New General Catalog Objects: NGC 200 (original) (raw)

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234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249

Page last updated Aug 23, 2023 (Added Caldwell & other IDs to NGC 247)
Page last updated Aug 22, 2023 (Added Caldwell & other IDs to NGC 246)
Page last updated Feb 1, 2022
Did final check of positions; negligible changes in those, but question about 220/222 IDs raised
All updates listed below may need re-checking
WORKING 215: Checking designations vs Steinicke
Checked basic galaxy types
Updated several classifications per communications with Corwin
Added appropriate designations, partially updated formatting, updated UGC pages

NGC 200 (= PGC 2387 = UGC 420 = CGCG 383-060 = MCG +00-02-112)
Discovered (Dec 25, 1790) by William Herschel
A magnitude 12.6 spiral galaxy (type SB(s)bc?) in Pisces (RA 00 39 34.9, Dec +02 53 15)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 200 (= GC 104 = WH II 858, 1860 RA 00 32 23, NPD 87 53.0) is "pretty bright, small, very gradually brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.7 by 0.95 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin SDSS image centered on NGC 200, also showing NGC 198
Below, a 2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 201 (= HCG 7C) (A member of Hickson Compact Group 7) (= PGC 2388 = UGC 419 = CGCG 383-059 = MCG +00-02-115)
Discovered (Dec 28, 1790) by William Herschel
Also observed (Dec 20, 1827) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.9 spiral galaxy (type SAB(r)c?) in Cetus (RA 00 39 34.8, Dec +00 51 36)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 201 (= GC 102 = JH 43 = WH III 873, 1860 RA 00 32 26, NPD 89 55.1) is "very faint, considerably large, extended, very gradually a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.95 by 1.45 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 201, also showing NGC 192, 196 and 197
Below, a 2.0 by 2.2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

Below, a 1.5 by 1.8 arcmin wide HST image of the galaxy (Image Credit ESA/Hubble/NASA)

NGC 202 (= PGC 2394 = UGC 421 = CGCG 383-062 = MCG +00-02-113)
Discovered (Nov 17, 1876) by �douard Stephan
A magnitude 14.3 lenticular galaxy (type SB(r)0/a) in Pisces (RA 00 39 39.9, Dec +03 32 11)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 202 (= GC 5112, Stephan list VIII (#1), 1860 RA 00 32 28, NPD 87 14.0) is "extremely faint, very small, irregularly brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size about 0.9 by 0.3 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 202, also showing NGC 203
Below, a 1.2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 203 (= NGC 211) (= PGC 2393= CGCG 383-061 = MCG +00-02-114)
Discovered (Dec 19, 1873) by Ralph Copeland (and later listed as NGC 203)
Discovered (Nov 18, 1876) by �douard Stephan (and later listed as NGC 211)
A magnitude 14.0 lenticular galaxy (type (R':)SAB(sr)0/a pec) in Pisces (RA 00 39 39.5, Dec +03 26 34)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 203 (= GC 5113, Copeland (using Lord Rosse's 72-inch telescope), 1860 RA 00 32 29, NPD 87 19.7) is "faint, round, 9th magnitude star 8 arcmin to southwest".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.05 by 0.35 arcmin (from images below)
Classification Note: This is an example of a galaxy with an "X" shape in the inner regions. Per Corwin, this has been interpreted as being part of a box/peanut bulge seen from the side. (R':) indicates that whether there is a partial external ring isn't entirely clear, but does seem likely. "

s

r" represents Corwin's opinion that the spiral structure is more obvious than the inner ring, and I underlined the "s" to make that clear. "pec" refers to the "X"-shaped structure, as that is not a typical feature of lenticular galaxies.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 203, also showing NGC 202 and part of NGC 193
Below, a 1.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 204 (= PGC 2397 = UGC 423 = CGCG 383-063 = MCG +00-02-116)
Discovered (Dec 21, 1786) by William Herschel
Discovered (Oct 16, 1827) by John Herschel
Also observed (Sep 23, 1862) by Heinrich d'Arrest
A magnitude 12.9 lenticular galaxy (type SA0?) in Pisces (RA 00 39 44.3, Dec +03 17 58)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 204 (= GC 101 = JH 42, d'Arrest, 1860 RA 00 32 33, NPD 87 28.1) is "faint, pretty small, round, very gradually brighter middle, eastern of 2", the other being NGC 193.
Discovery Notes: Per Steinicke, though never published by William Herschel and therefore not listed in the GC or NGC, the elder Herschel did observe this object during his sweep 657, on the date shown above; but since his son was unaware of that, his observation does represent an independent discovery of the nebula.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.3 by 1.1 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 204, also showing part of NGC 193
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 205 (= M110) (= PGC 2429 = UGC 426 = CGCG 535-014 = MCG +07-02-014)
Discovered (Aug 10, 1773) by Charles Messier but not published until 1798
Discovered (Aug 27, 1783) by Caroline Herschel
Also observed (Oct 24, 1783) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 1, 1828) by John Herschel
Added (1966) to the Messier Catalog by Kenneth Glyn Jones as M110
A magnitude 8.1 elliptical galaxy (type E5? pec) in Andromeda (RA 00 40 22.1, Dec +41 41 08)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 205 (= GC 105 = JH 44 = WH V 18, Caroline Herschel, 1860 RA 00 32 46, NPD 49 05.0) is "very bright, very large, much extended 165°, very gradually very much brighter middle". The position precesses to RA 00 40 22.4, Dec +41 41 10, right on the galaxy listed above and the description fits, so the identification is certain.
Discovery Notes: Messier's observation was not published until 1801, separately from his famous catalog, so its existence was unknown when the Herschels observed the nebula, ignored when John Herschel compiled his General Catalog (which was primarily though not exclusively based on his and his father's observations), and as a result also ignored when Dreyer compiled his New General Catalog. But given Messier's prior observation, it seemed appropriate to Kenneth Jones to add the object to Messier's catalog, as shown above.
Physical Information: M110 is the satellite galaxy just northwest of M31. About 15000 light-years across, it is comparable in size to the Magellanic Clouds, which are satellites of our galaxy. Elliptical galaxies usually contain little gas and only old stars, but M110 has dust clouds and young stars, perhaps as a result of its gravitational interaction with M31. Apparent size 19.5 by 11.5 arcmin?

