dbo:abstract
- Anushilan Samiti (Bengali: অনুশীলন সমিতি, lit. 'bodybuilding society') was an Indian fitness club, which was actually used as an underground society for anti-British revolutionaries. In the first quarter of the 20th century it supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India. The organisation arose from a conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in Bengal in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in East and West Bengal, Dhaka Anushilan Samiti (centred in Dhaka), and the Jugantar group (centred in Calcutta). From its foundation to its dissolution during the 1930s, the Samiti challenged British rule in India by engaging in militant nationalism, including bombings, assassinations, and politically motivated violence. The Samiti collaborated with other revolutionary organisations in India and abroad. It was led by the nationalists Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Ghosh, influenced by philosophies like Italian Nationalism, and the Pan-Asianism of Kakuzo Okakura. The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidents of revolutionary attacks against British interests and administration in India, including early attempts to assassinate British Raj officials. These were followed by the 1912 attempt on the life of the Viceroy of India, and the Seditious conspiracy during World War I, led by Rash Behari Bose and Jatindranath Mukherjee respectively. The organisation moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s due to the influence of the Indian National Congress and the Gandhian non-violent movement. A section of the group, notably those associated with Sachindranath Sanyal, remained active in the revolutionary movement, founding the Hindustan Republican Association in north India. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially Subhash Chandra Bose, were accused by the British Government of having links with the organisation during this time. The Samiti's violent and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when it was involved in the Kakori conspiracy, the Chittagong armoury raid, and other actions against the administration in British-occupied India. Shortly after its inception, the organisation became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operation which led to the founding of the Special branch of the Calcutta Police. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against the Samiti at various times included Sir Robert Nathan, Sir Harold Stuart, Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore and Sir Charles Tegart. The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during World War I, along with the threat of a Ghadarite uprising in Punjab, led to the passage of Defence of India Act 1915. These measures enabled the arrest, internment, transportation and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, which crushed the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the Rowlatt committee recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the Rowlatt Act) to thwart any possible revival of the Samiti in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab. After the war, the activities of the party led to the implementation of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment in the early 1920s, which reinstated the powers of incarceration and detention from the Defence of India Act. However, the Anushilan Samiti gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with Communism. The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938. In independent India, the party in West Bengal evolved into the Revolutionary Socialist Party, while the Eastern Branch later evolved into the Shramik Krishak Samajbadi Dal (Workers and Peasants Socialist Party) in present-day Bangladesh. (en)
