky, Rott, Suk, Arensky, Liebermann, Stanford, Beal (plus many of his film scores and several of his jazz albums), Respighi, Rebikov, Glière, Ortiz, Saygun, Jandali, Miyagi, Gulda, Schmidt, Reznicek, Magnard, Yusupov, Pejačević, Abdelfattah, Tiết, Chesky, Kalinnikov, Nguyen, Smith, Bacewicz, Herbert, Medtner, Gretchaninov, Ropartz, Khairat, Lavallée, Suesse, Márquez, Águila, Daoud, Kernis, Andres, Hailstork, Bazzini, Ndodana-Breen, Brady, Richards, Taylor, Gunning (plus a few of his film/TV scores), Satyan, Rostomyan, Arakelian, Sharafyan, Dorman, Budashkin, Kuan, Peng, Busoni, Reinecke, Guo, Huang, Greenstein, Lindberg, Price, Ince, Perry, Paderewski, Connesson, Lyapunov, Delibes, Baker, Russo, Fox, Schulhoff, Lambert, Mascagni, Little, Randall-Myers, Sparr, Marianelli (plus many of his film scores), Davis, Carpenter, Grofe, Dukelsky, Hawes, Mealor, Esenvalds, Gregson, Davies, Cherubini, Enescu, Berwald, Schmidt-Kowalski, Chabrier, Wolf, Bloch, Rubinstein, Korsrud, Arutiunian, Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Bax, Tabakova, Dean, Sucharitkul, Fairouz, Bennett (plus several of his film/TV scores and a few of his jazz tunes), Boyer, Sierra, Ticheli, Meij, Haan, Schwarz, Sparke, Stephenson, Zhou, Chen, TODO. []

Why is classical music (including new classical music) so unpopular? Part of it is because lots of classical music is dissonant, overly complex, long-winded, etc.,1 but it’s also because the classical music world is actively hostile to listeners. (I say this as someone who enjoys a ton of classical music!)

In particular, classical music is often:

  1. Unavailable:
    1. Outside the most popular ~350 classical composers, most works by most composers have never been commercially recorded (even if they’ve been performed repeatedly),2 making it almost impossible to hear them.3 For comparison, the 350th most popular/acclaimed rock music artist according to this aggregated list is Kings of Leon; imagine if most of their songs were available as notated scores and occasional live performances in specific cities but never actually recorded! That is the state of classical music listening.4
    2. When a new piece of classical music is premiered, it’s often not commercially recorded and released for several years, or even decades. Imagine hearing that your favorite musical artist played an entire new-album set in a city far away from you, but there’s no information on when the album will be released, and it might not come out for several years. Amazingly, this is standard practice in classical music, even for the most popular composers: e.g. Philip Glass’ Appomattox (2007), John Williams’ La Jolla (2011), and John Adams’ Second Quartet (2014) still haven’t been recorded and released, despite each being performed several times around the world.
  2. Hard to navigate / poorly promoted:
    1. Classical music critics typically recommend pieces based on their historical importance, innovativeness, or abstract music theory ideas rather than on how fun they are to listen to for most people. Many “classical music for beginners” lists include some honest selections like Pachelbel’s “Canon in D,” but also obvious lies such as Stravinsky’s wild, wandering, and dissonant Rite of Spring.5
    2. Classical music review books and websites are poorly organized, e.g. compositions and recordings often aren’t given any kind of rating or ranking, and they aren’t categorized into hundreds of precise stylistic subgenres as is common in e.g. rock music, where even a single subgenre like punk rock has many sub-subgenres like pop-punk, hardcore punk, art punk, crust punk, garage punk, riot grrrl, melodic punk, ska punk, synthpunk, grindcore, emocore, and so on.6 So if you find a piece of classical music you like (say, Pachelbel’s “Canon in D”), it’s difficult to find other similar pieces you might like.7
    3. On review sites for pop, rock, or hip-hop music, almost all reviewed releases are of new (not previously released) music, but on classical music review sites, almost all reviewed releases are cover albums (of compositions that have been recorded and released before), making it difficult for fans to track what’s actually new. This could be easily solved if classical music review sites used a special tag or section for premiere recordings, but they’ve chosen not to!
    4. Many of the most-recommended compositions are available in (a) multiple different arrangements (e.g. for solo piano vs. string quartet vs. orchestra), in (b) multiple different revisions (e.g. Beethoven’s Fidelio has three versions, Starvinsky’s The Firebird has four, and Bruckner’s 3rd symphony has six), and in (c) dozens or hundreds of different recordings, which vary in pacing and dynamics and other choices, in performance quality, and in recording quality. If someone recommends a rock album to you, just search the album name and click Play. But if you search the name of a classical piece that was recommended to you, often hundreds of versions will appear, and there’s rarely clear guidance on which version you should try first.
    5. Many compositions are listed using different titles depending on which source you check. For example, Beethoven’s “Moonlight Sonata” is also frequently listed as “Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor,” “Piano Sonata Op. 27, No. 2,” “Sonata quasi una fantasia,” “Mondscheinsonate,” or “Sonate für Klavier cis-Moll.” Obviously, it’s hard to know at a glance that these six different phrases all refer to the same piece!
    6. Music streaming services will often fail to show you the piece you searched for, even if it’s in their catalog, because they were designed around the cataloguing conventions of pop music.

