dbo:abstract
- The mass media in China consists primarily of television, newspapers, radio, and magazines. Since the start of the 21st century, the Internet has also emerged as an important form of communication by media, and is under the direct supervision and control of the Chinese government and ruling Chinese Communist Party. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and until the 1980s, almost all media outlets in Mainland China were state-run. Privately-owned media outlets only began to emerge at the onset of economic reforms, although state media outlets such as Xinhua News Agency, China Central Television (CCTV), and the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, People's Daily, continue to hold significant market share. Non-governmental media outlets that are allowed to operate within the PRC (excluding Hong Kong and Macau, which have separate media regulatory bodies) are no longer required to strictly follow every journalistic guideline set by the Chinese government. However, regulatory agencies, such as the General Administration of Press and Publication (GAPP) and the National Radio and Television Administration (NRTA), continue to set strict regulations on subjects considered taboo by the government, including but not limited to the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), pro-democracy movements, human rights in Tibet, the Uyghur genocide, pornography, and the banned religious topics, such as the Dalai Lama and Falun Gong. Hong Kong is also witnessing increasing self-censorship. Media controls were most relaxed during the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping, until they were tightened in the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. They were relaxed again under Jiang Zemin in the late 1990s, but the growing influence of the Internet and its potential to encourage dissent led to heavier regulations again under the government of Hu Jintao. Reporters Without Borders consistently ranks China very poorly on media freedoms in their annual releases of the Press Freedom Index, labeling the Chinese government as having "the sorry distinction of leading the world in repression of the Internet". In 2021, China ranked 177 out of 180 nations on the Press Freedom Index. Press in China is not free, with access to the open Internet restricted. (en)
- Medier i Kina utgörs av TV, radio och tidskrifter och webbplatser. Kina är världens största mediemarknad och medierna är kontrollerade av staten. Webbsidor blockeras, medier censureras, vissa ämnen är till och med förbjudna. Allt som kan hota kommunistpartiets maktställning i Kina censureras med andra ord. (sv)
- 中華人民共和國媒體是1949年中华人民共和国成立后所发展起来包括报纸、杂志、图书等纸面媒体和电影、广播、电视等电子媒体在内的消息媒介。2000年以来发展起来的基于卫星通信、互联网等技术的新兴媒体也被称为新媒体，与报刊、电影、广播、电视等传统媒体相对应。 1980年代起，中华人民共和国媒体开始商业化运作。媒体曾仅限为党政机关所有，但如今私有制比例已经增加。1990年代期间，中国政府逐步撤去了对中央和地方媒体的资助，仅保留了对人民日报和新华社等关键媒体的资助，而即便是人民日报也开始在2001年发行了商业化运营的京华时报。同年，香港商人于品海在中华人民共和国媒体中首度引入外资。2000年代以来，网络媒体兴起，成为主流媒体之一。到2018年底，中华人民共和国网络普及率达到了59.6%，网民规模达8.29亿，网络媒体的传播途径也由门户网站、新闻网站转为现今的微信、微博、移动客户端为主。 但在无国界记者组织发布的2019世界出版自由指数中，中华人民共和国在全球180个国家或地区中位居第177名。在中华人民共和国，记者面临骚扰和入狱威胁，常不得不进行自我审查。尽管宪法保障出版和言论自由，但是媒体监管的不透明使得政府可以通过指控其泄漏国家机密和威胁国家安全来打击媒体。据多家外媒报道，自习近平2012年上任中共中央总书记以来，中国内地的出版自由进一步下降。 (zh)
rdfs:comment
- Medier i Kina utgörs av TV, radio och tidskrifter och webbplatser. Kina är världens största mediemarknad och medierna är kontrollerade av staten. Webbsidor blockeras, medier censureras, vissa ämnen är till och med förbjudna. Allt som kan hota kommunistpartiets maktställning i Kina censureras med andra ord. (sv)
- 中華人民共和國媒體是1949年中华人民共和国成立后所发展起来包括报纸、杂志、图书等纸面媒体和电影、广播、电视等电子媒体在内的消息媒介。2000年以来发展起来的基于卫星通信、互联网等技术的新兴媒体也被称为新媒体，与报刊、电影、广播、电视等传统媒体相对应。 1980年代起，中华人民共和国媒体开始商业化运作。媒体曾仅限为党政机关所有，但如今私有制比例已经增加。1990年代期间，中国政府逐步撤去了对中央和地方媒体的资助，仅保留了对人民日报和新华社等关键媒体的资助，而即便是人民日报也开始在2001年发行了商业化运营的京华时报。同年，香港商人于品海在中华人民共和国媒体中首度引入外资。2000年代以来，网络媒体兴起，成为主流媒体之一。到2018年底，中华人民共和国网络普及率达到了59.6%，网民规模达8.29亿，网络媒体的传播途径也由门户网站、新闻网站转为现今的微信、微博、移动客户端为主。 但在无国界记者组织发布的2019世界出版自由指数中，中华人民共和国在全球180个国家或地区中位居第177名。在中华人民共和国，记者面临骚扰和入狱威胁，常不得不进行自我审查。尽管宪法保障出版和言论自由，但是媒体监管的不透明使得政府可以通过指控其泄漏国家机密和威胁国家安全来打击媒体。据多家外媒报道，自习近平2012年上任中共中央总书记以来，中国内地的出版自由进一步下降。 (zh)
- The mass media in China consists primarily of television, newspapers, radio, and magazines. Since the start of the 21st century, the Internet has also emerged as an important form of communication by media, and is under the direct supervision and control of the Chinese government and ruling Chinese Communist Party. (en)