1930 United States House of Representatives elections (original) (raw)
- Bei den Wahlen zum Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten 1930 wurden am 4. November 1930 die Abgeordneten des Repräsentantenhauses gewählt. Im Bundesstaat Maine fanden die Wahlen bereits am 8. September statt. Die Wahl war Teil der allgemeinen Wahlen zum 72. Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten in jenem Jahr, bei denen auch ein Drittel der US-Senatoren gewählt wurde. Da die Wahlen etwa in der Mitte der Amtszeit des Republikanischen Präsidenten Herbert Hoover stattfanden (Midterm Election), galten sie auch als Votum über die bisherige Politik des Präsidenten. Zum Zeitpunkt der Wahlen bestanden die Vereinigten Staaten aus 48 Bundesstaaten. Die Zahl der zu wählenden Abgeordneten war 435. Die Sitzverteilung basierte auf der Volkszählung von 1910. (Wegen fehlender politischer Mehrheiten wurde die eigentliche Anpassung nach den Zahlen der Volkszählung von 1920 nicht vorgenommen. Die nächste Anpassung erfolgte erst im Jahr 1932 mit den Daten der Volkszählung von 1930). Bei der Wahl gewannen die Demokraten 52 Sitze hinzu, während die Republikaner exakt die gleiche Anzahl an Mandaten verloren. Mit nunmehr 218 Sitzen konnten die Republikaner ihre bisherige absolute Mehrheit gerade noch behaupten. Diese lag genau bei dieser Zahl. Allerdings änderten sich im Verlauf der Legislaturperiode durch Nachwahlen die Mehrheitsverhältnisse zu Gunsten der Demokraten. Der Grund für den Demokratischen Wahlsieg ist vor allem in der seit Oktober 1929 ausgebrochenen Weltwirtschaftskrise zu sehen, deren Folgen sich bereits spürbar auf die amerikanische Wirtschaft auswirkten. Die Zahl der Arbeitslosen stieg an und damit wuchs die Unzufriedenheit der Bürger. Für diese Entwicklung wurde von den Wählern die Politik der Republikanischen Bundesregierung verantwortlich gemacht, der man Untätigkeit hinsichtlich der Bekämpfung der Krise vorwarf. Vor allem in den Südstaaten war das Wahlrecht durch Gesetze eingeschränkt, die das Wahlrecht an ein bestimmtes Steueraufkommen knüpften. Dadurch wurden ärmere Weiße, vor allem aber viele Afro-Amerikaner vom Wahlrecht ausgeschlossen. Diese Einschränkungen galten bis zur Verabschiedung des 24. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten im Jahr 1964. (de)
- The 1930 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1930 which occurred in the middle of President Herbert Hoover's term. During the election cycle, the nation was entering its second year of the Great Depression, and Hoover was perceived as doing little to solve the crisis, with his personal popularity being very low. His Republican Party was initially applauded for instituting protectionist economic policies, which were intended to limit imports to stimulate the domestic market: however, after the passage of the heavily damaging Smoot-Hawley Tariff, a policy that was bitterly opposed by the Democratic Party, public opinion turned sharply against Republican policies, and the party bore the blame for the economic collapse. While the Democrats gained 52 seats in the 1930 midterm elections, Republicans retained a narrow one-seat majority of 218 seats after the polls closed versus the Democrats' 216 seats; however, during the 13 weeks between these elections and the start of the 72nd Congress, 14 members-elect died (including incumbent Speaker Nicholas Longworth), and the Democrats gained an additional three seats in the special elections called to fill these vacancies, thus gaining control of the House (they held a 219–212 advantage over the Republicans when the new Congress convened). This was the first of four consecutive Depression-era House elections in which Democrats made enormous gains, achieving a cumulative gain of 174 seats. Over the ensuing 64 years (until the 1994 midterm elections), House Republicans would be in the minority for all but four years, winning majorities only in 1946 and in 1952. (en)