Even the ~least popular (and ~lowest-budget) rock, jazz, or hip-hop music is much more navigable and available than this.

Opera has its own special additional anti-consumer habits, some of them covered here.

  1. Lots of classical music has features most listeners don’t like, e.g. dissonance, wild complexity, sudden volume changes, bombastic/pretentious vocals (think of opera), and lots of time on what sounds like “aimless wandering” (music nerds call it “musical development”). (For example, even the famously delightful “galloping” section of the William Tell Overture doesn’t start until over 8 minutes into the piece. Or to take a more obscure example: I think many listeners will enjoy the bombastic first 1.5 minutes of Bruckner’s Symphony No. 8 mvt 4, but then be bored by most of the rest of the 24-minute movement. I suspect very few people can identify and appreciate most musical development, e.g. the parts of a sonata.) Composers defend all this by writing essays like “Who Cares if You Listen?“ []
  2. For example: (1) The most prominent classical composer in all of Africa (19% of world population) is Fela Sowande, who wrote hundreds of pieces for organ, chorus, orchestra, and more — only a handful of which have been recorded. (2) Xian Xinghai was the leading “founder” of Western classical music in China (17% of world population), and one of its most prominent composers. He wrote over 300 works for chorus, orchestra, chamber ensemble, and more, but again only a handful have been recorded. (3) This is not just a feature of classical composers outside Europe and North America. For example, Simon Sechter was one of the most prolific classical composers in history, he taught Bruckner and was praised by Beethoven, Schubert, and Schumann, and yet only a handful of his pieces have been recorded. Or consider Ferdinand Hiller, who was close friends with Chopin, Berlioz, Liszt, Rossini, and Mendelssohn, and wrote hundreds of pieces across all genres, perhaps roughly 7% of which have been recorded. Similarly few surviving classical works have been recorded for many other significant Western composers, e.g. Ludwig Minkus (~15%), Don Davis (~25%), Nicola Piovani (~15%), Nikolai Kapustin (~25%), or Dario Marianelli (~3%). Or consider perhaps the most popular modern classical composer, Ennio Morricone (>70 million records sold). He is best known for his film scores, but also composed numerous “classical” compositions, only a fraction of which have been recorded (~20%). []
  3. Since performances near your home will happen rarely or never. Note that I’m not counting software-generated realizations for scores that were meant to be performed by musicians, since they are typically a poor substitute for a live recording as of the technology available today. []
  4. Of course, this isn’t a “fair” comparison: there have been far more rock/pop artists in history than classical composers. Gemini 2.5 Deep Research estimated for me that “For Western classical composers, encompassing the tradition from its early roots through contemporary classical music, a plausible estimate is in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 individuals throughout history. For rock musical artists, including bands and solo performers from the genre’s inception to the present day, the number is likely in the low to mid-millions, potentially ranging from 2 million to 8 million or more distinct artist entities.” []
  5. A great piece, but not accessible to beginners! []
  6. Classical music is often organized by chronological period (e.g. baroque vs. classical vs. romantic), by instrument ensemble (e.g. solo piano vs. string quartet vs. piano trio vs. chamber orchestra vs. symphony orchestra), or by structure/form (e.g. canon vs. fugue vs. sonata vs. rondo vs. theme and variations), but those categorizations (especially the last two) are typically mostly unrelated to style in the sense of most rock / pop / hip-hop subgenres. There are some recognized style genres for classical music (e.g. arguably Mannheim School, Sturm und Drang, galant, Empfindsamkeit, impressionism, neoclassicism, or minimalism), but there are many fewer of these in common use than for rock music, and most classical music books and websites don’t reliably use them to categorize compositions or recordings. []
  7. See also here. []

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:1

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  1. Here are ~all the works I listened to for some of the composers below: Yamada, Subramaniam, Einaudi. []

I recently made Spotify playlists for all the music I “strongly like” (or better) by each of my favorite musical artists. That makes it easy to tell how many minutes of music I strongly like by each of them, so now I can rank them by that metric.

