Annexation of Santo Domingo (original) (raw)
The annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era, initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, to annex "Santo Domingo" (as the Dominican Republic was commonly known) as a United States territory, with the promise of eventual statehood. President Grant feared some European power would take the island country in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US, but he did not include this in his official messages. Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere.
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| dbo:abstract | The annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era, initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, to annex "Santo Domingo" (as the Dominican Republic was commonly known) as a United States territory, with the promise of eventual statehood. President Grant feared some European power would take the island country in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US, but he did not include this in his official messages. Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere. In 1869, Grant commissioned his private secretary Orville E. Babcock and Rufus Ingalls to negotiate the treaty of annexation with Dominican president Buenaventura Báez. The annexation process drew controversy: opponents Senator Charles Sumner and Senator Carl Schurz denounced the treaty vehemently, alleging it was made only to enrich private American and island interests and to politically protect Báez. Grant had authorized the US Navy to protect the Dominican Republic from invasion by neighboring Haiti while the treaty annexation process took place in the US Senate. A plebiscite ordered by Báez, who believed the Dominican Republic had better odds of survival as a US protectorate and could sell a much wider range of goods to the US than could be sold in European markets, registered an improbably low 11 votes against annexation, compared to over ten thousand for annexation. The country's unstable history was one of invasion, colonization, and civil strife. A treaty was drafted by Secretary of State Hamilton Fish that included the annexation of the country itself and the purchase of Samaná Bay for two million American dollars. Also included and supported by Grant was the provision that the Dominican Republic could apply for statehood. When debated in the Senate, Sumner staunchly opposed the treaty, believing the annexation process was corrupt and that the Dominican Republic was politically unstable, having a history of revolution. Sumner believed that Báez was a corrupt despot and that the use of the US Navy by Grant during the treaty negotiation to protect Santo Domingo was illegal. Sumner said that the annexationists wanted the whole island and would also absorb the independent black nation of Haiti. Schurz opposed acquisition because he did not favor mixed race people becoming US citizens. The treaty ultimately failed to reach the two-thirds vote needed (the vote was a tie). In order to vindicate the failed treaty annexation, Grant sent a committee, authorized by Congress and including African American Frederick Douglass, that investigated and produced a report favorable to annexation of the Dominican Republic into the United States. The annexation treaty failed because there was little support for it outside Grant's circle. The defeat of the treaty in the Senate directly contributed to the division of the Republican party into two opposing factions during the presidential election of 1872: the Radical Republicans (composed of Grant and his loyalists) and the Liberal Republicans (composed of Schurz, Sumner, Horace Greeley as presidential candidate, and other opponents of Grant). (en) Aneksasi Santo Domingo merupakan upaya perjanjian pada Era Rekonstruksi, yang diprakarsai oleh Presiden Amerika Serikat Ulysses S. Grant pada tahun 1869, untuk menganeksasi "Santo Domingo" (sebagaimana Republik Dominika dikenal pada umumnya) sebagai wilayah teritori Amerika Serikat, dengan janji di kemudian hari sebagai negara bagian. Presiden Grant mengkhawatirkan sejumlah kekuatan dari Eropa akan mengambil alih pulau tersebut yang melanggar Doktrin Monroe. Secara pribadi, Presiden Grant berpikir bahwa aneksasi akan menjadi penyelamat bagi orang keturunan Afrika-Amerika yang mengalami penderitaan penganiayaan di Amerika Serikat, tetapi pemikiran tersebut tidak tertuang dalam pesan resminya. Presiden Grant berspekulasi bahwa aneksasi Santo Domingo akan membantu dalam mengakhiri perbudakan di Kuba dan dimana pun. Pada tahun 1869, Presiden Grant menugaskan dua sekretaris pribadinya, dan untuk menegosiasikan perjanjian aneksasi dengan Presiden Dominika Buenaventura