- En 1930, les élections à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis ont eu lieu le 4 novembre pour renouveler l'ensemble des 435 sièges de cette chambre. Ces élections se déroulent en même temps que des élections gouvernatoriales et des élections sénatoriales, lors des élections de mi-mandat du président Herbert Hoover, élu en 1928. Ce scrutin fut marqué par la Grande dépression, qui frappait le pays depuis le krach de 1929, mais également par l'impopularité du président Hoover, qui était perçu comme faisant peu pour remédier à cette crise, et du parti républicain, perçu comme étant responsable de cette crise. Ce sentiment était accru par l'adoption par le Congrès républicain de la loi Hawley-Smoot, qui augmentait fortement les droits de douane à l'importation de plus de 20 000 types de biens. Les démocrates s'opposaient vigoureusement à cette loi, qu'ils estimaient préjudiciable à l'économie américaine. Après la fermeture des bureaux de vote, les républicains, bien qu'ayant perdu 52 sièges par rapport à 1928 au profit des démocrates, conservaient la majorité à la Chambre, mais d'un unique siège seulement, détenant 218 sièges contre 216 aux démocrates et un seul au Farmer-Labor Party. Néanmoins, au cours des treize mois séparant l'élection de la Chambre des représentants et l'élection du président de la Chambre des représentants, 14 représentants élus moururent, ce qui entraîna l'organisation d'élections partielles dans les 14 districts ayant perdu leur représentant. À l'issue de ces élections partielles, les démocrates parvinrent à inverser le rapport de forces à la Chambre, réussissant à faire passer leur nombre de sièges à 219 sièges contre 212 aux républicains et toujours un seul au Farmer-Labor Party. Devenus ainsi majoritaires, les démocrates élisent John Nance Garner, représentant du Texas, au poste de président de la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis le 7 décembre 1931. Ce scrutin marque ainsi le début d'une période de domination démocrate à la Chambre des représentants étant donné que durant les 64 années qui suivirent, les républicains ne gagneront seulement qu'à deux reprises les élections à la Chambre des représentants, en 1946 et en 1952. Cette période prendra fin avec les élections américaines de la Chambre des représentants de 1994, qui virent les républicains remporter des gains de sièges historiques dans les deux chambres du Congrès, au cours de ce que l'on a appelé la Révolution républicaine. (fr)
- Las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos de 1930 tuvieron lugar el 8 de noviembre (excepto en el estado de Maine, que celebró sus elecciones el 8 de septiembre) del mencionado año con el objetivo de renovar los 435 escaños de la Cámara de Representantes, cámara baja del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Tuvieron lugar durante la mitad del mandato del presidente Herbert Hoover, del Partido Republicano. Fueron las septuagésimo segundas elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes desde la independencia del país, y las primeras desde el estallido de la Gran Depresión en octubre de 1929, que puso fin a una década de bonanza económica y desató una crisis financiera global. Para el momento de los comicios, la popularidad personal de Hoover era extremadamente baja, siendo percibido como un presidente que hacía poco para resolver la crisis debido a su negativa a incrementar la intervención federal en los asuntos económicos. Inicialmente, los republicanos fueron ampliamente reconocidos por implementar medidas proteccionistas, que tenían la intención de limitar las importaciones para estimular el mercado interno. Sin embargo, la aprobación de la controvertida Ley Hawley-Smoot en junio de ese año, que implementaba uno de los aranceles más altos en más de un siglo y que enfrentó la férrea oposición del Partido Demócrata, ocasionaron que la opinión pública se moviera rápidamente contra las políticas republicanas. En todo el país, los candidatos republicanos enfrentaron el estigma de verse responsabilizados por el colapso económico. A pesar de esta situación, los republicanos lograron al final de las elecciones retener un ínfimo quorum legislativo con 218 escaños sobre 216 del Partido Demócrata, mientras que el escaño restante fue ocupado por el Partido Campesino-Laborista del estado de Minnesota, que fue ocupado por . En términos de voto popular, los demócratas arrasaron con el 52,75% contra el 44,47% de los republicanos y 1,12% de los campesino-laboristas, mientras que el resto se distribuyó entre los demás partidos. Sin embargo, durante los meses siguientes murieron catorce cargos electos, lo que motivó elecciones parciales, en las cuales los demócratas vencieron estrechamente al oficialismo. Finalmente, al momento de la apertura del 72.