Aaron the Tyrant (original) (raw)
- Áron Tyran (rumunsky Aron Tiranul, zemřel roku 1597 ve ) byl kníže Moldavského knížectví od září 1591 do června 1592 a od 24. října 1592 do 3. května 1595. Byl synem knížete a nejprve na trůně vystřídal , který se ho vzdal dobrovolně. Ve funkci Árona Tyrana nakonec nahradil , který se jako jeho vojevůdce stal v bojích proti Osmanské říši u vojáků i spojenců oblíbenějším. (cs)
- Aaron the Tyrant (Romanian: Aron Tiranul) or Aron Vodă ("Aron the Voivode"; Church Slavonic: Apѡн вода), sometimes credited as Aron Emanoil or Emanuel Aaron (German: Aaron Waida, Italian: Aaron Vaivoda, Turkish: Arvan or Zalim; before 1560 – May 1597), was twice the Prince of Moldavia: between September 1591 and June 1592, and October 1592 to May 3 or 4, 1595. He was of mysterious origin, and possibly of Jewish extraction, but presented himself as the son of Alexandru Lăpușneanu, and was recognized as such in some circles. His appointment by the Ottoman Empire followed an informal race, during which candidates engaging in particularly exorbitant bribery and accepted unprecedented increases of the haraç. Though resented by the Janissaries, he was backed by a powerful lobby, comprising Solomon Ashkenazi, Edward Barton, Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, and Patriarch Jeremias II. Victorious but heavily indebted, Aaron allowed his creditors to interfere directly in fiscal policy, while adopting methods of extortion against the taxpaying peasantry. He eventually turned against the bankers, staging the execution of Bartolomeo Brutti. Following such moves, and his heavy-handed repression of rebels in Lăpușna and Orhei, Aaron was ordered to step down by the Porte. The order was rescinded after two months, which had seen the ascendancy of a rebel Prince, Peter the Cossack. Aaron took back his throne, being increasingly reliant on support from the Principality of Transylvania. He entered his second reign as an obedient vassal of the Ottomans, while also turning against Moldavian Catholicism and expelling the Society of Jesus. In secret, he began negotiating Moldavia's participation in the anti-Ottoman "Holy League", defining himself as an ally of the Holy See and the Holy Roman Empire. This project drew support from Transylvania, which was then under Sigismund Báthory, as well as from Wallachia's Michael the Brave. With the start of the Long Turkish War in 1593, Moldavia became a secondary theater, invaded successively by the Crimean Khanate and the Zaporizhian Sich; after long negotiations, Aaron was able to ally himself with the latter. He then helped Michael of Wallachia attack the Ottoman flank, extending his rule into the Budjak and Northern Dobruja. During the events, he ordered a series of massacres, killing Ottoman Army prisoners and 19 Jewish financiers. Despite his military commitment and his quashing of a pro-Ottoman uprising, Aaron was viewed with suspicion by Báthory. Their relationship became tense after Aaron declined to swear fealty at the Transylvanian court, preferring instead for Moldavia to be ruled as a component of the Holy Roman Empire. Báthory reportedly undermined the League, depicting Aaron as untrustworthy; he also endorsed the Moldavian general Ștefan Răzvan, who arrested the Prince and took over his throne. Aaron and his family were exiled to Corona (Brașov), then detained at Martinuzzi Castle, Alvinc (Vințu de Jos)—where Aaron died, allegedly poisoned. He was survived by his stepson Marcu Cercel, who attached himself to the Wallachian court and briefly served as Michael's subordinate Prince of Moldavia. Aaron's name is preserved by and eponymous village, both of which are located outside Iași. He is also celebrated as a sponsor of the First Romanian School in Șcheii Brașovului. (en)
- Aron Tiranul († Juni 1597; auch: Aron Emanoil) war vom September 1591 bis zum Juni 1592 und vom 18. September 1592 bis zum 24. April 1595 Herrscher des Fürstentums Moldau. Er war der Sohn des Alexandru Lăpușneanu und trug den Beinamen „cel Cumplit“ (der Schreckliche). (de)