Above, a 20 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 205
Below, a 20 arcmin wide SDSS image of the same region

Below, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image of the central portion of the galaxy

NGC 206 (in the Andromeda Galaxy) (= "PGC 3517694")
Discovered (Oct 17, 1786) by William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 18, 1828) by John Herschel
Also observed (1883) by Edward Barnard
A star-forming region in Andromeda (RA 00 40 30.8, Dec +40 44 29)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 206 (= GC 106 = JH 45 = WH V 36, 1860 RA 00 32 57, NPD 50 02.2) is "very faint, very large, much extended 0�". Given the description as extended north-south, NGC 206 undoubtedly represents the entire star-forming region shown in the box below, and not merely some part of that region.
Note About PGC Designation: As usual for NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigns a PGC designation for this "object", even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size 4.2 arcmin? A part of the Andromeda Galaxy

Above, a 30 arcmin wide DSS image of part of M31; the box shows the location of NGC 206
Below, a 6 arcmin wide DSS image of the star-forming region

Below, a 4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the star-forming region

NGC 207 (not = IC 41) (= PGC 2395 = MCG -03-02-035)
Not discovered (Dec 7, 1857) by R. J. Mitchell
Discovered (Oct 29, 1877) by John Dreyer
Also observed (Nov 3, 1885) by Ormond Stone
A magnitude 13.7 spiral galaxy (type SB:(rs)b: pec) in Cetus (RA 00 39 40.7, Dec -14 14 14)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 207 (= GC 108, 3rd Lord Rosse, 1860 RA 00 32 57, NPD 105 04.0) is "very faint, small, a little extended, stellar". (Dreyer's observation reads "About 35 seconds west and 25� arcmin south (of GC 107 = NGC 210) is (GC) 108, very faint, small, a little extended east-west, much brighter middle and nucleus, stellar, about 5 arcmin north northeast (per Gottlieb, actually north northwest) of a coarse (wide) double star of magnitudes 10-11 and 12. A very insignificant object.") The position precesses to RA 00 39 59.5, Dec -14 17 49, about 5.8 arcmin southeast of the galaxy listed above, but Dreyer's 1877 description perfectly fits the object and there is nothing comparable nearby, so the identification is certain.
Misidentification as IC 41: Per Malcolm Thomson, several references equate IC 41 with NGC 207, but this is due to an error in the RNGC (later corrected but too late to avoid the confusion caused by the error), as shown in the wide-field image below, and pointed out in the title for this entry.
Discovery Note (1): Dreyer credited R. J. Mitchell's observation of Dec 7, 1857 as describing NGC 210 (which it does) and another galaxy well to the southwest, which Mitchell presumed was GC 108 (= NGC 207), but in fact must have been an observation of NGC 178, which see. Instead, the first observation of NGC 207 was made by Dreyer, as shown above. Both Dreyer and Mitchell stated that well to the south and west of NGC 210 was another nebula, presumed by both of them to be GC 108. But Mitchell's description is of a galaxy extended north-south, which must be NGC 178, whereas Dreyer's description is of a galaxy extended east-west, which must be NGC 207, and by including the note about the wide double star, guarantees that identification.
Discovery Notes (2): Although Dreyer credits the discovery to William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of Rosse's nebular discoveries were actually made by one of his assistants, in this case presumed by Dreyer to be R. J. Mitchell, since he didn't realize that Mitchell's observation was of a completely different object; but in reality the first observation of this object was made by Dreyer himself, as pointed out in Discovery Note (1).
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation of 3660 km/sec (and H0 = 70 km/sec/Mpc), NGC 207 is about 170 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of about 0.55 by 0.235 arcmin (from the images below), it is about 25 to 30 thousand light years across.
Classification Note: Given the galaxy's unusual structure, I asked Corwin for his opinion, which is the type shown in the description line. As is obvious from the images (which are subject to updating if possible), the apparent nucleus is offset toward the southwest, while the brightest star-forming regions ("knots") are on the northeast side of the galaxy. The colons represent uncertainties about the parts of the classification that they follow, while "pec" is pretty much a given for such a distorted object.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 207, also showing IC 41
Below, a 1 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

Below, a 1 arcmin wide PanSTARRS image of the galaxy

NGC 208 (= PGC 2420 = CGCG 383-064 = MCG +00-02-118)
Discovered (Oct 5, 1863) by Albert Marth
A magnitude 14.3 spiral galaxy (type SAB(rs)bc:) in Pisces (RA 00 40 17.6, Dec +02 45 23)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 208 (= GC 5114, Marth #15, 1860 RA 00 33 08, NPD 88 01) is "pretty faint".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.7 by 0.65 arcmin (from images below)
Classification Note: One of numerous galaxies for which Harold Corwin provided advice and the classification. "bc:" represents the uncertainty caused by the galaxy's faint, poorly-defined arms, "

A

B" indicates that although there is a faint bar visible at some wavelengths, the overall impression is more like an unbarred galaxy, and "

r

s" refers to a well-developed but "broken" inner ring with spiral arms forming around its periphery.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 208
Below, a 1 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 209 (= PGC 2338 = PGC 866044 = ESO 540-008 = MCG -03-02-031)
Discovered (Oct 9, 1885) by Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (date?) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 12.9 lenticular galaxy (type E/SA0) in Cetus (RA 00 39 03.6, Dec -18 36 30)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 209 (Leavenworth list I (#10), 1860 RA 00 33 30, NPD 109 23.9) is "very faint, very small, round, brighter middle". The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 00 32 04.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.4 by 1.3 arcmin (from images below), including faint outer regions

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 209
Below, a 2 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

NGC 210 (= PGC 2437 = MCG -02-02-081)
Discovered (Oct 3, 1785) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 15, 1830) by John Herschel
A magnitude 10.9 spiral galaxy (type (R2')SAB(sr,nr)b pec) in Cetus (RA 00 40 35.0, Dec -13 52 22)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 210 (= GC 107 = JH 46 = WH II 452, 1860 RA 00 33 32, NPD 104 38.6) is "bright, pretty small, round, pretty suddenly brighter middle, mottled but not resolved, 11th magnitude star 2 arcmin to west".
Physical Information: Apparent size 5.0 by 3.3 arcmin?
Use By The de Vaucouleurs Atlas: NBC 210 is used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies as an example of type (R2')SAB(s)b, the (R2') referring to the obvious partial spiral ring on the outside of the galaxy; but the de Vaucouleurs Atlas ignores the obvious nuclear ring (supposedly because there is no difference in the color of the ring, though given its high contrast, I don't see what difference that should have made). Given my dissatisfaction with that classification, I asked Harold Corwin what he thought about the outer and inner nuclear rings, which is where "sr, nr" comes from ("sr" referring to the faint spiral and ring-like features in the core, and "nr" to the small ring inside the nucleus (he also suggested the possibility of using "lsr" instead of "sr", because the "ring" is more lens-shaped than ring-shaped; but I decoded to only mention that here instead in the "type" because many of my readers probably find the classification too complex to understand as it is. The "pec" is obvious, since this object looks like some weird combination of a lenticular nucleus and a spiral disk (particularly in a PanSTARRS image not yet posted).

Above, a NOAO image overlaid on a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 210
(Image Credit above and below Dale Cupp/Flynn Haase/AURA/NSF/NOAO)
Below, a 6 arcmin wide NOAO image of the galaxy

NGC 211 (= NGC 203) (= PGC 2393 = CGCG 383-061 = MCG +00-02-114)
Discovered (Dec 19, 1873) by Ralph Copeland (and later listed as NGC 203)
Discovered (Nov 18, 1876) by �douard Stephan (and later listed as NGC 211)
A magnitude 14.0 lenticular galaxy (type (R')SA(rs)0/a? pec?) in Pisces (RA 00 39 39.5, Dec +03 26 34)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 211 (= GC 5115, Stephan list VIII (#2), 1860 RA 00 33 47, NPD 87 19.7) is "extremely faint, small, much brighter middle and nucleus".
Physical Information: Given the duplicate entry, see NGC 203 for anything else.

