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Die American Railway Union (ARU) war die größte Gewerkschaft der 1890er Jahre in Amerika und die erste Industriegewerkschaft in den Vereinigten Staaten. Sie wurde am 20. Juni 1893 von Bahnarbeitern in Chicago, Illinois, unter der Führung von Eugene V. Debs (einem Lokomotivheizer, einige Jahre später sozialistischer Präsidentenanwärter) gegründet. Die ARU verkörperte in ihrer Politik, anders als die anderen Gewerkschaften, eine Vertretung aller Bahnmitarbeiter, unabhängig davon, ob sie nun als Handwerker oder im Dienst am Kunden bei einer Eisenbahngesellschaft eingesetzt waren. Innerhalb eines Jahres hatte die ARU Hunderte von Ortsgruppen und über 140.000 Mitglieder im ganzen Land. (de) The American Railway Union (ARU) was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893, the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1894. This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 Pullman Strike in which government troops and the power of the judiciary were enlisted against the ARU, ending with the jailing of the union's leadership for six months in 1895 and effectively crushing the organization. The group's blacklisted and dispirited remnants finally disbanded the organization via amalgamation into the Social Democracy of America (SDA) at its founding convention in June 1897. (en) L'American Railway Union (ARU) fut le plus grand syndicat des chemins de fer de son temps et un des premiers syndicats industriels aux États-Unis. Il a été fondé le 20 juin 1893, par des cheminots à Chicago, dans l'Illinois, sous la direction d'Eugene Victor Debs, candidat au poste de la présidence socialiste, l'ARU. À la différence des autres syndicats, il fut constitué d'une politique spécifique pour tous les travailleurs des chemins de fer, quel que soit le secteur (artisanale ou service). En un an, l'ARU était chargé de plusieurs centaines de sections locales affiliées et a embauché 150 000 membres, en tirant une grande partie de son appartenance à des syndicats de métier. (fr) 전미철도노조(American Railway Union; ARU)는 1893년 6월 20일 일리노이주 시카고의 철도 노동자들이 기관차 화부 유진 데브스의 지도 아래 결성한 노동조합이다. ARU는 당대 최대의 노동조합이었고, 미국 최초의 산별노조 중 하나이다. ARU는 직장이나 직종에 상관없이 철도에 종사하는 모든 노동자를 대변하고자 했다. 1893년 8월, 는 노동자들의 임금을 삭감하여 개월당 $146,500를 절약하고자 했다. ARU는 전 조합원들에게 파업을 지속하 18일 만에 사측에게 일방적 임금삭감에 대한 중재를 강제할 수 있었다. 중재자들은 그레이트노던사에게 임금삭감을 철회하라고 결정했다. 이는 ARU의 첫 승리이자 유일한 승리였다. 이듬해 풀먼팰리스카회사에 대한 풀먼사 파업에 대하여 미국 정부가 개입하여 연방군이 파업 노동자들을 분쇄하고 데브스를 비롯한 지도부는 감옥으로 끌려가면서 노조는 해산되었다. 데브스는 옥중에서 에게 카를 마르크스의 책을 전달받아 통독했고, 노동조합 운동가에서 의회 사회주의자로 전향한다. 출소한 데부스는 ARU와 을 합병하여 협동형제단(SDA)을 만들었다. SDA는 미국 사회당의 전신이다. (ko) |
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Die American Railway Union (ARU) war die größte Gewerkschaft der 1890er Jahre in Amerika und die erste Industriegewerkschaft in den Vereinigten Staaten. Sie wurde am 20. Juni 1893 von Bahnarbeitern in Chicago, Illinois, unter der Führung von Eugene V. Debs (einem Lokomotivheizer, einige Jahre später sozialistischer Präsidentenanwärter) gegründet. Die ARU verkörperte in ihrer Politik, anders als die anderen Gewerkschaften, eine Vertretung aller Bahnmitarbeiter, unabhängig davon, ob sie nun als Handwerker oder im Dienst am Kunden bei einer Eisenbahngesellschaft eingesetzt waren. Innerhalb eines Jahres hatte die ARU Hunderte von Ortsgruppen und über 140.000 Mitglieder im ganzen Land. (de) The American Railway Union (ARU) was briefly among the largest labor unions of its time and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. Launched at a meeting held in Chicago in February 1893, the ARU won an early victory in a strike on the Great Northern Railroad in the summer of 1894. This successful strike was followed by the bitter 1894 Pullman Strike in which government troops and the power of the judiciary were enlisted against the ARU, ending with the jailing of the union's leadership for six months in 1895 and effectively crushing the organization. The group's blacklisted and dispirited remnants finally disbanded the organization via amalgamation into the Social Democracy of America (SDA) at its founding convention in June 1897. (en) L'American Railway Union (ARU) fut le plus grand syndicat des chemins de fer de son temps et un des premiers syndicats industriels aux États-Unis. Il a été fondé le 20 juin 1893, par des cheminots à Chicago, dans l'Illinois, sous la direction d'Eugene Victor Debs, candidat au poste de la présidence socialiste, l'ARU. À la différence des autres syndicats, il fut constitué d'une politique spécifique pour tous les travailleurs des chemins de fer, quel que soit le secteur (artisanale ou service). En un an, l'ARU était chargé de plusieurs centaines de sections locales affiliées et a embauché 150 000 membres, en tirant une grande partie de son appartenance à des syndicats de métier. (fr) 전미철도노조(American Railway Union; ARU)는 1893년 6월 20일 일리노이주 시카고의 철도 노동자들이 기관차 화부 유진 데브스의 지도 아래 결성한 노동조합이다. ARU는 당대 최대의 노동조합이었고, 미국 최초의 산별노조 중 하나이다. ARU는 직장이나 직종에 상관없이 철도에 종사하는 모든 노동자를 대변하고자 했다. 1893년 8월, 는 노동자들의 임금을 삭감하여 개월당 $146,500를 절약하고자 했다. ARU는 전 조합원들에게 파업을 지속하 18일 만에 사측에게 일방적 임금삭감에 대한 중재를 강제할 수 있었다. 중재자들은 그레이트노던사에게 임금삭감을 철회하라고 결정했다. 이는 ARU의 첫 승리이자 유일한 승리였다. 이듬해 풀먼팰리스카회사에 대한 풀먼사 파업에 대하여 미국 정부가 개입하여 연방군이 파업 노동자들을 분쇄하고 데브스를 비롯한 지도부는 감옥으로 끌려가면서 노조는 해산되었다. 데브스는 옥중에서 에게 카를 마르크스의 책을 전달받아 통독했고, 노동조합 운동가에서 의회 사회주의자로 전향한다. 출소한 데부스는 ARU와 을 합병하여 협동형제단(SDA)을 만들었다. SDA는 미국 사회당의 전신이다. (ko) |
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