- Aron Emanuel Tiranul (français: « le Tyran »), fut prince de Moldavie de 1591 à 1592 et de 1592 à 1595. En principauté de Moldavie la monarchie était élective, comme en Pologne, Transylvanie et Valachie voisines, et le prince (voïvode, hospodar ou domnitor selon les époques et les sources) était élu par (et le plus souvent parmi) les boyards : pour être nommé, régner et se maintenir, il s'appuyait sur différents partis de boyards et sur les puissances voisines, habsbourgeoise, polonaise, russe ou ottomane, dont il achetait le soutien. (fr)
- Aron Tiranul (anche noto come Aron Emanoil o Emanuel Aaron; ... – Vințu de Jos, 1597) fu voivoda di Moldavia per due volte: tra il settembre 1591 ed il giugno 1592 e dal 24 ottobre 1592 al 3 maggio 1595. Emanuel Aaron "il Tiranno" (Tiranul) era figlio di Alexandru Lăpușneanu. Venne posto sul trono di Moldavia grazie all'appoggio del ricco ed influente ebreo Solomon Ashkenazi. Aron dovette versare all'Impero ottomano una cifra di un milione di fiorini e, una volta al potere, aumentò le tasse per rifarsi della spesa. Nonostante dovesse il suo trono ad Ashkenazi, avviò una persecuzione antisemita che gli permise di sbarazzarsi dei suoi creditori ebrei. La condotta spregiudicata di Aron costrinse la Sublime Porta ad intervenire ed il voivoda venne deposto. Aron venne rapidamente rimesso al potere grazie alle pressioni dei suoi creditori. Deciso a sbarazzarsi del protettorato ottomano, il voivoda di Moldavia strinse un'alleanza (5 novembre 1594) con il voivoda di Valacchia, Michele il Coraggioso, entrando nella Lega Santa patrocinata da Papa Clemente VIII e guidata nei Balcani dal principe transilvano Sigismondo Báthory. Alla scelta di Aron devono aver concorso anche motivazioni dinastiche: Tiranul aveva infatti sposato Stanca Cantacuzino, figlia di Andronico Cantacuzino e membro della medesima famiglia cui apparteneva, per parte di madre, il Drăculești Michele di Valacchia. Aron mosse guerra ai turchi, riuscendo a scacciarli da parte della Dobruja nel 1595, sconfiggendoli lo stesso anno anche a Bender, ma senza conquistarne la fortezza. L'hetman che aveva guidato le truppe moldave contro gli ottomani, il rom valacco Ștefan Răzvan, sfruttò il suo grande ascendente sull'esercito per spodestare Aron. Mentre Răzvan assumeva il potere a Iași, Aron e la sua famiglia vennero catturati dagli uomini di Sigismondo Báthory che aveva appoggiato l'usurpatore deciso a trasformare la Moldavia in un protettorato della Transilvania. Imprigionato nel castello di Alvinc (Vințu de Jos), Aron venne avvelenato per ordine di Báthory e poi seppellito nella chiesa ortodossa di Alba Iulia. (it)
- Aron Tyran (rum. Aron Tiranul; zm. 1597) – hospodar Mołdawii, w latach 1591–1592 i 1592–1595, z rodu Muszatowiczów. Był nieślubnym synem hospodara Aleksandra IV Lăpuşneanu. Tron mołdawski objął w 1591, gdy w wyniku rozruchów chłopskich do ucieczki z kraju został zmuszony Piotr Kulawy. Wobec jego rządów ukształtowała się silna opozycja, szukająca oparcia w Polsce. W 1592 został nawet chwilowo obalony przez bojarów (po zamordowaniu kilkunastu kupców żydowskich, u których wcześniej się zadłużył), bardzo szybko został jednak przywrócony na tron przez Imperium Osmańskie. W 1594 odwrócił się jednak od Turcji i zawarł sojusz z hospodarem wołoskim Michałem Walecznym. Obaj hospodarowie, wsparci przez siły habsburskie w końcu 1594 wystąpili przeciwko Turcji, początkowo odnosząc liczne sukcesy (Mołdawianie zdobyli m.in. utracone przed dziesięcioleciami miasta nadmorskie Kilię, Białogród i Bendery, a nawet wkroczyli do Dobrudży). Pozycja Arona jednak chwiała się wobec intryg księcia siedmiogrodzkiego Zygmunta Batorego i wzrostu popularności dowódcy sił walczących z Turkami, Stefana Răzvana – w efekcie Aron, znienawidzony wskutek ucisku podatkowego został obalony i uwięziony w Siedmiogrodzie, gdzie wkrótce zmarł. (pl)
- Aarão o Tirano (em romeno: Aron Tiranul), também conhecido como Aron Emanoil ou Emanuel Aaron (falecido em 1597 em ), foi por duas vezes príncipe da Moldávia: entre setembro de 1591 e junho de 1592, e 24 de outubro de 1592 a 3 de maio de 1595. Ele era filho de (pt)
