Alexander Davydov (original) (raw)
الكسندر دافيدوف (بالروسية: Давыдов, Александр Сергеевич) (و. 1912 – 1993 م) هو فيزيائي، وأستاذ جامعي من الإمبراطورية الروسية . ولد في إيفباتوريا . توفي في كييف ، عن عمر يناهز 81 عاماً.
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| dbo:abstract | الكسندر دافيدوف (بالروسية: Давыдов, Александр Сергеевич) (و. 1912 – 1993 م) هو فيزيائي، وأستاذ جامعي من الإمبراطورية الروسية . ولد في إيفباتوريا . توفي في كييف ، عن عمر يناهز 81 عاماً. (ar) Alexander Sergeevich Davydov (Russian: Александр Сергеевич Давы́дов, Ukrainian: Олекса́ндр Сергі́йович Дави́дов) (26 December 1912 – 19 February 1993) was a Soviet and Ukrainian physicist. Davydov graduated from Moscow State University in 1939. In 1963-1990 he was Director of Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. His main contributions were in theory of absorption, scattering and dispersion of the light in molecular crystals. In 1948, he predicted the phenomenon that is known as Davydov splitting or factor-group splitting, "the splitting of bands in the electronic or vibrational spectra of crystals due to the presence of more than one (interacting) equivalent molecular entity in the unit cell." In the period 1958–1960 he developed the theory of collective excited states in spherical and non-spherical nuclei, known as Davydov-Filippov Model and Davydov-Chaban Model. In 1973, Davydov applied the concept of molecular solitons in order to explain the mechanism of muscle contraction in animals. He studied theoretically the interaction of intramolecular excitations or excess electrons with autolocal breaking of the translational symmetry. These excitations are now known as Davydov solitons. In 1979, Davydov published the first textbook on quantum biology entitled "Biology and Quantum Mechanics" in Russian, which was then translated in English three years later. (en) Alexander Sergejewitsch Dawydow (russisch Александр Сергеевич Давыдов; ukrainisch Олександр Сергійович Давидов/Oleksandr Serhijowytsch Dawydow; englische Transliteration Aleksandr Sergeevich Davydov; * 26. Dezember 1912 in Jewpatorija, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 19. Februar 1993 in Kiew, Ukraine) war ein sowjetisch-ukrainischer Physiker. Dawydow schloss sein Physikstudium an der Lomonossow-Universität in Moskau 1939 ab. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs arbeitete er in einer Flugzeugfabrik in Ufa. Danach war er von 1945 bis 1953 am Physikalischen Institut der Ukrainischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kiew. 1954 bis 1964 war er Professor an der Lomonossow-Universität in Moskau (und gleichzeitig 1953 bis 1956 am Kernforschungszentrum Obninsk) und danach wieder ab 1964 am Physik-Institut der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Ukrainischen SSR. Ab 1966 war er an deren Bogoljubow-Institut, dem Institut für theoretische Physik der Akademie, an dem er auch von 1973 bis 1988 Direktor war. Er blieb auch danach Ehren-Direktor. Dawydow ist bekannt für seine Arbeiten über Molekülphysik und -optik (Davydov-Aufspaltung) und beschäftigte sich mit kollektiven Kernanregungen (Rotationsanregungen deformierter Kerne im Davydov-Filippov-Modell). Später wandte er sich auch der Biophysik zu. Er führte auch nach ihm benannte Solitonen-Anregungen in Molekülen ein (Davydov-Soliton), ursprünglich um die Wirkungsweise von Muskeln zu erklären. Bekannt ist er auch für sein Quantenmechanik Lehrbuch, das auch ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde. In den 1940er Jahren führte er unabhängig von William Rarita und Julian Schwinger eine Wellengleichung für Spin-3/2-Teilchen ein. In den 1980er Jahren entwickelte er auch eine Solitonentheorie der Hochtemperatur-Supraleiter. Er war von 1964 an Akademiemitglied der ukrainischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (de) Oleksandr Serhijovič Davydov (in ucraino: Олександр Сергійович Давидов?; in russo: Александр Сергеевич Давыдов?; Eupatoria, 26 dicembre 1912 – Kiev, 19 febbraio 1993) è stato un fisico sovietico e ucraino. Davydov si laureò in fisica all'Università statale di Mosca nel 1939. Durante la seconda guerra mondiale lavorò in una fabbrica di aeroplani a Ufa e, in seguito, dal 1945 al 1953 presso l'Istituto di Fisica dell'Accademia Ucraina delle Scienze di Kiev. Dal 1954 al 1964 fu professore all'Università statale di Mosca (e contemporaneamente dal 1953 al 1956 al Centro di ricerca nucleare di Obninsk) e dal 1964 di nuovo all'Istituto di Fisica dell'Accademia Ucraina delle Scienze. Dal 1966 lavorò all'Istituto Bogoljubov, l'Istituto di Fisica teorica dell'accademia, del quale fu anche direttore dal 1973 al 1988. Successivamente divenne direttore onorario. Davydov è noto per i suoi studi di fisica e di ottica molecolare. I suoi principali contributi