Charlotte Anita Whitney (original) (raw)
- شارلوت أنيتا ويتنيشارلوت أنيتا ويتني (7 يوليو 1867-4 فبراير 1955)، المعروفة باسم «أنيتا ويتني»، كانت ناشطة أمريكية في مجال حقوق المرأة، وناشطة سياسية، وناشطة في حق تصويت المرأة، ومن أوائل الأعضاء في حزب العمال الشيوعي الأمريكي ومنظمة الحزب الشيوعي الأمريكي في كاليفورنيا. تُذكر أنيتا ويتني بشكل كبير لكونها المدعى عليها في محاكمة النقابية الإجرامية في كاليفورنيا في عام 1920، وهي محاكمة ويتني ضد كاليفورنيا، والتي تضمنت رأيًا مؤيدًا للمحكمة العليا الأمريكية وافق عليه القاضي لويس برانديز بأن «خطرًا واضحًا وقائمًا» فقط سيكون كافيًا للقيود التشريعية للحق في حرية التعبير. استُخدِم هذا المعيار في النهاية ضد الشيوعيين مرة أخرى خلال الذعر الأحمر الثاني في خمسينيات القرن العشرين. (ar)
- Charlotte Anita Whitney (July 7, 1867 – February 4, 1955), best known as "Anita Whitney", was an American women's rights activist, political activist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organizer in California. She is best remembered as the defendant in a landmark 1920 California criminal syndicalism trial, Whitney v. California, which featured a landmark U.S. Supreme Court concurring opinion by Justice Louis Brandeis that only a "clear and present danger" would be sufficient for the legislative restriction of the right of free speech. This standard would ultimately be employed against the Communists again during the Second Red Scare of the 1950s. (en)
- Charlotte Anita Whitney (7 juillet 1867 - 4 février 1955) était une femme politique américaine membre du Parti communiste USA. (fr)
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- https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/655189
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/25158386
- https://www.nytimes.com/1922/09/17/archives/woman-tests-free-speech-case-against-anita-whitney-for-syndicalism.html
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- Charlotte Anita Whitney (7 juillet 1867 - 4 février 1955) était une femme politique américaine membre du Parti communiste USA. (fr)
- شارلوت أنيتا ويتنيشارلوت أنيتا ويتني (7 يوليو 1867-4 فبراير 1955)، المعروفة باسم «أنيتا ويتني»، كانت ناشطة أمريكية في مجال حقوق المرأة، وناشطة سياسية، وناشطة في حق تصويت المرأة، ومن أوائل الأعضاء في حزب العمال الشيوعي الأمريكي ومنظمة الحزب الشيوعي الأمريكي في كاليفورنيا. (ar)
- Charlotte Anita Whitney (July 7, 1867 – February 4, 1955), best known as "Anita Whitney", was an American women's rights activist, political activist, suffragist, and early Communist Labor Party of America and Communist Party USA organizer in California. (en)
- شارلوت أنيتا ويتني (ar)
- Charlotte Anita Whitney (en)
- Charlotte Anita Whitney (fr)
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