Boundary cell (original) (raw)
Boundary cells (also known as border cells or boundary vector cells) are neurons found in the hippocampal formation that respond to the presence of an environmental boundary at a particular distance and direction from an animal. The existence of cells with these firing characteristics were first predicted on the basis of properties of place cells. Boundary cells were subsequently discovered in several regions of the hippocampal formation: the subiculum, presubiculum and entorhinal cortex.
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| dbo:abstract | Boundary cells (also known as border cells or boundary vector cells) are neurons found in the hippocampal formation that respond to the presence of an environmental boundary at a particular distance and direction from an animal. The existence of cells with these firing characteristics were first predicted on the basis of properties of place cells. Boundary cells were subsequently discovered in several regions of the hippocampal formation: the subiculum, presubiculum and entorhinal cortex. O'Keefe and Burgess had noted that the firing fields of place cells, which characteristically respond only in a circumscribed area of an animal's environment, tended to fire in 'corresponding' locations when the shape and size of the environment was altered. For example, a place cell that fired in the northeastern corner of a rectangular environment might continue to fire in the northeastern corner when the size of the environment was doubled. To explain these observations, the Burgess and O'Keefe groups developed a computational model (Boundary Vector Cell - or BVC - model) of place cells that relied on inputs sensitive to the geometry of the environment to determine where a given place cell would fire in environments of different shapes and sizes. The hypothetical input cells (BVCs) responded to environmental boundaries at particular distances and allocentric directions from the rat. Separate studies emerging from different research groups identified cells with these characteristics in the subiculum, entorhinal cortex and pre- and para-subiculum where they were described variously as "BVCs", "boundary cells" and "border cells". These terms are somewhat interchangeable; the critical defining functional characteristics of associated with the different labelling schemes are rather arbitrary and any functional differences in cells found in different anatomical regions are not yet fully clear. For example, neurons classified as "border cells" may include some that fire at short range to any environmental boundary (regardless of direction). Additionally, the BVC model predicted the existence of a small proportion of cells with longer range tunings (i.e., firing parallel to, but at some distance from boundaries) and few such cells have been described to date. In general, although the general predictions of the BVC model regarding the existence of geometric boundary sensitive inputs were confirmed by the empirical observations it prompted, the more detailed characteristics such as the distribution of distance and direction tunings remain to be determined. In medial entorhinal cortex border/boundary cells comprise about 10% of local population, being intermingled with grid cells and head direction cells. During development MEC border cells (and HD cells but not grid cells) show adult-like firing fields as soon as rats are able to freely explore their environment at around 16-18 days old. This suggests HD and border cells, rather than grid cells, provide the first critical spatial input to hippocampal place cells. (en) As células de borda (também conhecidas como células de fronteira) são neurônios encontrados no hipocampo que respondem especificamente à presença de uma fronteira ambiental. A existência de células com essas características de disparo foi prevista pela primeira vez com base nas propriedades das células de lugar. Posteriormente, as células de borda foram descobertas em várias regiões da formação do hipocampo: o subículo, o pré-subículo e o córtex entorrinal. O'Keefe e Burgess notaram que os campos de disparo das células de lugar, que respondem apenas em uma área circunscrita do ambiente de um animal, tendiam a disparar em locais "correspondentes" quando a forma e o tamanho do ambiente eram alterados. Por exemplo, uma célula de lugar que disparou no canto nordeste de um ambiente retangular pode continuar a disparar no canto nordeste quando o tamanho do ambiente foi dobrado. Para explicar essas observações, os grupos de Burgess e O'Keefe desenvolveram um modelo computacional que dependia de entradas sensíveis à geometria do ambiente. As células de borda hipotéticasresponderiam (em teoria) aos limites ambientais em determinadas distâncias e direções alocêntricas do rato. Estudos separados emergentes de diferentes grupos de pesquisa identificaram células com essas características no subículo, córtex entorrinal e pré e para-subículo onde foram descritas como border cells ou boundary cells (células de borda). Esses termos são um tanto intercambiáveis; as características funcionais de definição críticas associadas aos diferentes esquemas de rotulagem são bastante arbitrárias e quaisquer diferenças funcionais nas células encontradas em diferentes regiões anatômicas ainda não são totalmente claras. Por exemplo, neurônios classificados como "células de fronteira" podem incluir alguns que disparam em curto alcance para qualquer limite ambiental (independentemente da direção). No córtex entorrinal medial (MEC), as células de fronteira/borda compreendem cerca de 10% da população local, sendo mescladas com células da grade e células da direção da cabeça (HD). Durante o desenvolvimento, as células de fronteira do MEC (e as células HD, mas não as células da grade) mostram campos de disparo semelhantes aos dos adultos assim que os ratos são capazes de explorar livremente seu ambiente por volta dos 16-18 dias de idade. Isso sugere que as células HD e de borda, e não as células de grade, fornecem a primeira entrada espacial crítica para as células de lugar do hipocampo. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | Boundary cells (also known as border cells or boundary vector cells) are neurons found in the hippocampal formation that respond to the presence of an environmental boundary at a particular distance and direction from an animal. The existence of cells with these firing characteristics were first predicted on the basis of properties of place cells. Boundary cells were subsequently discovered in several regions of the hippocampal formation: the subiculum, presubiculum and entorhinal cortex. (en) As células de borda (também conhecidas como células de fronteira) são neurônios encontrados no hipocampo que respondem especificamente à presença de uma fronteira ambiental. A existência de células com essas características de disparo foi prevista pela primeira vez com base nas propriedades das células de lugar. Posteriormente, as células de borda foram descobertas em várias regiões da formação do hipocampo: o subículo, o pré-subículo e o córtex entorrinal. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Boundary cell (en) Células de borda (pt) |
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