Alloenzyme (original) (raw)
Allozyme oder Alloenzyme sind alternative Formen eines Enzymes, die von verschiedenen Allelen am gleichen Locus codiert werden. Das Gegenstück hierzu sind Isoenzyme, welche dieselbe Funktion erfüllen, aber von Genen verschiedener Loci codiert werden.
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| dbo:abstract | Allozyme oder Alloenzyme sind alternative Formen eines Enzymes, die von verschiedenen Allelen am gleichen Locus codiert werden. Das Gegenstück hierzu sind Isoenzyme, welche dieselbe Funktion erfüllen, aber von Genen verschiedener Loci codiert werden. (de) إِنزيمات مُتَغَايِرَة جينِياً (بالإنجليزية: Alloenzyme) هي الإِنزيمات الناتِجة مِن الأَليلات المُختلفه لِنفس الجَين، وتُعتبر الشَكل العَكسي لنظائِر الإنزيمات .يُمكن فَصل الإنزيمات المُتغايرة جينياً عن طَريق (capillary electrophoresis). تُوصف الإنزيمات المُتَغاير جينياً بأنها عِبارة عن الإنزيمات الحَيوية الشائِعة التي تُظهر مستويات عالية من التَطور الوَظيفي في بعض الممالك وَبعض الشُعب .تُستخدم في علم الوراثة العرقي كَمؤشرات جزيئية لِقياس التَطور التاريخي والعَلاقات بين الأنواع المُختلفه، ويساعدها على ذلك عدم امتلاكها نَفس البَناء الجُزيئي . (ar) Alloenzymes (or also called allozymes) are variant forms of an enzyme which differ structurally but not functionally from other allozymes coded for by different alleles at the same locus. These are opposed to isozymes, which are enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes located at different loci. Alloenzymes are common biological enzymes that exhibit high levels of functional evolutionary conservation throughout specific phyla and kingdoms. They are used by phylogeneticists as molecular markers to gauge evolutionary histories and relationships between different species. This can be done because allozymes do not have the same structure. They can be separated by capillary electrophoresis. However, some species are monomorphic for many of their allozymes which would make it difficult for phylogeneticists to assess the evolutionary histories of these species. In these instances, phylogeneticists would have to use another method to determine the evolutionary history of a species. These enzymes generally perform very basic functions found commonly throughout all lifeforms, such as DNA polymerase, the enzyme that repairs and copies DNA. Significant changes in this enzyme reflect significant events in evolutionary history of organisms. As expected DNA polymerase shows relatively small differences in its amino acid sequence between phyla and even kingdoms. The key to choosing which alloenzyme to use in a comparison between multiple species is to choose one that is as variable as possible while still being present in all the organisms. By comparing the amino acid sequence of the enzyme in the species, more amino acid similarities should be seen in species that are more closely related, and fewer between those that are more distantly related. The less well conserved the enzyme is, the more amino acid differences will be present in even closely related species. (en) Las alozimas son formas alternativas de una enzima, codificadas por diferentes alelos de un mismo locus genético. Este concepto se incluye dentro de la más amplia denominación de isoenzimas, que comprende todas aquellas formas alternativas de una misma actividad enzimática en un mismo organismo, con independencia de su origen. (es) On appelle allozymes (à ne pas confondre avec les isoenzymes) des enzymes codées par différents allèles d'un même gène. Les allozymes n'ayant pas la même structure (taille, charges), on peut les utiliser en biologie et assez facilement les séparer l'une de l'autre, par électrophorèse capillaire par exemple. (fr) Sono detti allozimi le diverse forme di un enzima che vengono codificate da differenti alleli nello stesso locus genico. (it) 동위효소(同位酵素, 영어: allozyme)는 동일한 유전자 자리에 있는 다른 대립유전자의 산물로 다른 동위효소와 구조적으로 다르지만 기능적으로는 같은 화학 반응을 촉매하는 효소이다. 반면에 동질효소는 다른 유전자 자리에 있는 유전자의 산물로 다른 동질효소와 구조적으로는 다르지만 기능적으로는 같은 화학 반응을 촉매하는 효소이다. 동위효소는 특정 문과 계의 전반에 걸쳐 높은 수준의 기능적 을 나타내는 일반적인 생물학적 효소이다. 이것들은 계통발생학자들에 의해 서로 다른 종 간의 진화 역사와 관계를 측정하는 분자 표지자로 사용된다. 이것은 동위효소가 동일한 구조를 가지고 있지 않기 때문에 가능하다. 이는 으로 분리할 수 있다. 그러나 일부 종은 많은 동위효소에 대해 단일형이어서 계통발생학자가 이들 종의 진화 역사를 평가하기가 어렵다. 이러한 경우에 계통발생학자들은 종의 진화 역사를 결정하기 위해 다른 방법을 사용해야 한다. 이러한 효소는 일반적으로 DNA를 복구하고 복제하는 효소인 DNA 중합효소와 같이 모든 생명체에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 매우 기본적인 기능을 수행한다. 이 효소의 중요한 변화는 생명체의 진화 역사에서 중요한 사건을 반영한다. 예상대로 DNA 중합효소는 문과 계 사이의 아미노산 서열에서 비교적 작은 차이를 보인다. 여러 종 간의 비교에 사용할 동위효소를 선택하는 열쇠는 모든 생물체에 여전히 존재하면서 가능한 한 변이가 있는 동위효소를 선택하는 것이다. 종에 있는 효소의 아미노산 서열을 비교함으로써 더 밀접하게 관련된 종에서 더 많은 아미노산 유사성을 볼 수 있어샤 하고, 관련이 더 먼 종 사이에는 더 적은 아미노산 유사성을 보여야 한다. 