NGC 212 (= PGC 2417 = ESO 150-018)
Discovered (Oct 28, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 13.3 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Phoenix (RA 00 40 13.3, Dec -56 09 11)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 212 (= GC 110 = JH 2236, 1860 RA 00 33 50, NPD 146 56.2) is "very faint, small, round, western of 2", the other being NGC 215.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.95 by 0.8 arcmin (from images below); NED 3K Vr 8107 km/sec. It and its apparently numerous companions, whether companions in the normal sense or not, are probably all part of the rich cluster Abell 2806.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 212, also showing NGC 215
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

PGC 101135
Not an NGC object but listed here as an apparent/possible companion of NGC 212
A magnitude 15.6 elliptical galaxy (type E?) in Phoenix (00 40 24.4, -56 13 18)

Physical Information: LEDA V 15.6; NED 3K Vr 8568 km/sec, z 0.028579978899, so perhaps not an actual companion, but merely part of the same cluster; but possibly close enough to be considered a true companion of NGC 212

PGC128457
Not an NGC object but listed here as an apparent/"possible" companion of NGC 212
A magnitude 15(?) lenticular galaxy (type S0/a?) in Phoenix (RA 00 40 33.0, Dec -56 10 58)

Physical Information: LEDA S0/a, B 15.5, I 14.0 -> V 15(?); NED S0, 3K Vr 8910 km/sec, z 0.029721958728757; probably a background galaxy

PGC 128459
Not an NGC object but listed here as an apparent/possible companion of NGC 212
A magnitude 14(?) elliptical galaxy (type E?) in Phoenix (00 40 04.2, -56 10 50)

Physical Information: LEDA B 14.6, I 12.8 -> V 14(?); NED 3K Vr 8356 km/sec, z 0.027872976

"PGC 3600352" (= 2MASX J00400662-5609299)
Not an NGC object but listed here as an apparent/possible companion of NGC 212
A magnitude 14.5(?) elliptical galaxy (type E?) in Phoenix (00 40 06.7, -56 09 30)

Note About PGC Designation: Although HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes. To search for the object in any reference, use either its coordinates or the 2MASX designation shown above.
Physical Information: NED 16.5(bandwidth?), 3K Vr 8086 km/sec, z 0.026972964311726
Note About Object To The North: The faint object about 10 arcsec north of this galaxy (and "in contact" with the galaxy in DSS2 images) has also been listed as a possible companion; but per GAIA it is a magnitude 16 star in our own galaxy.

NGC 213 (= PGC 2469 = UGC 436 = CGCG 457-026 = MCG +03-02-023)
Discovered (Oct 14, 1784) by William Herschel
A magnitude 13.5 spiral galaxy (type SB(rs)ab?) in Pisces (RA 00 41 10.0, Dec +16 28 09)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 213 (= GC 109 = WH III 200, 1860 RA 00 33 55, NPD 74 18.3) is "faint, small, between 2 small (faint) stars".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.6 by 1.2 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 213
Below, a 2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 214 (= PGC 2479 = UGC 438 = CGCG 479-059 = MCG +04-02-044)
Discovered (Sep 10, 1784) by William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 5, 1828) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.3 spiral galaxy (type SAB(rs)bc?) in Andromeda (RA 00 41 28.0, Dec +25 29 58)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 214 (= GC 111 = JH 47 = WH II 209, 1860 RA 00 34 03, NPD 65 16.1) is "pretty faint, pretty small, gradually a very little brighter middle, mottled but not resolved".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.85 by 1.3 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 214
Below, a 2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 215 (= PGC 2451 = ESO 150-019)
Discovered (Oct 28, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 13.0 lenticular galaxy (type E/SA0?) in Phoenix (RA 00 40 48.9, Dec -56 12 51)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 215 (= GC 112 = JH 2337, 1860 RA 00 34 26, NPD 146 58.5) is "faint, small, round, among stars, eastern of 2", the other being NGC 212.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.95 by 0.85 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 215, also showoing NGC 212
Below, a 1.4 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

NGC 216 (= PGC 2478 = PGC 833497 = ESO 540-015 = MCG -04-02-035)
Discovered (Dec 9, 1784) by William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 16, 1830) by John Herschel
A magnitude 13.2 lenticular galaxy (type SAB(s)dm: pec) in Cetus (RA 00 41 27.2, Dec -21 02 41)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 216 (= GC 113 = JH 49 = WH III 244, 1860 RA 00 34 29, NPD 111 49.0) is "extremely faint, very small, a little extended".
Physical Information: (Listed as an edge-on dwarf amorphous galaxy in research paper, perhaps 16 million light years away.) Apparent size of about 2.2 by 0.7 arcmin (from images below)
Classification Note: This galaxy is listed as type SAB(s)dm: by the https://www.oulu.fi/astronomy/S4G\_PIPELINE4/MAIN/index0004.html#entry0098 target=spitzer>Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies. I've underlined the "B" because it looks more like a barred galaxy to me than an unbarred one, and "pec" because of the warped disk.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 216
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 217 (= PGC 2482 = MCG -02-02-085)
Discovered (Nov 28, 1785) by William Herschel
Also observed (Dec 14, 1830) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.4 spiral galaxy (type SAB(rs)a) in Cetus (RA 00 41 33.9, Dec -10 01 17)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 217 (= GC 114 = JH 48 = WH II 480, 1860 RA 00 34 30, NPD 100 47.0) is "faint, small, a little extended 90�, gradually a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 2.6 by 0.55 arcmin (from images below); 3K Vr 3605 km/sec

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 217
Below, a 3 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

"PGC 3368365" (= SDSSJ004129.47-100047.6)
Not an NGC object but listed here as a probable companion of NGC 217
A magnitude 16(?) galaxy (type dE/S0) in Cetus (RA 00 41 29.5, Dec -10 00 48)

Note About PGC Designation: Although HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this galaxy, a search of the database for that designation does not return a result, hence its being shown in quotes. For a successful search of most databases, use the galaxy's coordinates or the SDSS designation shown above (although a search of NED for LEDA 3368365 does return a result, none of the other databases I've checked will work with that designation).
Physical Information: LEDA Sb, U 18.7, B 16.5, I 15.3 -> V 16(?); NED 16.6g, 3K Vr 3707 km/sec; certainly a physical companion of the NGC object, but since it appears to be so much smaller, almost certain a "dwarf" galaxy, whence the "d" in dE/S0.