º Congreso, los demócratas tenían una mayoría de 218 escaños contra 216 de los republicanos y el escaño campesino-laborista de Kvale. En consecuencia, John Nance Garner, demócrata del Sur, resultó elegido presidente de la Cámara de Representantes. Los comicios implicaron el fin de la hegemonía republicana sobre la Cámara de Representantes, y fue la primera de las cuatro elecciones consecutivas de la Cámara de la era de la Gran Depresión en las que los demócratas lograron un crecimiento enorme, llegando a una ganancia acumulativa de 170 escaños. Durante las siguientes seis décadas y media, hasta la abrumadora victoria republicana en las , los demócratas tendrían el control de la Cámara en veintiocho sobre treinta y dos legislaturas, solo perdiendo por escasos márgenes en y . (es)
- 1928년 미국 하원의원 선거 %605040302010052.75%44.47%1.12%0.96%공화당민주당를 확인해 주세요사회당득실표율1926년 선거와 정당별 득실율 비교 % 4 2 0 -2 -4−3.94%+3.39%+0.50%+0.37% 공화당민주당를 확인해 주세요사회당 1930년 미국 하원의원 선거는 1930년 미국에서 치러진 하원의원 선거다. (ko)
- dbr:Carl_G._Bachmann
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- dbr:Samuel_Austin_Kendall
- dbr:Samuel_B._Hill_(Washington_politician)
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- 1928년 미국 하원의원 선거 %605040302010052.75%44.47%1.12%0.96%공화당민주당를 확인해 주세요사회당득실표율1926년 선거와 정당별 득실율 비교 % 4 2 0 -2 -4−3.94%+3.39%+0.50%+0.37% 공화당민주당를 확인해 주세요사회당 1930년 미국 하원의원 선거는 1930년 미국에서 치러진 하원의원 선거다. (ko)
- The 1930 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1930 which occurred in the middle of President Herbert Hoover's term. During the election cycle, the nation was entering its second year of the Great Depression, and Hoover was perceived as doing little to solve the crisis, with his personal popularity being very low. His Republican Party was initially applauded for instituting protectionist economic policies, which were intended to limit imports to stimulate the domestic market: however, after the passage of the heavily damaging Smoot-Hawley Tariff, a policy that was bitterly opposed by the Democratic Party, public opinion turned sharply against Republican policies, and the party bore the blame for the economic colla (en)
- Las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos de 1930 tuvieron lugar el 8 de noviembre (excepto en el estado de Maine, que celebró sus elecciones el 8 de septiembre) del mencionado año con el objetivo de renovar los 435 escaños de la Cámara de Representantes, cámara baja del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Tuvieron lugar durante la mitad del mandato del presidente Herbert Hoover, del Partido Republicano. Fueron las septuagésimo segundas elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes desde la independencia del país, y las primeras desde el estallido de la Gran Depresión en octubre de 1929, que puso fin a una década de bonanza económica y desató una crisis financiera global. (es)
- Bei den Wahlen zum Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten 1930 wurden am 4. November 1930 die Abgeordneten des Repräsentantenhauses gewählt. Im Bundesstaat Maine fanden die Wahlen bereits am 8. September statt. Die Wahl war Teil der allgemeinen Wahlen zum 72. Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten in jenem Jahr, bei denen auch ein Drittel der US-Senatoren gewählt wurde. Da die Wahlen etwa in der Mitte der Amtszeit des Republikanischen Präsidenten Herbert Hoover stattfanden (Midterm Election), galten sie auch als Votum über die bisherige Politik des Präsidenten. (de)
- En 1930, les élections à la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis ont eu lieu le 4 novembre pour renouveler l'ensemble des 435 sièges de cette chambre. Ces élections se déroulent en même temps que des élections gouvernatoriales et des élections sénatoriales, lors des élections de mi-mandat du président Herbert Hoover, élu en 1928. (fr)
- 1930 United States House of Representatives elections (en)
- Wahlen zum Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten 1930 (de)
- Elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos de 1930 (es)
- Élections américaines de la Chambre des représentants de 1930 (fr)
- 1930년 미국 하원의원 선거 (ko)
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