Báez. Proses aneksasi tersebut menuai kontroversi: Senator dan Senator menentang keras perjanjian tersebut, menuduh bahwa perjanjian tersebut hanya akan meningkatkan kepentingan perorangan dan melindungi Báez secara politis. Grant mengizinkan Angkatan Laut AS untuk melindungi Republik Dominika dari invasi Haiti selama proses perjanjian aneksasi berlangsung di Senat AS. Gerakan aneksasi tampaknya didukung secara luas oleh penduduk Republik Dominika, menurut plebisit yang digagas oleh Presiden Báez, yang percaya bahwa Republik Dominika memiliki peluang bertahan hidup yang lebih baik sebagai protektorat AS dan dapat menjual lebih banyak komoditas kepada AS daripada pasar Eropa. Sejarah kelam Republik Dominika termasuk invasi, kolonisasi, dan perjuangan sipil. Perjanjian ini disusun oleh Sekretaris Negara yang mencakup aneksasi negara itu sendiri dan pembelian Teluk Samaná senilai dua juta dolar AS. Ketentuan bahwa Republik Dominika dapat mengajukan permintaan sebagai negara bagian juga dimasukkan dan didukung oleh Presiden Grant. Ketika perjanjian ini diperdebatkan di Senat, Senator Sumner bersikukuh menentang perjanjian ini, dengan dasar kepercayaan bahwa proses perjanjian ini berbau kecurangan dan bahwa Republik Dominika tidak stabil secara politik, dengan sejarah revolusinya. Sumner percaya bahwa Báez adalah pemimpin kejam yang korup dan penggunaan kekuatan Angkatan Laut AS oleh Grant selama proses negosiasi perjanjian untuk melindungi Santo Domingo adalah ilegal. Sumner mengatakan bahwa pihak yang mendukung aneksasi menginginkan keseluruhan pulau dan juga mengambil negara Haiti yang telah merdeka (Haiti dan Republik Dominika berbagi pulau yang sama). Senator Schurz menentang aneksasi karena ia tidak menginginkan adanya orang dari golongan multirasial untuk menjadi warga negara AS. Perjanjian ini akhirnya gagal mencapai dua pertiga hasil suara yang dibutuhkan (hasil pemungutan suara berakhir seri). Dalam upaya untuk mempertahankan perjanjian aneksasi yang gagal tersebut, Presiden Grant mengutus sebuah komite, yang disahkan oleh Kongres dan termasuk seorang Afrika-Amerika bernama Frederick Douglass, yang menyelidiki dan menghasilkan laporan yang mendukung aneksasi Republik Dominika ke dalam Amerika Serikat. Perjanjian aneksasi ini gagal karena kurangnya dukungan atas kebijakan ini di luar lingkaran Presiden Grant. Kegagalan perjanjian ini di Senat secara langsung berkontribusi terhadap perpecahan Partai Republik menjadi dua kubu selama : Republik golongan radikal yang terdiri dari Grant beserta pendukungnya, dan Republik golongan liberal yang terdiri dari Sumner, Schurz, sebagai calon presiden, beserta pendukungnya. (in) A anexação de Santo Domingo foi uma tentativa de tratado durante a última Era da Reconstrução, iniciada pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos Ulysses S. Grant em 1869, para anexar "Santo Domingo" (como a República Dominicana era comumente conhecida) como um , com a promessa de uma eventual condição de Estado. O presidente Grant temia que alguma potência europeia tomasse a ilha em violação da Doutrina Monroe. Ele acreditava que a anexação seria uma safety valve para os afro-americanos que estavam sofrendo perseguição nos Estados Unidos, porém não incluiu isso em suas mensagens oficiais. Grant especulava que a aquisição de Santo Domingo ajudaria a acabar com a escravidão em Cuba e em outros lugares. Militarmente, desejava um porto naval dos Estados Unidos na República Dominicana, que também serviria como proteção para um canal projetado através da Nicarágua. Em 1869, Grant nomeou seu secretário particular e para negociar o tratado de anexação com o presidente dominicano Buenaventura Báez. O processo de anexação atraiu controvérsia: os oponentes, o senador e o senador , condenaram o tratado com veemência, alegando que havia sido produzido apenas para enriquecer os interesses privados dos estadunidenses e dos insulares e para proteger politicamente Báez. Grant havia autorizado a Marinha dos Estados Unidos a proteger a República Dominicana da invasão pelo vizinho Haiti enquanto o processo de anexação do tratado ocorreria no Senado dos Estados Unidos. O movimento de anexação aparentemente teria sido amplamente apoiado pelos habitantes da República Dominicana, conforme um plebiscito ordenado por Báez, que acreditava que a República Dominicana teria melhores chances de sobrevivência como um protetorado dos Estados Unidos e poderia vender uma variedade muito mais ampla de produtos para os estadunidenses que seriam vendidos em mercados europeus. A história instável do país era de invasão, colonização e contenda civil. Um tratado foi redigido pelo secretário de Estado Hamilton Fish, que incluía a anexação daquele país e a compra