riguardarono la teoria dell'assorbimento, diffusione e dispersione della luce nei cristalli molecolari. Nel 1948, predisse il fenomeno che è noto come frazionamento di Davydov. Nel periodo 1958-1960 sviluppò la teoria degli stati eccitati collettivi nei nuclei sferici e non sferici, nota come modello di Davydov-Filippov e modello di Davydov-Chaban. Davydov si occupò anche di biofisica. Nel 1973, applicò il concetto dei solitoni molecolari per spiegare il meccanismo delle contrazioni muscolari negli animali. Studiò teoricamente le eccitazioni o gli elettroni in eccesso intramolecolari con la rottura autolocale della simmetria transazionale. Queste eccitazioni sono ora conosciute come solitoni di Davydov. Davydov è noto anche per il suo manuale di meccanica quantistica, tradotto anche in altre lingue tra cui l'italiano. Negli anni 1940, indipendentemente da William Rarita e Julian Schwinger introdusse un'equazione ondulatoria per le particelle con spin 3/2. Negli anni 1980 sviluppò anche una teoria dei solitoni dei superconduttori ad alta temperatura. (it) Alexandre Sergueïevitch Davydov (26 décembre 1912 à Eupatoria, Empire russe - 19 février 1993 à Kiev, Ukraine) est un physicien ukraino-soviétique. Il est principalement connu pour ses travaux théoriques en physique du solide, optique, en mécanique quantique et plus tard en biophysique. (fr) Aleksandr Siergiejewicz Dawydow (ros. Александр Сергеевич Давыдов, ur. 26 grudnia 1912 w Eupatorii, zm. 19 lutego 1993 w Kijowie) – radziecki fizyk. (pl) Александр Сергеевич Давы́дов (13 [26] декабря 1912, Евпатория — 19 февраля 1993, Киев) — советский физик-теоретик, академик АН УССР (1964). Разработал теорию неаксиальных ядер, модель коллективных возбуждений, теорию экситонов в молекулярных кристаллах. (ru) Олекса́ндр Сергі́йович Дави́дов (26 грудня 1912, Євпаторія,— 19 лютого 1993, Київ) — український радянський фізик-теоретик, академік АН УРСР (1964). (uk) |
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| rdfs:comment | الكسندر دافيدوف (بالروسية: Давыдов, Александр Сергеевич) (و. 1912 – 1993 م) هو فيزيائي، وأستاذ جامعي من الإمبراطورية الروسية . ولد في إيفباتوريا . توفي في كييف ، عن عمر يناهز 81 عاماً. (ar) Alexandre Sergueïevitch Davydov (26 décembre 1912 à Eupatoria, Empire russe - 19 février 1993 à Kiev, Ukraine) est un physicien ukraino-soviétique. Il est principalement connu pour ses travaux théoriques en physique du solide, optique, en mécanique quantique et plus tard en biophysique. (fr) Aleksandr Siergiejewicz Dawydow (ros. Александр Сергеевич Давыдов, ur. 26 grudnia 1912 w Eupatorii, zm. 19 lutego 1993 w Kijowie) – radziecki fizyk. (pl) Александр Сергеевич Давы́дов (13 [26] декабря 1912, Евпатория — 19 февраля 1993, Киев) — советский физик-теоретик, академик АН УССР (1964). Разработал теорию неаксиальных ядер, модель коллективных возбуждений, теорию экситонов в молекулярных кристаллах. (ru) Олекса́ндр Сергі́йович Дави́дов (26 грудня 1912, Євпаторія,— 19 лютого 1993, Київ) — український радянський фізик-теоретик, академік АН УРСР (1964). (uk) Alexander Sergeevich Davydov (Russian: Александр Сергеевич Давы́дов, Ukrainian: Олекса́ндр Сергі́йович Дави́дов) (26 December 1912 – 19 February 1993) was a Soviet and Ukrainian physicist. Davydov graduated from Moscow State University in 1939. In 1963-1990 he was Director of Institute for Theoretical Physics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. (en) Alexander Sergejewitsch Dawydow (russisch Александр Сергеевич Давыдов; ukrainisch Олександр Сергійович Давидов/Oleksandr Serhijowytsch Dawydow; englische Transliteration Aleksandr Sergeevich Davydov; * 26. Dezember 1912 in Jewpatorija, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 19. Februar 1993 in Kiew, Ukraine) war ein sowjetisch-ukrainischer Physiker. Er war von 1964 an Akademiemitglied der ukrainischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (de) Oleksandr Serhijovič Davydov (in ucraino: Олександр Сергійович Давидов?; in russo: Александр Сергеевич Давыдов?; Eupatoria, 26 dicembre 1912 – Kiev, 19 febbraio 1993) è stato un fisico sovietico e ucraino. Davydov si occupò anche di biofisica. Nel 1973, applicò il concetto dei solitoni molecolari per spiegare il meccanismo delle contrazioni muscolari negli animali. Studiò teoricamente le eccitazioni o gli elettroni in eccesso intramolecolari con la rottura autolocale della simmetria transazionale. Queste eccitazioni sono ora conosciute come solitoni di Davydov. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Alexander Davydov (en) الكسندر دافيدوف (ar) Alexander Sergejewitsch Dawydow (de) Alexandre Sergueïevitch Davydov (fr) Oleksandr Serhijovič Davydov (it) Aleksandr Dawydow (fizyk) (pl) Давыдов, Александр Сергеевич (ru) Давидов Олександр Сергійович (uk) |
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