- Анушилан Самити (бенг. অনুশীলন সমিতি — «Общество Саморазвития») — вооружённая подпольная антибританская организация первой четверти XX века. (ru)
- 阿努什兰·萨米提（英語：Anushilan Samiti；Ōnūshīlōnsōmītī，意：健身社群）是二十世纪前二十五年存在于孟加拉的组织，提倡以革命暴力结束英属印度统治。该组织源自1902年孟加拉地区本地青年团体和体育场馆（Akhra）的聚集。萨米提在东、西孟加拉有两个显著（一定程度上独立）的部分，分别是以达卡（今属孟加拉国）为中心的达卡·阿努什兰·萨米提（Dhaka Anushilan Samiti），以及祖甘塔尔（Jugantar）团体（以加尔各答为中心）。 从奠基到1930年代逐步解体，萨米提通过参与轰炸、暗杀和出于政治动机的暴力等激进的民族主义挑战英国在印度的统治。在其存在期间，萨米提与印度和其他国家的其他革命组织合作。它由民族主义者如師利·奧羅賓多和他的兄弟Barindra Ghosh等领导，并受到孟加拉文学家Bankim和斯瓦米·維韋卡南達提出的印度教夏克提哲学，意大利民族主义和冈仓天心的亞細亞主義等多种哲学的影响。其成立的第一个十年，萨米提参与了多项针对英国利益和其印度行政的引人注意的革命恐怖主义事件，其中包括戈什兄弟领导的刺杀英属印度官员的早期尝试。其后是1912年试图刺杀印度总督，和第一次世界大战期间分别由拉希·比哈里·鲍斯和Jatindranath Mukherjee领导的煽动性阴谋（Sedetious conspiracy）。 该组织在1920年代摆脱了暴力哲学，当时它的一些成员与印度国民大会党和甘地非暴力运动密切联系，但该组织的一部分，特别是萨金德拉·纳·桑亚尔领导下的部分人仍然积极参与革命运动，在印度北部创立了印度斯坦共和协会（Hindustan Republican Association）。来自孟加拉的一些印度国民大会党领导人，特别是苏巴斯·钱德拉·鲍斯，被英国政府指责在这段时间内与该组织有联系并允许该组织接受资助。 该组织的暴力和激进哲学在20世纪30年代复活，当时它参与了卡科里阴谋（Kakori conspiracy），和其他反对英属印度行政部门及其官员的尝试。 成立后不久，该组织成为大量警察和情报行动的焦点，导致了加尔各答警方特别分支的建立。领导警察和情报行动反对萨米提的警官，有罗伯特·内森爵士、哈罗德·斯图尔特爵士、查尔斯·史蒂文森-穆尔爵士和查尔斯·特加特爵士。第一次世界大战期间，萨米提在孟加拉的活动构成的威胁以及旁遮普邦的Ghadarite起义的威胁，导致1915年印度防卫法案的通过。这些措施包括逮捕、拘留、运输和处决与该组织有关的一些革命分子，这粉碎了东孟加拉分支。战争之后，罗拉特委员会建议延长“印度防务法”（作为 罗拉特法），以阻止孟加拉的萨米提和旁遮普邦的Ghadarite运动的任何可能的复兴。战后，该组织的活动导致1920年代初实施孟加拉刑法修正案，恢复了“印度防卫法”的监禁和拘留权。但是，萨米提逐渐传播到甘地运动。一些成员参加了由苏巴斯·钱德拉·鲍斯领导的印度国民大会党，而另一些成员则更加认同共产主义。祖甘塔尔分支正式解散于1938年。印度独立后，西孟加拉邦部分演变成革命社会党，而东部分支后来演变成现孟加拉国的工农社会党。 (zh)
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- Badal gupta.jpg (en)
- Benoy Krishna Basu.jpg (en)
- Dinesh Gupta 1.jpg (en)
rdfs:comment
- Анушилан Самити (бенг. অনুশীলন সমিতি — «Общество Саморазвития») — вооружённая подпольная антибританская организация первой четверти XX века. (ru)
- Anushilan Samiti (Bengali: অনুশীলন সমিতি, lit. 'bodybuilding society') was an Indian fitness club, which was actually used as an underground society for anti-British revolutionaries. In the first quarter of the 20th century it supported revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India. The organisation arose from a conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms (akhara) in Bengal in 1902. It had two prominent, somewhat independent, arms in East and West Bengal, Dhaka Anushilan Samiti (centred in Dhaka), and the Jugantar group (centred in Calcutta). (en)
- 阿努什兰·萨米提（英語：Anushilan Samiti；Ōnūshīlōnsōmītī，意：健身社群）是二十世纪前二十五年存在于孟加拉的组织，提倡以革命暴力结束英属印度统治。该组织源自1902年孟加拉地区本地青年团体和体育场馆（Akhra）的聚集。萨米提在东、西孟加拉有两个显著（一定程度上独立）的部分，分别是以达卡（今属孟加拉国）为中心的达卡·阿努什兰·萨米提（Dhaka Anushilan Samiti），以及祖甘塔尔（Jugantar）团体（以加尔各答为中心）。 从奠基到1930年代逐步解体，萨米提通过参与轰炸、暗杀和出于政治动机的暴力等激进的民族主义挑战英国在印度的统治。在其存在期间，萨米提与印度和其他国家的其他革命组织合作。它由民族主义者如師利·奧羅賓多和他的兄弟Barindra Ghosh等领导，并受到孟加拉文学家Bankim和斯瓦米·維韋卡南達提出的印度教夏克提哲学，意大利民族主义和冈仓天心的亞細亞主義等多种哲学的影响。其成立的第一个十年，萨米提参与了多项针对英国利益和其印度行政的引人注意的革命恐怖主义事件，其中包括戈什兄弟领导的刺杀英属印度官员的早期尝试。其后是1912年试图刺杀印度总督，和第一次世界大战期间分别由拉希·比哈里·鲍斯和Jatindranath Mukherjee领导的煽动性阴谋（Sedetious conspiracy）。 (zh)