This metric’s biggest downside is that it can’t track enjoyment differences within “strongly liked.” E.g. if I had to choose between the 3.5 hours I strongly like from Foals and the 0.5 hours I strongly like from Erik Satie, I’d choose the Satie.

But still, I like this as a measure of my “favorite” artists, because:

Before I present the ranking, a few clarifications:

Now, the ranking (I’ll update the spreadsheet occasionally):

A few observations:

Today’s best AI “large language models” are especially good at tasks where hallucinations and other failures are low-stakes, such as making music recommendations.

Here is continuously-updated doc of music search prompts I’ve found helpful, a few examples below:

Which compositions by [composer] are most popular and/or highly regarded today? Please list 20 of their compositions in a table, along with the evidence that they are popular and/or highly regarded, and direct Spotify links to complete recordings where available (but it’s fine to list many compositions which aren’t available on Spotify).

**

What are 20 of the most celebrated covers or re-interpretation of compositions by [musical artist]? Please list each one in a table along with the performer(s), the release year of the cover/re-interpretation, a few notes about what is changed from the original, and a direct link to the piece on Spotify (where available).

**

Who are the top 20 most highly respected composers of [genre]? Please list them in a table, and for each composer please list 4 of their most celebrated works/albums.

**

Who are the top 20 contemporary classical composers who (a) mainly write notated music for performance by classically trained musicians, but who (b) frequently draw inspiration from popular electronic music genres in their compositions (e.g. breakbeat, drum and bass, dubstep, electro, EDM, grime, IDM, techno, or trance)? Please list them in a table with four columns: Composer, Example 1, Example 2, Example 3. Each of the three examples should be a composition by that composer which draws inspiration from popular electronic music genres, along with a short description of how, exactly, it draws inspiration from popular electronic music genres. Where possible, please link each listed composition title to a recording of the piece on Spotify (but it’s fine to list many compositions which aren’t available on Spotify).

Please don’t include any of the following composers, because I’m already familiar with them: [list of composers]

**

What are 20 of the most creatively unique and ambitious [genre] albums/compositions after 2000 that are also relatively “tonal” and “accessible” to the general listener? Please list each album/composition in a table along with its composer, release year, a paragraph describing what is so creatively ambitious about it, and a direct link to a complete recording of the piece on Spotify (where available). Please also limit yourself to one album/composition per musical artist.

Spotify is very bad at searching for classical music recordings.

For example: if I search Spotify for “telemann oboe concerto in a major”, my top results are Telemann’s Oboe Concerto in E Minor, Telemann’s Concerto for Flute… [TWV 54], Vivaldi’s Oboe Concerto in C Major, and many other other pieces I wasn’t looking for. If I search the TWV catalogue number (“telemann 51:A2”), my top results are TWV 55:B1, TWV 51:G9, TWV 51:G2, and so on, without a TWV 51:A2 in sight.

Does this mean Spotify doesn’t have the piece I’m looking for? No, it has at least three recordings of it! One, two, three.

So how did I find those? I asked Perplexity “Are there recordings of Telemann’s TWV 51:A2 available on Spotify? Please provide links.” This requires more typing and more clicks to find a recording than Spotify search would if Spotify wasn’t broken, but I’ve found Perplexity to be much better at finding classical music recordings on Spotify than Spotify is. (Other web-search-enabled AI systems may be similarly capable.)

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

Previously, I listened to hundreds of orchestral arrangements of non-orchestral compositions and listed my favorites. This quarter, I decided to explore acoustic guitar arrangements of classical compositions (by a different composer). Ones I especially liked, listed by performer, are [playlist]:

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Since I began reading fiction again in late 2023 (in my late 30s, after a >15yr hiatus from fiction), I’ve been tracking my reading on Goodreads, and rating works I finish 1-5 stars based on pure enjoyment rather than e.g. artistic merit. I’ve now finished reading 151 “books” (including e.g. short stories), all but 8 of those in 2024, with an average work length of 425 pages. (Counting “books read this year” with no mention of pages is strange to me, since books vary enormously in length. E.g. Goodreads says the shortest “book” I read in 2024 was 3 pages, and the longest was 2184 pages.) My reading rate was surprisingly steady in 2024: I read between 4500 and 5800 pages each month, without exception.