de por dois milhões de dólares americanos. Também foi incluída e apoiada por Grant a disposição que a República Dominicana poderia requerer o estatuto de Estado. Quando debatido no Senado, Sumner se opôs firmemente ao tratado, acreditando que o processo de anexação era corrupto e que a República Dominicana era politicamente instável, tendo uma história de revolução. Sumner acreditava que Báez era um déspota corrupto e que o uso da Marinha dos Estados Unidos por Grant durante a negociação do tratado para proteger Santo Domingo era ilegal. Sumner afirmou que os anexionistas visavam toda a ilha e também absorveriam a nação negra independente do Haiti. Schurz opôs-se à aquisição porque não era favorável que os povos mestiços se tornassem cidadãos dos Estados Unidos. O tratado finalmente não conseguiu alcançar os dois terços de votos necessários (a votação foi apertada). Para vindicar o fracassado tratado de anexação, Grant enviou uma comissão, autorizada pelo Congresso e incluindo o afro-americano Frederick Douglass, que investigou e produziu um relatório favorável à anexação da República Dominicana aos Estados Unidos. O tratado de anexação falhou porque havia pouco apoio para ele fora do círculo de Grant. A derrota do tratado no Senado contribuiu diretamente para a divisão do Partido Republicano em duas facções opostas durante a eleição presidencial de 1872: os Republicanos Radicais (compostos por Grant e seus partidários) e os (compostos por Schurz, Sumner, Horace Greeley como candidato presidencial, e outros opositores de Grant). (pt) |
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| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://archive.org/details/grant00smit https://archive.org/details/grant00will https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/may-31-1870-message-regarding-dominican-republic-annexation http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/392/39211853001.pdf |
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| dbp:date | – (en) |
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| dbp:imageCaption | Santo Domingo City (en) Watercolor by James E. Taylor 1871 (en) |
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| dbp:nongregorian | Set if date is not in Gregorian calendar; may be any text value, but suggestions are: "yes", a calendar name , or "prehistoric". (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | The annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era, initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, to annex "Santo Domingo" (as the Dominican Republic was commonly known) as a United States territory, with the promise of eventual statehood. President Grant feared some European power would take the island country in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US, but he did not include this in his official messages. Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere. (en) Aneksasi Santo Domingo merupakan upaya perjanjian pada Era Rekonstruksi, yang diprakarsai oleh Presiden Amerika Serikat Ulysses S. Grant pada tahun 1869, untuk menganeksasi "Santo Domingo" (sebagaimana Republik Dominika dikenal pada umumnya) sebagai wilayah teritori Amerika Serikat, dengan janji di kemudian hari sebagai negara bagian. Presiden Grant mengkhawatirkan sejumlah kekuatan dari Eropa akan mengambil alih pulau tersebut yang melanggar Doktrin Monroe. Secara pribadi, Presiden Grant berpikir bahwa aneksasi akan menjadi penyelamat bagi orang keturunan Afrika-Amerika yang mengalami penderitaan penganiayaan di Amerika Serikat, tetapi pemikiran tersebut tidak tertuang dalam pesan resminya. Presiden Grant berspekulasi bahwa aneksasi Santo Domingo akan membantu dalam mengakhiri perbudakan (in) A anexação de Santo Domingo foi uma tentativa de tratado durante a última Era da Reconstrução, iniciada pelo presidente dos Estados Unidos Ulysses S. Grant em 1869, para anexar "Santo Domingo" (como a República Dominicana era comumente conhecida) como um , com a promessa de uma eventual condição de Estado. O presidente Grant temia que alguma potência europeia tomasse a ilha em violação da Doutrina Monroe. Ele acreditava que a anexação seria uma safety valve para os afro-americanos que estavam sofrendo perseguição nos Estados Unidos, porém não incluiu isso em suas mensagens oficiais. Grant especulava que a aquisição de Santo Domingo ajudaria a acabar com a escravidão em Cuba e em outros lugares. Militarmente, desejava um porto naval dos Estados Unidos na República Dominicana, que também ser (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Annexation of Santo Domingo (en) Aneksasi Santo Domingo (in) Anexação de Santo Domingo (pt) |
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