NGC 218 (not = PGC 2493) (= PGC 2720 = UGC 480 = CGCG 519-021= MCG +06-02-016)
Discovered (Oct 17, 1876) by �douard Stephan
A magnitude 12.6 spiral galaxy (type Sbc? pec) in Andromeda (RA 00 46 32.0, Dec +36 19 32)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 218 (= GC 5116, Stephan list VIII (#3), 1860 RA 00 34 57, NPD 54 26.4) is "extremely faint, very small, round, gradually brighter middle". The position precesses to RA 00 42 30.1, Dec +36 19 43, over 4 minutes west of the correct position, which led to a century of confusion and even at the present date, a badly mistaken identification. The nearest galaxy to Stephan/Dreyer's incorrect position is PGC 2493, another 45 seconds of time to the west, which (as noted in the NGCIC Project entry) seems an unusually poor match for one of Stephan's measurements. Ironically, the answer to the mystery of what Stephan observed has been available for nearly a century. As noted in Steinicke's book about the NGC, and in a 1914 history of the Marseilles Observatory by Stephan himself, sometime prior to 1914 a student assistant at the Observatory, Emmanuel Esmiol, was given the task (apparently by the current director of the Observatory, Guillaume Bigourdan) of collecting all of Stephan's discoveries, and converting their positions to the 1900 Equinox. Apparently the work was completed prior to Stephan's 1914 history, even though it wasn't published until 1916; and hidden in it is the true identity of NGC 218. Namely, as "recently" noticed (per Corwin) by Steve Gottlieb, Esmiol discovered a 4 minute error in the reduction of Stephan's VIIIa-#3, and his 1900 position precesses almost exactly to the position of the actual NGC 218, namely PGC 2720, as listed above. It should be noted that this identification, although absolutely certain, has not yet been corrected in the NGC/IC Project, LEDA, or Wikisky, all of which list or show the wrong galaxy, PGC 2493, as NGC 218 (NED also showed the wrong object until recently, but has corrected the error). Even Steinicke, who has corrected his database to the values shown above, was unaware of the problem at the time he wrote his exhaustive history of the NGC. In a discussion of Esmiol's work, Steinicke mentioned that Esmiol's catalog listed four discoveries by Stephan which had not received NGC or IC numbers, and shows a picture of the most interesting of the four, which is actually the unrecognized NGC 218. Obviously, under these circumstances, any reference to NGC 218 cannot be trusted unless accompanied by its position or PGC listing. If the reference is to PGC 2720 the identification is certain, and the information hopefully trustworthy. If the reference is to PGC 2493 the information may be trustworthy for that object, but the identification is completely wrong. For that reason, the following information is based on a search for PGC 2720, not NGC 218.
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity of 11220 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that NGC 218 is about 525 million light years away. But for objects at such distances, we must take into account the expansion of the Universe during the time it took the light from the object to reach us. Doing that shows that the galaxy was about 500 million light years away when the light by which we see it was emitted, about 510 million years ago (the difference between the two numbers being due to the expansion of the space through which the light traveled during its half-billion year long journey). Given that and its apparent size of 1.7 by 1.5 arcmin (including its fainter extensions), the galaxy is about 220 thousand light years across.

Above, a SDSS image overlaid on a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 218
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of NGC 218 and PGC 2726

Below, a 1.8 by 2.0 arcmin wide SDSS image of NGC 218

PGC 2726 (= CGCG 519-022 = MCG +06-02-017)
Not an NGC object but listed here because of its interaction with NGC 218
A magnitude 15 lenticular galaxy (type (R)SB0/a? pec) in Andromeda (RA 00 46 38.7, Dec +36 19 53)

Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity of 11095 km/sec, a straightforward calculation indicates that PGC 2726 is about 515 million light years away, in reasonably good agreement with redshift-independent distance estimates of 530 to 575 million light years. But for objects at such distances, we must take into account the expansion of the Universe during the time it took the light of the object to reach us. Doing that shows that the galaxy was about 490 million light years away when the light by which we see it was emitted, about 500 million years ago (the difference between the two numbers being due to the expansion of the space through which the light traveled during its half-billion year long journey). However, the galaxy is obviously interacting with NGC 218 (which see for images), so whatever the actual distance of the two galaxies is, it must be the same for both of them. Given that and its apparent size of 0.8 by 0.45 arcmin (from the image below) PGC 2726 is about 115 thousand light years across.

Above, a 1.2 arcmin wide SDSS image of PGC 2726; for wider views see NGC 218

PGC 2493 (not NGC 218) (= UGC 440 = CGCG 519-017 = MCG +06-02-013)
Not an NGC object but listed here because of its previous misidentification as NGC 218
A magnitude 15 spiral galaxy (type Scd? pec?) in Andromeda (RA 00 41 44.7, Dec +36 21 33)

Historical Misidentification: Until very recently, PGC 4293 was thought to be NGC 218 (which see for a discussion of the mistake), even though it was a poor match for the supposed position of that object. As a result, it is still listed as NGC 218 in almost every database I have seen, save for Corwin's and Steinicke's databases.
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity of 4895 km/sec, PGC 2493 is about 225 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of about 1.0 by 0.8 arcmin (from the images below), it is about 75 thousand light years across.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on PGC 2493
Below, a 1.2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 219 (= PGC 2522 = CGCG 383-073 = MCG +00-02-128)
Discovered (Sep 16, 1863) by George Bond
A magnitude 14.3 elliptical galaxy (type E2?) in Cetus (RA 00 42 11.3, Dec +00 54 16)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 219 (= GC 5058, G. P. Bond (#1, HN 28), 1860 RA 00 35 01, NPD 89 51.8) is "faint, small, round, 11th magnitude star 1 arcmin to southwest".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.45 by 0.4 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin SDSS image centered on NGC 219, also showing NGC 223
Below, a 0.8 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 220 (probably = NGC 222), in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517836" = ESO 029-SC003)
Discovered (Jan 8, 1826) by James Dunlop
Discovered (Aug 12, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.4 open cluster in Tucana (RA 00 40 30.3, Dec -73 24 10)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 220 (= GC 115 = JH 2338, (Dunlop 2), 1860 RA 00 35 02, NPD 164 09.9) is "faint, irregularly round, very gradually brighter middle, 1st of several", the next being NGC 222. Corwin has a question about whether NGC 220 = NGC 222, but until recently listed different positions for the clusters currently accepted as those objects. Since he now lists them as probably the same object, I need to review his and others' notes before posting my opinion of the situation.
Discovery Notes: Herschel was unable to identify Dunlop's #2, other than a guess that it might be Herschel's #2340, which became NGC 231; but it is now believed that Dunlop #2 refers to this object and NGC 220, hence its inclusion in their NGC entries in parentheses.
Note About the PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation for this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size about 0.8 arcmin?

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 220, also showing NGC 222 and 231
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of the open cluster

Below, a 1 degree wide DSS image centered on NGC 220, also showing 222 and 231

Below, a 4 degree wide DSS image centered on the clusters (showing the SMC and NGC 104)

NGC 221 (= M32= Arp 168) (= PGC 2555 = UGC 452 = CGCG 535-016 = MCG +07-02-015)
Discovered (Oct 29, 1749) by Guillaume Le Gentil
Observed (1757) by Charles Messier
Recorded (Aug 3, 1764) by Charles Messier as M32
Also observed (Dec 26, 1813) by William Herschel
Also observed (1825) by Wilhelm Struve
Also observed (Sep 18, 1828) by John Herschel
A magnitude 8.1 lenticular galaxy (type cE2) in Andromeda (RA 00 42 41.8, Dec +40 51 55)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 221 (= GC 117 = JH 51, Legentil, M32, 1860 RA 00 35 05, NPD 49 54.2) is "a remarkable object, very very bright, large, round, pretty suddenly much brighter middle and nucleus".
Discovery Notes: Struve's observation was recorded in his catalog of stellar objects, and although some NGC entries do include credit for "stellar" observations made without recognizing the nebular nature of an object, this is one that Dreyer missed; hence Struve's omission in the NGC entry.
Physical Information: A satellite of M31, namely the small galaxy near the disc of its larger companion. Apparent size of grossly overexposed central region about 3.5 by 3.1 arcmin (from the images below; see other references in next paragraph). The central stellar density of NGC 221 is thought to be the greatest in the Local Group, so even in the bottom image, where logarithmic mapping was used to reduce the extreme overexposure present in almost all other images of the galaxy, the nucleus is still overexposed.
LEDA 7.75 by 4.9 arcmin; NED 8.7 by 6.5 arcmin, cE2, 3K Vr -499 km/sec, RIDE .664 - .925 (median .78) Mpc. Per Gottlieb, with a 24-inch telescope, " extremely high surface brightness... about 5 by 3.5 arcmin. The large halo is highly concentrated to a small very bright core. The core itself is sharply concentrated to a very small, very bright nucleus punctuated by an intense stellar nucleus."
Use By The de Vaucouleurs Atlas: NGC 221 is used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies as an example of type cE2.
Use By The Arp Atlas: NGC 221 is used by The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as an example of a galaxy with a diffuse counter-tail, with the note "Faint diffuse plume curved away from M 31 disk."