효소가 더 잘 보존될수록, 심지어 밀접하게 관련된 종에서도 더 많은 아미노산의 차이가 존재할 수 있다. (ko) As aloenzimas ou alozimas são formas variantes de uma enzima que estão codificadas por diferentes alelos de um mesmo locus Estes são o oposto das isoenzimas, que são enzimas que realizam a mesma função, mas que estão codificadas nos genes localizados em diferentes loci. As aloenzimas são enzimas biológicas comuns que apresentam altos níveis de conservação evolutiva funcional através de filos específicos e reinos. São usados em filogenética como marcadores moleculares que registam a história evolutiva e as relações entre diferentes espécies. Isto é possível ser feito porque as aloenzimas não apresentam a mesma estrutura. Podem ser separadas por . No entanto, algumas espécies são monomórficas para muitas das suas aloenzimas, o que torna difícil para os filogenetistas realizar uma estimativa da história evolutiva dessas espécies, e para isso teriam que fazer uso de outros métodos. Estas enzimas geralmente desempenham funções muito básicas que se encontram em todas as formas de vida. Um exemplo é a DNA polimerase, a enzima que repara e cópia o DNA. Alterações significativas nesta enzima reflectem eventos significativos na história evolutiva dos organismos. Como seria de esperar, a DNA polimerase apresenta diferenças relativamente pequenas na sua sequência de aminoácidos entre filos e até mesmo reinos. A chave para escolher uma boa aloenzima utilizável em comparações de múltiplas espécies está em eleger uma que seja tão variável quanto possível, mas que esteja presente em todos os organismos. Comparando a sequência de aminoácidos da enzima nas espécies, deveria observar-se uma maior similaridade de aminoácidos nas espécies que estão mais estreitamente relacionados, e menos nas espécies que são parentes mais distantes. Quanto menos conservada a enzima se encontra, mais diferenças de aminoácidos haverá, mesmo entre espécies estreitamente aparentadas. (pt) Allozymy – alleliczne formy białka (enzymu), kodowane przez jeden locus genowy, różniące się strukturą pierwszorzędową. Mogą być rozdzielone przy pomocy analizy elektroforetycznej. (pl) |
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| rdfs:comment | Allozyme oder Alloenzyme sind alternative Formen eines Enzymes, die von verschiedenen Allelen am gleichen Locus codiert werden. Das Gegenstück hierzu sind Isoenzyme, welche dieselbe Funktion erfüllen, aber von Genen verschiedener Loci codiert werden. (de) إِنزيمات مُتَغَايِرَة جينِياً (بالإنجليزية: Alloenzyme) هي الإِنزيمات الناتِجة مِن الأَليلات المُختلفه لِنفس الجَين، وتُعتبر الشَكل العَكسي لنظائِر الإنزيمات .يُمكن فَصل الإنزيمات المُتغايرة جينياً عن طَريق (capillary electrophoresis). تُوصف الإنزيمات المُتَغاير جينياً بأنها عِبارة عن الإنزيمات الحَيوية الشائِعة التي تُظهر مستويات عالية من التَطور الوَظيفي في بعض الممالك وَبعض الشُعب .تُستخدم في علم الوراثة العرقي كَمؤشرات جزيئية لِقياس التَطور التاريخي والعَلاقات بين الأنواع المُختلفه، ويساعدها على ذلك عدم امتلاكها نَفس البَناء الجُزيئي . (ar) Las alozimas son formas alternativas de una enzima, codificadas por diferentes alelos de un mismo locus genético. Este concepto se incluye dentro de la más amplia denominación de isoenzimas, que comprende todas aquellas formas alternativas de una misma actividad enzimática en un mismo organismo, con independencia de su origen. (es) On appelle allozymes (à ne pas confondre avec les isoenzymes) des enzymes codées par différents allèles d'un même gène. Les allozymes n'ayant pas la même structure (taille, charges), on peut les utiliser en biologie et assez facilement les séparer l'une de l'autre, par électrophorèse capillaire par exemple. (fr) Sono detti allozimi le diverse forme di un enzima che vengono codificate da differenti alleli nello stesso locus genico. (it) Allozymy – alleliczne formy białka (enzymu), kodowane przez jeden locus genowy, różniące się strukturą pierwszorzędową. Mogą być rozdzielone przy pomocy analizy elektroforetycznej. (pl) Alloenzymes (or also called allozymes) are variant forms of an enzyme which differ structurally but not functionally from other allozymes coded for by different alleles at the same locus. These are opposed to isozymes, which are enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes located at different loci. (en) As aloenzimas ou alozimas são formas variantes de uma enzima que estão codificadas por diferentes alelos de um mesmo locus Estes são o oposto das isoenzimas, que são enzimas que realizam a mesma função, mas que estão codificadas nos genes localizados em diferentes loci. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | إنزيمات متغايرة جينيا (ar) Allozym (de) Alloenzyme (en) Alozima (es) Allozima (it) Allozyme (fr) 동위효소 (ko) Allozymy (pl) Aloenzima (pt) |
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