- Арон I Тиран (молд./рум. Aron Tiranul; бл.1560–1597) — господар Молдовського князівства з вересня 1591 до червня 1592, з жовтня 1592 до травня 1595 року. Відомий також як Аарон Воде. (uk)
- Арон Тиран (молд. Арон Тиранул; умер 1597) — правитель Молдавского княжества в 1591—1592 и 1592—1595 годах. (ru)
- 0001-05-03 (xsd:gMonthDay)
- September 1591 – June 1592 (en)
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- Áron Tyran (rumunsky Aron Tiranul, zemřel roku 1597 ve ) byl kníže Moldavského knížectví od září 1591 do června 1592 a od 24. října 1592 do 3. května 1595. Byl synem knížete a nejprve na trůně vystřídal , který se ho vzdal dobrovolně. Ve funkci Árona Tyrana nakonec nahradil , který se jako jeho vojevůdce stal v bojích proti Osmanské říši u vojáků i spojenců oblíbenějším. (cs)
- Aron Tiranul († Juni 1597; auch: Aron Emanoil) war vom September 1591 bis zum Juni 1592 und vom 18. September 1592 bis zum 24. April 1595 Herrscher des Fürstentums Moldau. Er war der Sohn des Alexandru Lăpușneanu und trug den Beinamen „cel Cumplit“ (der Schreckliche). (de)
- Aron Emanuel Tiranul (français: « le Tyran »), fut prince de Moldavie de 1591 à 1592 et de 1592 à 1595. En principauté de Moldavie la monarchie était élective, comme en Pologne, Transylvanie et Valachie voisines, et le prince (voïvode, hospodar ou domnitor selon les époques et les sources) était élu par (et le plus souvent parmi) les boyards : pour être nommé, régner et se maintenir, il s'appuyait sur différents partis de boyards et sur les puissances voisines, habsbourgeoise, polonaise, russe ou ottomane, dont il achetait le soutien. (fr)
- Aarão o Tirano (em romeno: Aron Tiranul), também conhecido como Aron Emanoil ou Emanuel Aaron (falecido em 1597 em ), foi por duas vezes príncipe da Moldávia: entre setembro de 1591 e junho de 1592, e 24 de outubro de 1592 a 3 de maio de 1595. Ele era filho de (pt)
- Арон I Тиран (молд./рум. Aron Tiranul; бл.1560–1597) — господар Молдовського князівства з вересня 1591 до червня 1592, з жовтня 1592 до травня 1595 року. Відомий також як Аарон Воде. (uk)
- Арон Тиран (молд. Арон Тиранул; умер 1597) — правитель Молдавского княжества в 1591—1592 и 1592—1595 годах. (ru)
- Aaron the Tyrant (Romanian: Aron Tiranul) or Aron Vodă ("Aron the Voivode"; Church Slavonic: Apѡн вода), sometimes credited as Aron Emanoil or Emanuel Aaron (German: Aaron Waida, Italian: Aaron Vaivoda, Turkish: Arvan or Zalim; before 1560 – May 1597), was twice the Prince of Moldavia: between September 1591 and June 1592, and October 1592 to May 3 or 4, 1595. He was of mysterious origin, and possibly of Jewish extraction, but presented himself as the son of Alexandru Lăpușneanu, and was recognized as such in some circles. His appointment by the Ottoman Empire followed an informal race, during which candidates engaging in particularly exorbitant bribery and accepted unprecedented increases of the haraç. Though resented by the Janissaries, he was backed by a powerful lobby, comprising Solom (en)
- Aron Tiranul (anche noto come Aron Emanoil o Emanuel Aaron; ... – Vințu de Jos, 1597) fu voivoda di Moldavia per due volte: tra il settembre 1591 ed il giugno 1592 e dal 24 ottobre 1592 al 3 maggio 1595. (it)
- Aron Tyran (rum. Aron Tiranul; zm. 1597) – hospodar Mołdawii, w latach 1591–1592 i 1592–1595, z rodu Muszatowiczów. Był nieślubnym synem hospodara Aleksandra IV Lăpuşneanu. Tron mołdawski objął w 1591, gdy w wyniku rozruchów chłopskich do ucieczki z kraju został zmuszony Piotr Kulawy. Wobec jego rządów ukształtowała się silna opozycja, szukająca oparcia w Polsce. W 1592 został nawet chwilowo obalony przez bojarów (po zamordowaniu kilkunastu kupców żydowskich, u których wcześniej się zadłużył), bardzo szybko został jednak przywrócony na tron przez Imperium Osmańskie. W 1594 odwrócił się jednak od Turcji i zawarł sojusz z hospodarem wołoskim Michałem Walecznym. Obaj hospodarowie, wsparci przez siły habsburskie w końcu 1594 wystąpili przeciwko Turcji, początkowo odnosząc liczne sukcesy (Mołda (pl)
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