Above, a 1 degree wide DSS image centered on NGC 221, also showing M31
Below, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

Below, a 3.25 arcmin wide image of the galaxy (Image Credit William Keel, University of Alabama; used by permission)

WORKING HERE: "Present" entry represents 222 as a cluster in the SMC, but Corwin equates with a galaxy = 220
Need to evaluate arguments and discuss both objects, regardless of the result

NGC 222 (probably = NGC 220), in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517837" = ESO 029-SC004)
Discovered (Aug 1, 1826) by James Dunlop
Also observed (Apr 11, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.2 open cluster in Tucana (RA 00 40 44.5, Dec -73 23 02)
Corwin now lists this as a probable duplicate of NGC 220, which see, and the ID above as very uncertain

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 222 (= GC 118 = JH 2339, (Dunlop 2), 1860 RA 00 35 05, NPD 164 14.0) is "very faint, round, 2nd of several". See the note for NGC 220 concerning the possible duplication with NGC 222.
Discovery Notes: Herschel was unable to identify Dunlop's #2, save for a guess that it might be Herschel's #2340, which became NGC 231; but it is now believed that Dunlop #2 refers to this object and NGC 220, hence its inclusion in their NGC entries in parentheses.
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size about 0.6 arcmin?

Above, a 3 arcmin wide DSS image centered between NGC 220 and NGC 222
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of NGC 222; for more images, see NGC 220

NGC 223 (= IC 44) (= PGC 2527 = UGC 450 = CGCG 383-074 = MCG +00-02-129)
Discovered (Jan 5, 1853) by George Bond (and later listed as NGC 223)
Also observed (Jan 1, 1862) by Heinrich d'Arrest (and later listed as NGC 223)
Also observed (in or before 1862) by Auwers (as a reobservation of Bond's nebula)
Also observed (Nov 21, 1886) by Lewis Swift (and later listed as IC 44)
A magnitude 13.2 spiral galaxy (type SA(rs)ab?) in Cetus (RA 00 42 15.9, Dec +00 50 44)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 223 (= GC 119, Bond (#2, HN7), d'Arrest, (Auwers 4), 1860 RA 00 35 06, NPD 89 55.7) is "very faint, pretty small, round". The position precesses to RA 00 42 16.5, Dec +00 50 24, on the southeastern rim of the galaxy listed above, the description fits and there is nothing comparable nearby, so the identification is certain. (See IC 44 for a discussion of the duplicate entry.)
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity of 5330 km/sec, NGC 223 is about 250 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.6 by 0.95 arcmin, it is about 115 thousand light years across.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 223, also showing NGC 219
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 224 (= M31), The Andromeda Galaxy (= PGC 2557 = UGC 454 = CGCG 535-017 = MCG +07-02-016)
Seen by innumerable observers through the ages, since easily visible when skies were "dark"
Known to Isfahan (Persian) astronomers before 905 CE
Recorded (964) by Abd-al-Rahman Al-Sufi (in his Book of Fixed Stars)
Telescopically observed (Dec 15, 1612) by Simon Marius
Observed and recorded (Aug 3, 1764) by Charles Messier as M31
Also observed (Sep 18, 1828) by John Herschel
A magnitude 3.4 spiral galaxy (type SA(s)b?) in Andromeda (RA 00 42 44.3, Dec +41 16 09)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 224 (= GC 116 = JH 50, S�fi, M31, 1860 RA 00 35 07, NPD 49 29.8) is "a magnificent object, most extremely bright, extremely large, very much extended (Andromeda)".
Discovery Notes: The nebula was noted (per Richard Hinckley Allen) in a Dutch star map of 1500, and (per Messier and R. H. Allen) had its first telescopic description by Simon Marius. Hodierna also described the object in his publication of 1654, meaning he observed it sometime before then. Edmond Halley ascribed its discovery to Ismail Bouillaud (usually known as Bullialdus), who observed it in 1661; but (per R. H. Allen) Bullialdus merely stated that it had been seen in the early 1500s by some unnamed astronomer. Since the nebula is easily visible with the unaided eye in a dark sky, it was probably seen innumerable times by various observers, even in prehistory; but Al-Sufi's volume appears to be the oldest surviving record of its position and (naked-eye) appearance.
Physical Information: The nearest large galaxy to ours, M31 has two elliptical companions, M32 (just below and near the disc of M31 in the image below), and M110 (above M31, in the image below). With its 100 thousand light-year diameter and 2 million light-year distance, M31 appears about the same size as six full moons placed side by side (apparent size 189 by 62 arcmin?). But its low surface brightness makes it impossible to see in urban areas without optical aid, and even with a telescope only the nucleus can be seen, as a faint elliptical blur. In dark skies its true extent is more obvious, and dark lanes of dust crossing the disk can be picked out.
Use By The de Vaucouleurs Atlas: NGC 224 is used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies as an example of type SA(s)b.

Above, a 2 degree wide DSS image of M31, also showing M32 and "M110"
(more images to be posted in a later iteration of this page)

NGC 225 (= OCL 305 = "PGC 3517838")
Discovered (Sep 27, 1783) by Caroline Herschel
Also observed (Nov 26, 1788) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 27, 1829) by John Herschel
A magnitude 7.0 open cluster (type III1p) in Cassiopeia (RA 00 43 35.0, Dec +61 46 00)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 225 (= GC 120 = JH 52 = WH VIII 78, Caroline Herschel, 1860 RA 00 35 19, NPD 28 58.7) is "a cluster, large, a little compressed, stars from 9th to 10th magnitude".
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size 15 arcmin?

Above, a 20 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 225

NGC 226 (= PGC 2572 = UGC 459 = CGCG 500-076)
Discovered (Nov 22, 1827) by John Herschel
A magnitude 13.4 spiral galaxy (type Sab?) in Andromeda (RA 00 42 54.1, Dec +32 34 51)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 226 (= GC 121 = JH 53, 1860 RA 00 35 24, NPD 58 10.9) is "extremely faint, small, round, 13th magnitude star 20 arcsec to south".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.75 by 0.7 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 226
Below, a 0.9 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 227 (= PGC 2547 = UGC 456 = CGCG 383-076 = MCG +00-02-135)
Discovered (Oct 1, 1785) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 26, 1883) by Basilius Engelhardt
A magnitude 12.2 lenticular galaxy (type SAB0) in Cetus (RA 00 42 36.8, Dec -01 31 43)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 227 (= GC 122 = WH II 444, Engelhardt (I), 1860 RA 00 35 28, NPD 92 17.7) is "faint, pretty large, a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.5 by 1.3 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 227
Below, a 2 arcmin SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 228 (= PGC 2563 = UGC 458 = CGCG 479-062 = MCG +04-02-048)
Discovered (Oct 10, 1879) by �douard Stephan
A 1magnitude 13.7 spiral galaxy (type (R)SAB(rs)ab?) in Andromeda (RA 00 42 54.5, Dec +23 30 11)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 228 (Stephan list X (#1), 1860 RA 00 35 32, NPD 67 15.8) is "extremely faint, small, round, fainter of 2", the other being NGC 229.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.2 by 1.1 arcmin (from the images below), including the faint outer ring/arms.
NED (R)SB(r)ab, 3K Vr 7062 km/sec, z 0.02355656176

