Alcohol (drug) (original) (raw)

dbo:abstract

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a depressant drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness"). Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system function. Ethanol is only one of several types of alcohol, but it is the only type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages or commonly used for recreational purposes; other alcohols such as methanol and isopropyl alcohol are significantly more toxic. A mild, brief exposure to isopropanol, being only moderately more toxic than ethanol, is unlikely to cause any serious harm. Methanol, being profoundly more toxic than ethanol, is lethal in quantities as small as 10–15 milliliters (2–3 tsp). Alcohol has a variety of short-term and long-term adverse effects. Short-term adverse effects include generalized impairment of neurocognitive function, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and hangover-like symptoms. Alcohol is addictive to humans, and can result in alcohol use disorder, dependence and withdrawal. It can have a variety of long-term adverse effects on health, such as liver damage and brain damage, and its consumption is the fifth leading cause of cancer. The adverse effects of alcohol on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. However, some of them, such as increased risk of certain cancers, may occur even with light or moderate alcohol consumption. In high amounts, alcohol may cause loss of consciousness or, in severe cases, death. Alcohol works in the brain primarily by increasing the effects of a neurotransmitter called γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. This is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and by facilitating its actions, alcohol suppresses the activity of the central nervous system. The substance also directly affects a number of other neurotransmitter systems including those of glutamate, glycine, acetylcholine, and serotonin. The pleasurable effects of alcohol ingestion are the result of increased levels of dopamine and endogenous opioids in the reward pathways of the brain. Alcohol also has toxic and unpleasant actions in the body, many of which are mediated by its byproduct acetaldehyde. Alcohol has been produced and consumed by humans for its psychoactive effects for almost 10,000 years. Drinking alcohol is generally socially acceptable and is legal in most countries, unlike with many other recreational substances. However, there are often restrictions on alcohol sale and use, for instance a minimum age for drinking and laws against public drinking and drinking and driving. Alcohol has considerable societal and cultural significance and has important social roles in much of the world. Drinking establishments, such as bars and nightclubs, revolve primarily around the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, and parties, festivals, and social gatherings commonly involve alcohol consumption. Alcohol is unique in that it is the only drug that damages others more than the user. It is related to various , including drunk driving, accidental injuries, sexual assaults, domestic abuse, and violent crime. Alcohol remains illegal for sale and consumption in a number of countries, mainly in the Middle East. While some religions, including Islam, prohibit alcohol consumption, other religions, such as Christianity and Shinto, utilize alcohol in sacrament and libation. (en)
酒精（英語：Alcohol），有時會用化學名“乙醇”稱呼，是精神藥物，是啤酒、葡萄酒、和烈酒（蒸餾酒）等酒精飲料的活性成分，是古老和常見的娛樂藥物，會造成酒精中毒（“醉酒”）的特定影響。在各種作用中，酒精會產生幸福和欣快、減少焦慮，增加、，而認知、記憶、運動、和感覺系統功能會受損，以及中樞神經系統功能受到全面抑制。乙醇只是幾種醇類中的一種，但它是唯一存在酒精飲料中，或是常用於娛樂目的的醇類；其他醇類，如甲醇和異丙醇毒性很高。輕度、短暫接觸異丙醇，其毒性僅比乙醇稍高，還不至於造成任何嚴重傷害。但甲醇的毒性比乙醇高甚多，只要攝入10至15毫升（2至3茶匙）就會致命。攝取酒精有多種短期和長期的不良影響。短期的影響包括神經認知功能的全面損害、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐、以及宿醉類症狀。酒精會讓人成癮，並可能導致酒精使用疾患、酒精依賴、和酒精戒斷症候群。它會產生多種長期健康上的負面影響，例如肝損傷和大腦損傷飲酒與導致癌症有關聯。過量或是頻繁的攝取酒精，對健康的不利影響更為嚴重。然而，即使輕度或是中度飲酒，也可能讓某些癌症發生的風險增加。大量飲酒會導致意識喪失，嚴重時甚至會導致死亡。酒精在大腦中的作用主要是透過增強一種名為γ-氨基丁酸（簡稱GABA）的神經遞質的作用。GABA是大腦中主要的抑制性神經遞質，由於GABA的作用受到促進後，飲者中樞神經系統的活動遭受抑制。酒精還直接影響許多其他神經遞質系統，包括穀氨酸、甘氨酸、乙酰膽鹼、和血清素。飲酒帶來的愉悅效果是大腦獎賞路徑中多巴胺和內源性鴉片類藥物增加的結果。酒精會在體內產生毒性和令人不快的作用，其中許多是由酒精的副產物乙醛所介導。人類生產和消費酒精，將其作為精神藥物使用的歷史已接近有10,000年。酒精與許多其他娛樂性物質不同，通常為社會所接受，在大多數國家飲用都屬合法。但酒精的銷售和使用往往會受到限制，例如設定最低合法飲酒年齡、禁止、以及禁止酒後駕駛的法律。酒精具有相當大的社會和文化意義，在世界許多地方都具有重要的社會作用。酒吧和夜總會等主要以酒精飲料的銷售和消費為中心，而派對、節日、和社交聚會通常都涉及飲酒。酒精非常獨特，這是唯一對他人傷害大於對飲用者自己傷害的藥物。它與各種社會問題，包括酒後駕駛、意外傷害、性侵犯、家庭暴力、和有關聯。在一些國家，主要是在中東，酒精的銷售和消費仍屬於非法（請參考）。雖然有些宗教，如伊斯蘭教，禁止飲酒，但有其他宗教，如基督教和神道教，在聖餐禮和奠祭中會使用酒精。 (zh)