Of works I’ve finished (151) or DNF’d (quit; 80), I rated only 5% (13 total) of those 5 stars. But I expect the “favorite” and “best” lists below to change significantly from year to year, as I’ve read very few books so far.1

Favorite works

Below are the 5-star works I most enjoyed so far. When multiple works are from the same author and I enjoyed them similarly, I combine them into one item.

  1. Project Hail Mary
  2. Lonesome Dove
  3. The Pillars of the Earth
  4. Last Argument of Kings, Before They Are Hanged, Best Served Cold, Red Country, The Heroes
  5. Kindred

Other 5-star books: Of Mice and Men, The Paper Menagerie, Stoner, World Without End.

Best 5-star works

Here are the works I enjoyed at a 5-star level that I’d rate highest for “aesthetic value” or “artistic merit” or something like that:

  1. Lonesome Dove
  2. Stoner
  3. Of Mice and Men
  4. The Heroes

There are some novels I’ve read or DNF’d that might be as good (on “artistic merit”) as some of those listed above, but I didn’t also enjoy them at the 5-star level — e.g. possibly The Sound and the Fury, The Master and Margarita, The Grapes of Wrath, Lolita, or A Confederacy of Dunces.

Favorite authors

To calculate my favorite authors, I’ll award each author 1 point for each page in a 4.5-star work,2 and 2 points for each page in a 5-star work.3 By that metric (calculations here), my favorite authors to date are:

  1. Joe Abercrombie (5637 points across 6 works)
  2. Ken Follett (4426 points across 2 works)
  3. Larry McMurtry (2467 points across 2 works)
  4. Brandon Sanderson (2095 points across 2 works)

Commentary

  1. My TBR (to be read) list is >3800 items long, and that’s only counting one work per series for books in a series. To give you a sense of how little I’ve read, some famous authors I haven’t yet tried at all (as an adult) include the Brontës, Shakespeare, Mann, and Dumas. Even within my favorite genres (fantasy, sci-fi, historical fiction), I haven’t yet tried (as an adult): JRR Tolkien, CS Lewis, Roald Dahl, GRR Martin, Steven Erikson, Anne Rice, Frank Herbert, Robert Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, Jules Verne, William Gibson, Michael Crichton, Liu Cixin, Hilary Mantel, Colleen McCullough, Bernard Cornwell, James Clavell, Edward Rutherfurd, or Patrick O’Brian. []
  2. Annoyingly, Goodreads doesn’t allow scoring with half-points, but I have written “4.5 stars” in the Goodreads review of each book I’m rating 4.5 stars. []
  3. For page counts, I use figures from Goodreads. []

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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On May 28th, I resigned from the Anthropic Board of Directors (announced here).

Naturally, many people have asked why I resigned. In the wake of many recent safety-related resignations at OpenAI, some have wondered whether my own resignation was safety-related.

It was not. The main reason I resigned is that it became increasingly complicated over time for me to simultaneously be (a) an AI governance grantmaker at Open Philanthropy (my day job), where we support a wide variety of organizations including some who work on US AI policy, and (b) a Board member at a US-based frontier AI company (though I’ve never held any Anthropic equity).

I wish Anthropic the best of luck in its mission, and I continue to think Anthropic’s leadership team takes the challenges of AI safety, security, and public benefit very seriously.

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

I also watched many YouTube “reaction” videos for my two favorite vocal performances of all time: Ankudinova’s “Can’t help falling in love” and Dimash’s “S.O.S.” Lots of warranted shock, goosebumps, speechlessness, and weeping on display. A few examples: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. YouTuber “Fairy Voice Mother” has excellent explainers on how each performance is achieved technically: Ankudinova, Dimash. You may also enjoy her reaction/analysis for Johnny’s Cash’s “Hurt.”

Another very impressive vocal performance I discovered this quarter is Will Ramos’ “To the Hellfire,” but I can’t exactly say I “enjoy” it, so I didn’t list it above. How many different species of demon do you hear?

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  1. Unsurprisingly I also like the arrangement for orchestra. []
  2. Still cool even though the highest whistle notes appear to be manipulated. []

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

This quarter, I was reminded that I often like orchestral arrangements of originally non-orchestral pieces (by a different composer). Here are some favorites, most of which I discovered for the first time this quarter [playlist]:

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  1. Of course this is closer to a “most popular” list than a “greatest” list, but regardless, these pieces are great, and do seem to me like a great selection for introducing someone to classical music. []

Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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Music

Music I most enjoyed discovering this quarter:

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  1. I really enjoy this, but did we really need another Richter “recomposition” of this exact piece before Richter has provided the same treatment to other beloved works? Could he next recompose Beethoven’s 9th or Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring or something else? []