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 228, also showing NGC 229
Below, a 1.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

PGC 2562 (= PGC 1688265 = CGCG 479-061 = MCG +04-02-047)
Not an NGC object but listed here as a probable companion of NGC 228
A magnitude 15(?) spiral galaxy (type S?) in (RA 00 42 49.0, Dec +23 29 24)

Physical Information: LEDA B 15.6, I 13.3 -> V 15?, 14.4?; NED Sc+, starburst, 3K Vr 7047 km/sec, z 0.0235062395

NGC 229 (PGC 2577 = CGCG 479-064 = MCG +04-02-049)
Discovered (Oct 10, 1879) by �douard Stephan
A magnitude 14.1 lenticular galaxy (type S0?) in Andromeda (RA 00 43 04.7, Dec +23 30 33)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 229 (Stephan list X (#2), 1860 RA 00 35 42, NPD 67 15.5) is "very faint, small, round, smaller of 2", the other being NGC 228.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.95 by 0.3 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 229, also showing NGC 228
Below, a 1.2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 230 (= PGC 2539 = ESO 474-014 = MCG -04-02-037)
Discovered (1886) by Francis Leavenworth
A magnitude 14.5 spiral galaxy (type Sc? pec) in Cetus (RA 00 42 27.2, Dec -23 37 44)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 230 (Leavenworth list II (#291), 1860 RA 00 35 43, NPD 114 22.9) is "extremely faint, extremely small, round, brighter middle and nucleus".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.15 by 0.2 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 230, also showing NGC 232, NGC 235, and IC 1573
Below, a 1.4 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

NGC 231, in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517839" = ESO 029-SC005)
Probably not observed (Aug 1, 1826) by James Dunlop
Discovered (Aug 12, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.1 open cluster in Tucana (RA 00 41 06.0, Dec -73 21 02)
The position above is for the core; Corwin lists the overall position as RA 00 41 02.0, Dec -73 21 36

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 231 (= GC 123 = JH 2340, Dunlop 2??, 1860 RA 00 35 51, NPD 164 07.3) is "an irregular train of stars and nebulae".
Discovery Notes: Dunlop #2 is now thought to represent NGC 220 and 222, and not NGC 231.
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.8 arcmin?

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 231, also showing NGC 220 and 222
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of the cluster; for wider views, see NGC 220

NGC 232 (= PGC 2559 = ESO 474-015 = MCG -04-02-040)
Discovered (1886) by Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (date?) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 13.3 spiral galaxy (type (R')SB(r)a? pec) in Cetus (RA 00 42 45.8, Dec -23 33 41)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 232 (Leavenworth list II (#292), 1860 RA 00 36 01, NPD 114 19.9) is "extremely faint, small, round, brighter middle and nucleus". The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 00 35 49.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.9 by 0.7 arcmin (from image below). Per PanSTARRS image (not yet posted), broad spiral arms wrap around to almost form a ring.

Above, a 1.2 arcmin wide DSS image of NGC 232; for a wider view, see NGC 235

NGC 233 (= PGC 2604 = UGC 464 = CGCG 500-078 = MCG +05-02-041)
Discovered (Sep 11, 1784) by William Herschel
Also observed (Dec 23, 1827) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.4 elliptical galaxy (type E0?) in Andromeda (RA 00 43 36.6, Dec +30 35 13)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 233 (= GC 124 = JH 54 = WH III 149, 1860 RA 00 36 05, NPD 60 11.0) is "faint, very small, round, a little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.2 by 1.2 arcmin??

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 233
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 234 (= PGC 2600 = UGC 463 = CGCG 434-032 = CGCG 435-001 = MCG +02-02-028)
Discovered (Oct 14, 1784) by William Herschel
A magnitude 12.6 spiral galaxy (type SAB(rs)c?) in Pisces (RA 00 43 32.4, Dec +14 20 33)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 234 (= GC 125 = WH II 245, 1860 RA 00 36 11, NPD 76 27.9) is "faint, pretty small, irregularly a little extended, brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 1.5 by 1.2 arcmin??

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 234
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 235 (= PGC 2568 = ESO 474-017: = MCG -04-02-042:)
The colons mean that the designation in question applies to both galaxies: NGC 235 and PGC 2570
Discovered (1886) by Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (date?) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 13.2 lenticular galaxy (type S(r)0/a? pec) in Cetus (RA 00 42 52.8, Dec -23 32 28)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 235 (Leavenworth list II (#293), 1860 RA 00 36 13, NPD 114 17.9) is "extremely faint, small, round, brighter middle and nucleus". The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 00 35 57. The NGC description gives no hint of PGC 2570's existence, so "NGC 235" is generally assigned only to PGC 2568, and its companion treated as a separate object, instead of as a component of Leavenworth's nebula.
Note About PGC Designation: Although the Principal Galaxy Catalog assigned separate PGC designations for the two galaxies in this pair, NED treats the two designations as being identical, thereby lumping them together in the same way that the ESO and MCG catalogs did.
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity of 6665 km/sec, NGC 235 is about 310 million light years away. Given that and its apparent size of 1.3 by 0.7 arcmin, it is about 120 thousand light years across. Given the minimal difference in their radial velocities and their apparent interaction, it is almost certainly a physical pair with its companion, and they are surrounded by an extended envelope of material presumably scattered into space by their interaction. (Note: A Wikisky search for NGC 235 shows the correct object, but the mouseover labels are offset to the west, and out of order.)

Above, a SDSS image overlaid on a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 235
Also shown are NGC 230 and 232
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide SDSS/DSS image of the galaxy and its apparent companion, PGC 2570

Below, a raw HST image of the pair (Image Credit Hubble Legacy Archive; minimal processing by Courtney Seligman)

PGC 2570 (= ESO 474-017: = MCG -04-02-042: = "NGC 235B")
The colons mean that the designation in question applies to both galaxies: NGC 235 and PGC 2570
Not an NGC object but listed here because sometimes called NGC 235B and also, because almost certainly an interacting companion of NGC 235
A magnitude 13.5 lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Cetus (RA 00 42 53.8, Dec -23 32 44)

Note About PGC Designation: Although the Principal Galaxy Catalog assigned separate PGC designations for the two galaxies in this pair, NED treats the two designations as being identical, thereby lumping them together in the same way that the ESO and MCG catalogs did.
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity of 6800 km/sec, PGC 2570 is about 315 million light years away, and given the minimal difference between its radial velocity and that of NGC 235 (which see for images), is probably a physical pair with that galaxy. Given that and its apparent size of 0.4 by 0.4 arcmin, it is about 35 thousand light years across.

