Breast tax (original) (raw)
The "breast tax" (or Mulakkaram in Malayalam) was a head tax imposed on women belonging to Nadar, Ezhava and other lower caste communities by the Kingdom of Tranvancore (in present-day Kerala state of India). The term "breast tax" had nothing to do with breasts, instead, the term refers to a gender-specific tax levied from women. According to subaltern beliefs the breast tax was imposed on lower class women if they covered their breasts. This belief has been questioned, as lower class women "were not allowed to wear upper garments in public" at all until 1859.
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| dbo:abstract | The "breast tax" (or Mulakkaram in Malayalam) was a head tax imposed on women belonging to Nadar, Ezhava and other lower caste communities by the Kingdom of Tranvancore (in present-day Kerala state of India). The term "breast tax" had nothing to do with breasts, instead, the term refers to a gender-specific tax levied from women. According to subaltern beliefs the breast tax was imposed on lower class women if they covered their breasts. This belief has been questioned, as lower class women "were not allowed to wear upper garments in public" at all until 1859. (en) Titien gaineko zerga (malabareraz: തലക്കരം, Mulakkaram) Erresumak (Indiako Kerala estatuan) behe kastako indiarrei eta ukiezinei (dalit) ezartzen zien zerga bat zen, jendaurrean bularrak estali nahi bazituzten, 1924ra arte. Espero zen behe kastako emakume ukiezinek beren bularren gaineko zerga ordainduko ziotela gobernuari, titiak garatzen hasi bezain laster. Behe-kastetako gizonek antzeko zerga bat ordaindu behar zuten, izenekoa, beren buruak estaltzeagatik. Travancoreko zerga-biltzaileek etxe bakoitza bisitatzen zuten pubertaroko adina igaro zuen beheragoko kastako edozein emakumeren bularren gaineko zerga kobratzeko. Zergaren kopurua biltzaileek ebaluatzen zuten, bularren tamainaren arabera. (eu) |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://ijrcs.rcsjournals.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/201708019.pdf http://www.davidkertzer.com/books/ritual-politics-and-power%7Cyear=1988%7Cpublisher=Yale http://press.princeton.edu/titles/5870.html https://archive.org/details/nadarsoftamilnad0000hard%7Curl-access=registration%7Coclc=12064 https://archive.org/details/nadarsoftamilnad0000hard/page/55 https://archive.org/details/nadarsoftamilnad0000hard/page/59 https://docs.google.com/viewer%3Fa=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxjcmlrc2NzYW1hZ3JhfGd4OjE5OTc0YzhhNWRlN2Y2MDM https://web.archive.org/web/20180422185251/http:/ijrcs.rcsjournals.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/201708019.pdf http://www.cambridge.org/nl/academic/subjects/history/south-asian-history/socio-religious-reform-movements-british-india%7Cyear=1989%7Cpublisher=Cambridge https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=03R1JWXcVYIC https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=0oscAAAAMAAJ https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=O_MnAAAAYAAJ https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=qutzDQAAQBAJ |
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| dbp:name | "Kent" (en) Age14 (en) ChannarRevolt (en) Headtax (en) cover_breasts_tax (en) upper-cloth (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | The "breast tax" (or Mulakkaram in Malayalam) was a head tax imposed on women belonging to Nadar, Ezhava and other lower caste communities by the Kingdom of Tranvancore (in present-day Kerala state of India). The term "breast tax" had nothing to do with breasts, instead, the term refers to a gender-specific tax levied from women. According to subaltern beliefs the breast tax was imposed on lower class women if they covered their breasts. This belief has been questioned, as lower class women "were not allowed to wear upper garments in public" at all until 1859. (en) Titien gaineko zerga (malabareraz: തലക്കരം, Mulakkaram) Erresumak (Indiako Kerala estatuan) behe kastako indiarrei eta ukiezinei (dalit) ezartzen zien zerga bat zen, jendaurrean bularrak estali nahi bazituzten, 1924ra arte. Espero zen behe kastako emakume ukiezinek beren bularren gaineko zerga ordainduko ziotela gobernuari, titiak garatzen hasi bezain laster. Behe-kastetako gizonek antzeko zerga bat ordaindu behar zuten, izenekoa, beren buruak estaltzeagatik. Travancoreko zerga-biltzaileek etxe bakoitza bisitatzen zuten pubertaroko adina igaro zuen beheragoko kastako edozein emakumeren bularren gaineko zerga kobratzeko. Zergaren kopurua biltzaileek ebaluatzen zuten, bularren tamainaren arabera. (eu) |
| rdfs:label | Breast tax (en) Titien gaineko zerga (eu) |
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