dbp:altl

Ball-and-stick model of ethanol (en)

dbp:class

Analgesic; Depressants; Sedatives; Anxiolytics; Euphoriants; GABAA receptor positive modulators (en)

dbp:eliminationHalfLife

-16200.0
Constant-rate elimination at typical concentrations: (en)
• Mean : 15 mg/dL/hour (en)
• Mean : 18 mg/dL/hr (en)
• Range: 10–34 mg/dL/hour (en)

dbp:legalStatus

In general: Legal and regulated for recreational use, except parts of Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia (en)

dbp:title

Pathophysiology of ethanol (en)
Pharmacology of ethanol (en)

dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate

rdfs:comment

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a depressant drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness"). Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system function. Ethanol is only one of several types of alcohol, but it is the only type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages or commonly used for recreational purposes; other alcohols such as methanol and isopropyl alcohol are significantl (en)
酒精（英語：Alcohol），有時會用化學名“乙醇”稱呼，是精神藥物，是啤酒、葡萄酒、和烈酒（蒸餾酒）等酒精飲料的活性成分，是古老和常見的娛樂藥物，會造成酒精中毒（“醉酒”）的特定影響。在各種作用中，酒精會產生幸福和欣快、減少焦慮，增加、，而認知、記憶、運動、和感覺系統功能會受損，以及中樞神經系統功能受到全面抑制。乙醇只是幾種醇類中的一種，但它是唯一存在酒精飲料中，或是常用於娛樂目的的醇類；其他醇類，如甲醇和異丙醇毒性很高。輕度、短暫接觸異丙醇，其毒性僅比乙醇稍高，還不至於造成任何嚴重傷害。但甲醇的毒性比乙醇高甚多，只要攝入10至15毫升（2至3茶匙）就會致命。攝取酒精有多種短期和長期的不良影響。短期的影響包括神經認知功能的全面損害、頭暈、噁心、嘔吐、以及宿醉類症狀。酒精會讓人成癮，並可能導致酒精使用疾患、酒精依賴、和酒精戒斷症候群。它會產生多種長期健康上的負面影響，例如肝損傷和大腦損傷飲酒與導致癌症有關聯。過量或是頻繁的攝取酒精，對健康的不利影響更為嚴重。然而，即使輕度或是中度飲酒，也可能讓某些癌症發生的風險增加。大量飲酒會導致意識喪失，嚴重時甚至會導致死亡。 (zh)

rdfs:label

كحول (مخدر) (ar)
Alcohol (drug) (en)
乙醇 (藥物) (zh)

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