NGC 236 (= PGC 2596 = UGC 462 = CGCG 383-080 = MCG +00-03-001)
Discovered (Aug 3, 1864) by Albert Marth
A magnitude 13.5 spiral galaxy (type SAB(s)c?) in Pisces (RA 00 43 27.5, Dec +02 57 29)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 236 (= GC 5117, Marth #16, 1860 RA 00 36 14, NPD 87 47) is "very faint, pretty large".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.25 by 1.15 arcmin (from images below), 3K Vr 5303 km/sec

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 236
Below, a 1.4 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

PGC 212587
Not an NGC object but listed here as an apparent companion of NGC 236
A magnitude 15(?) lenticular galaxy (type E/S0?) in Pisces (RA 00 43 18.8, +03 00 09)

Physical Information: To search NED, use LEDA 212587
NED 3K Vr 4497 km/sec; LEDA B 16.2. With a Vr 800 km/sec less than NGC 236, probably a foreground galaxy

PGC 212588
Not an NGC object but listed here as an apparent companion of NGC 236
A magnitude 16(?) spiral galaxy (type S?) in Pisces (RA 00 43 18.9, Dec +03 01 04)

Physical Information: To search NED, use LEDA 212588
LEDA B 17.0; NED nil. Since no Vr, whether an actual companion is unknown.

NGC 237 (= PGC 2597 = PGC 1151415 = UGC 461 = CGCG 383-079 = MCG +00-02-136)
Discovered (Sep 27, 1867) by Truman Safford
Discovered (Nov 21, 1886) by Lewis Swift
Also observed (date?) by Herbert Howe
A magnitude 13.0 spiral galaxy (type SAB(rs)cd?) in Cetus (RA 00 43 27.9, Dec -00 07 30)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 237 (Swift list VI (#6), (Safford 94), 1860 RA 00 36 33, NPD 90 53.6) is "very faint, pretty small, a little extended, a little brighter middle". The second Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Howe) of 00 36 18.
Discovery Notes: Although Safford observed this object in 1867, none of his discoveries were published until 1887 (see more about that at his biographical entry), so neither Swift nor Dreyer were aware of them at the time the NGC was under preparation. Some of them were included in an Appendix to the NGC, but it was impractical to correct the individual entries.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.8 by 1.1 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 237
Below, a 2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 238 (= PGC 2595 = ESO 194-031)
Discovered (Oct 2, 1834) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.5 spiral galaxy (type (R)SB(r)b? pec) in Phoenix (RA 00 43 25.7, Dec -50 10 58)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 238 (= GC 126 = JH 2341, 1860 RA 00 36 53, NPD 140 56.7) is "extremely faint, pretty large, round, gradually a very little brighter middle".
Physical Information: Apparent size 2.0 by 1.6 arcmin? The bright spot on the northwest rim of the inner ring (at RA 00 43 23.8, Dec -50 10 41) may be a "knot" that is part of NGC 238, or it may be another galaxy, possibly connected (or not) with NGC 238; but apparently nothing is known about it, so its nature is (figuratively) up in the air.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 238
Below, a 2.4 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

NGC 239 (= PGC 2642 = MCG -01-03-007)
Discovered (1886) by Francis Leavenworth
Also observed (date?) by Ormond Stone
Also observed (date?) by Max Wolf
A magnitude 13.3 spiral galaxy (type SB(rs)ab?) in Cetus (RA 00 44 37.5, Dec -03 45 34)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 239 (Leavenworth list I (#12), 1860 RA 00 37 30, NPD 94 32.9) is "pretty faint, pretty small, extended 20�, brighter middle and nucleus, 8th magnitude star 20 seconds of time to east". The first Index Catalog lists a corrected RA (per Ormond Stone) of 00 38 40; but the second Index Catalog states (per Max Wolf) that the original NGC place is correct.
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.95 by 0.5 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 239
Below, a 1.2 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 240 (= PGC 2653 = UGC 473 = CGCG 410-003 = MCG +01-03-001)
Discovered (Oct 22, 1886) by Lewis Swift
A magnitude 13.7 lenticular galaxy (type (R)S(r)0/a? pec) in Pisces (RA 00 45 01.9, Dec +06 06 48)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 240 (Swift list V (#9), 1860 RA 00 37 58, NPD 84 39.3) is "very faint, small, round, star near to south".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 2.3 by 2.3 arcmin (from images below), counting the extended outer ring.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 240
Below, a 2.6 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 241 (= NGC 242), in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517840" (as NGC 241) = ESO 029-SC006, and = "PGC 3517841" (as NGC 242))
Discovered (Apr 11, 1834) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 242)
Discovered (Aug 12, 1834) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 241)
A magnitude 12 open cluster in Tucana (RA 00 43 33.9, Dec -73 26 33)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 241 (= GC 127 = JH 2342, 1860 RA 00 38 13, NPD 164 11.7) is "very faint, round".
Note About Position: Corwin lists three positions for this object: (1) The position shown above, for the apparent center, (2) (RA 00 43 31.6, Dec -73 26 26), for the westernmost part of the cluster, and (3) (RA 00 43 36.4, Dec -73 26 41), for the easternmost part of the cluster
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes. In fact, HyperLEDA assigns two "useless" PGC designations for this object (as shown above), one for NGC 241 and one for NGC 242, differing only in their slightly different positions, one being a little closer to the position shown above, and the other a little to the south of that, but still within the outline of the cluster.
Physical Information: Apparent size 0.9 arcmin?

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 241
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of the cluster

NGC 242 (= NGC 241), in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517840" (as NGC 241) = ESO 029-SC006, and = "PGC 3517841" (as NGC 242))
Discovered (Apr 11, 1834) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 242)
Discovered (Aug 12, 1834) by John Herschel (and later listed as NGC 241)
A magnitude 12 open cluster in Tucana (RA 00 43 33.9, Dec -73 26 33)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 242 (= GC 128 = JH 2343, 1860 RA 00 38 19, NPD 164 12.3) is "very faint, small, bi-nuclear".
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes. In fact, HyperLEDA assigns two "useless" PGC designations for this object (as shown above), one for NGC 241 and one for NGC 242, differing only in their slightly different positions, one being a little closer to the position shown above, and the other a little to the south of that, but still within the outline of the cluster.
Physical Information: Given the duplicate entry, see NGC 241 for anything else.

NGC 243 (= PGC 2687 = CGCG 500-082 = CGCG 501-001 = MCG +05-02-043)
Discovered (Oct 18, 1881) by �douard Stephan
A magnitude 13.7 lenticular galaxy (type S0?) in Andromeda (RA 00 46 00.9, Dec +29 57 34)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 243 (Stephan list XII (#6), 1860 RA 00 38 32, NPD 60 48.5) is "faint, very small, round, gradually brighter middle, 10th magnitude star to the west".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 0.8 by 0.35 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 243, also showing IC 1580
Below, a 1 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 244 (= PGC 2675 = UGCA 10 = MCG -03-03-003)
Discovered (Dec 30, 1785) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 15, 1830) by John Herschel
A magnitude 12.9 irregular galaxy (type Clumpy Irr/BCD) in Cetus (RA 00 45 46.4, Dec -15 35 48)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 244 (= GC 129 = JH 55 = WH III 485, 1860 RA 00 38 45, NPD 106 21.0) is "very faint, small, irregularly round, mottled but not resolved, 10th magnitude star 5 arcmin to south". The position precesses to RA 00 45 45.5, Dec -15 35 01, less than 0.8 arcmin north northwest of the galaxy listed above, the description fits (including the star to the south) and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Physical Information: Based on a recessional velocity relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation of 630 km/sec (and H0 = 70 km/sec/Mpc), NGC 244 is about 30 million light years away, in reasonable agreement with widely varying redshift-independent distance estimates of about 35 to 85 million light years. Given that and its apparent size of about 1.0 by 0.85 arcmin (from the images below), the galaxy is about 8 or 9 thousand light years across, justifying its classification as a dwarf irregular.
Classification Note The outer isophotes of NGC 244 are very regular, so it is sometimes classified as a lenticular (type S0 pec) galaxy. However, it has strong UV emission, a clumpy internal structure, is very luminous for an irregular galaxy of its size and has substantial internal motions, so the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies lists it as type "Clumpy Irr / BCD". "BCD" means "blue compact dwarf", reflecting both its small size and its unusual brightness in the blue and ultraviolet portion of its spectrum, corresponding to an exceptionally rapid rate of recent star formation for a galaxy of its size and type. (For another example of a BCD galaxy see PGC 62814.)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 244
Below, a 1.25 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

