dbo:abstract
- Biting is a common zoological behavior involving the active, rapid closing of the jaw around an object. This behavior is found in toothed animals such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish, but can also exist in arthropods. Myocytic contraction of the muscles of mastication is responsible for generating the force that initiates the preparatory jaw abduction (opening), then rapidly adducts (closes) the jaw and moves the top and bottom teeth towards each other, resulting in the forceful action of a bite. Biting is one of the main functions in most macro-organisms' life, providing them the ability to forage, hunt, eat, build, play, fight and protect, and much more. Biting may be a form of physical aggression due to predatory or territorial intentions, but can also be a normal activity of an animal as it eats, carries objects, softens and prepares food for its young, removes ectoparasites or irritating foreign objects (e.g. burred plant seeds) from body surface, scratches itself, and grooms other animals. Animal bites often result in serious punctures, avulsions, fractures, hemorrhages, infections, envenomation and death. In modern human societies, dog bites are the most common types, with children the most common victims and faces the most common targets. Other species that can exhibit such behavior towards human are typically aggressive urban animals such as feral cats, spiders and snakes, micropredators such as vampire bats and hematophagic arachnids (e.g. mosquitoes, fleas, lice, bedbugs and ticks, whose "bites" are actually a form of sting-like puncture rather than true biting), or dangerous wild carnivores such as wolves, big cats, bears, crocodilians and predatory fishes (e.g. sharks, barracudas and piranhas). (en)
- 啃咬（biting）是动物中常见的一种行为，指用颚部的主动用力闭合夹击其它物体。在啃咬过程中，咀嚼肌中肌纤维的收缩会产生拉力施加在颚部的颌骨关节上，先让颚部张开，等目标物体出于上下颌之间后再迅速闭合颚部产生夹击。如果颌骨上长有较为坚硬的牙齿，则可以通过足够大的咬合力穿透目标物体的表面，达到切割、撕裂或砸碎的作用。啃咬行为在有牙齿的有颌动物（比如哺乳动物、爬行动物、两栖动物和一些掠食性鱼类）中十分常见，但是鸟类和一些有特殊口器的节肢动物也会展现明显的啃咬行为。动物的咬合技能可以用来完成进食、捕猎、打斗、筑巢、搬运、养幼甚至社交等一系列行为，是宏观生物重要的生存技能。 在汉语中，“咬”一般指快速且较有冲击力的闭颚行为；“啃”则指较慢但压力更大、或重复性的咬合；而力量较轻、主要用来搬运物体的咬合通常称作“叼”。许多节肢动物口器造成的伤害在口语中也被称为“咬”，但其实大部分是穿刺型伤害，应该算是“叮”或“蜇”。 啃咬对目标生物体组织造成的创伤统称咬伤，根据牙齿形态和咬合力的不同可以产生贯穿伤、撕裂伤、瘀伤、骨折等不同形态的伤口，使得被咬者遭受流血、感染、传染病、神经受损、中毒、截肢、瘫痪残疾甚至死亡等恶性后果。在人类社会，最常见的来自动物的咬伤是犬类咬伤，其次是猫咬伤和猴子咬伤，此外广为大众所知的是蛇咬伤和鲨鱼袭击。 (zh)
rdfs:comment
- 啃咬（biting）是动物中常见的一种行为，指用颚部的主动用力闭合夹击其它物体。在啃咬过程中，咀嚼肌中肌纤维的收缩会产生拉力施加在颚部的颌骨关节上，先让颚部张开，等目标物体出于上下颌之间后再迅速闭合颚部产生夹击。如果颌骨上长有较为坚硬的牙齿，则可以通过足够大的咬合力穿透目标物体的表面，达到切割、撕裂或砸碎的作用。啃咬行为在有牙齿的有颌动物（比如哺乳动物、爬行动物、两栖动物和一些掠食性鱼类）中十分常见，但是鸟类和一些有特殊口器的节肢动物也会展现明显的啃咬行为。动物的咬合技能可以用来完成进食、捕猎、打斗、筑巢、搬运、养幼甚至社交等一系列行为，是宏观生物重要的生存技能。 在汉语中，“咬”一般指快速且较有冲击力的闭颚行为；“啃”则指较慢但压力更大、或重复性的咬合；而力量较轻、主要用来搬运物体的咬合通常称作“叼”。许多节肢动物口器造成的伤害在口语中也被称为“咬”，但其实大部分是穿刺型伤害，应该算是“叮”或“蜇”。 啃咬对目标生物体组织造成的创伤统称咬伤，根据牙齿形态和咬合力的不同可以产生贯穿伤、撕裂伤、瘀伤、骨折等不同形态的伤口，使得被咬者遭受流血、感染、传染病、神经受损、中毒、截肢、瘫痪残疾甚至死亡等恶性后果。在人类社会，最常见的来自动物的咬伤是犬类咬伤，其次是猫咬伤和猴子咬伤，此外广为大众所知的是蛇咬伤和鲨鱼袭击。 (zh)
- Biting is a common zoological behavior involving the active, rapid closing of the jaw around an object. This behavior is found in toothed animals such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish, but can also exist in arthropods. Myocytic contraction of the muscles of mastication is responsible for generating the force that initiates the preparatory jaw abduction (opening), then rapidly adducts (closes) the jaw and moves the top and bottom teeth towards each other, resulting in the forceful action of a bite. (en)