Below, a 1.25 arcmin wide PanSTARRS image of the galaxy

NGC 245 (PGC 2691 = UGC 476 = CGCG 384-004 = MCG +00-03-005)
Discovered (Oct 1, 1785) by William Herschel
A magnitude 12.3 spiral galaxy (type SA(rs)b? pec) in Cetus (RA 00 46 05.4, Dec -01 43 24)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 245 (= GC 130 = WH II 445, 1860 RA 00 39 04, NPD 92 29.2) is "faint, pretty small, irregular figure, extremely mottled but not resolved".
Physical Information: Apparent size of about 1.4 by 1.4 arcmin (from images below)

Above, a 12 arcmin wide SDSS image centered on NGC 245
Below, a 1.8 arcmin wide SDSS image of the galaxy

NGC 246, the Skull Nebula (= C56 = PK 118-74.1 = "PGC 3143104")
Discovered (Nov 27, 1785) by William Herschel
Also observed (Oct 16, 1830) by John Herschel
A magnitude 10.9 planetary nebula in Cetus (RA 00 47 03.3, Dec -11 52 19)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 246 (= GC 131 = JH 56 = WH V 25, 1860 RA 00 40 01, NPD 102 38.4) is "very faint, large, 4 stars in diffuse nebula." The position precesses to RA 00 47 03.6, Dec -11 52 28, almost dead center on the nebula listed above, the description fits and there is nothing else nearby, so the identification is certain.
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: The nebula is being created by the fainter member of the (apparently) binary star near the center of the nebula as it enters the last stage of its life, collapsing from a red giant to a white dwarf. The nebula is about 1600 light years away. Given that and its apparent size of about 4.7 by 4.1 arcmin (from the images below), it is about 2.2 light years across. In 2014 it was discovered that the fainter star (which is a white dwarf) is orbited by a red dwarf (invisible in any of these images) lying only about 500 AUs (about 45 thousand million miles) from the white dwarf, and their interaction is probably associated with the development of the planetary nebula. The brighter star, which is orbiting the fainter pair, lies about 1900 AUs (about 175 thousand million miles) from the white dwarf. This is the first triple-star system known to exist inside a planetary nebula.

Above, a Gemini South image overlaid on a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 246
(Image Credit above and below: Gemini South GMOS, Travis Rector (Univ. Alaska))
Below, a 5 arcmin wide Gemini South image of the planetary nebula

Below, a 5.5 arcmin wide image of the nebula (Image Credit ESO)

Below, a 5.5 arcmin wide "natural-color" image of the nebula
(Image Credit Adam Block, Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter and University of Arizona; used by permission)

NGC 247 (= C62 = PGC 2758 = UGCA 11 = ESO 540-022 = MCG -04-03-005)
Discovered (Oct 20, 1784) by William Herschel
Also observed (Sep 16, 1830) by John Herschel
Also observed (date?) by Wilhelm Tempel
A magnitude 9.1 spiral galaxy (type SAB(s)d?) in Cetus (RA 00 47 08.5, Dec -20 45 37)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 247 (= GC 132 = JH 57 = WH V 20, 1860 RA 00 40 04, NPD 111 31.0) is "faint, extremely large, very much extended 172�". A note in the NGC adds "According to Tempel, this nebula is 30 arcmin long".
Physical Information: A recessional velocity of only 155 km/sec is too small to give a reliable estimate of distance, peculiar (non-Hubble expansion) velocities being that large or larger for many galaxies. Redshift-independent distance estimates previously ranged from 7 to 14 million light years away, with 12 million light years being the most generally agreed-upon distance. However, recent studies of Cepheid variables in NGC 247, taking into account the absorption of their light by dust in the nearly edge-on disc of the galaxy, indicate that it is only 11 million light years away, over a million light years closer than the previous estimate. Given that and its apparent size of about 21 by 7 arcmin, it is about 70 thousand light years across. NGC 247 is part of the Sculptor Group, one of the nearest groups of galaxies to our Milky Way galaxy. Some of the galaxies in the group are only loosely bound to the cluster, but NGC 247 is one of a central core of galaxies which are strongly influenced by each other's gravity, such as the namesake of the group, NGC253.
Use By The de Vaucouleurs Atlas: NGC 247 is used by the de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies as an example of type S

A

B(s)d.

Above, a 40 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 247
Below, a 20 arcmin wide DSS image of the galaxy

Below, a ? arcmin wide image of the galaxy, emphasizing its emission regions (Image Credit ESO)

NGC 248, in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517575" = ESO 029-EN008)
Discovered (Apr 11, 1834) by John Herschel
A pair of emission nebulae in Tucana (RA 00 45 25.0, Dec -73 22 51)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 248 (= GC 133 = JH 2344, 1860 RA 00 40 13, NPD 164 08.6) is "faint, small, extended or binuclear, very gradually a little brighter middle".
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Believed to be two separate emission nebulae that only appear to be a single object (though the NGC entry still corresponds to the pair). The northern center lies at RA 00 45 24.2, Dec -73 22 41 and the southern at RA 00 45 25.8, Dec -73 23 01. Overall apparent size about 1.1 by 0.9 arcmin (from the HST image below). Distance about 195 to 200 thousand light years.

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 248
Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide DSS image of the nebula

Below, a 1.5 arcmin wide HST image of the nebula
(Image Credit NASA/ESA/STScI, K. Sandstrom (UCSD), & the SMIDGE team)

NGC 249, in the Small Magellanic Cloud (= "PGC 3517576" = ESO 029-EN009)
Discovered (Sep 5, 1826) by James Dunlop
Also observed (Sep 20, 1835) by John Herschel
A magnitude 13 emission nebula in Tucana (RA 00 45 31.0, Dec -73 04 48)

Historical Identification: Per Dreyer, NGC 249 (= GC 134 = JH 2346, Dunlop #19? #21?, 1860 RA 00 40 18, NPD 163 51.0) is "faint, pretty large, very little extended, mottled but not resolved".
Discovery Notes: This is now thought to be Dunlop #19.
Note About PGC Designation: As for most NGC objects, HyperLEDA assigned a PGC designation to this object, even though it isn't a galaxy; but a search of the database for that designation returns no result, so it is shown in quotes.
Physical Information: Apparent size 2.0 arcmin?

Above, a 12 arcmin wide DSS image centered on NGC 249, also showing NGC 261
Below, a 3.6 arcmin wide DSS image of the nebula