Draining and development of the Everglades (original) (raw)

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A national push for expansion and progress toward the latter part of the 19th century stimulated interest in draining the Everglades, a region of tropical wetlands in southern Florida, for agricultural use. According to historians, "From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do."

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dbo:abstract A national push for expansion and progress toward the latter part of the 19th century stimulated interest in draining the Everglades, a region of tropical wetlands in southern Florida, for agricultural use. According to historians, "From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do." A pattern of political and financial motivation, and a lack of understanding of the geography and ecology of the Everglades have plagued the history of drainage projects. The Everglades are a part of a massive watershed that originates near Orlando and drains into Lake Okeechobee, a vast and shallow lake. As the lake exceeds its capacity in the wet season, the water forms a flat and very wide river, about 100 miles (160 km) long and 60 miles (97 km) wide. As the land from Lake Okeechobee slopes gradually to Florida Bay, water flows at a rate of half a mile (0.8 km) a day. Before human activity in the Everglades, the system comprised the lower third of the Florida peninsula. The first attempt to drain the region was made by real estate developer Hamilton Disston in 1881. Disston's sponsored canals were unsuccessful, but the land he purchased for them stimulated economic and population growth that attracted railway developer Henry Flagler. Flagler built a railroad along the east coast of Florida and eventually to Key West; towns grew and farmland was cultivated along the rail line. During his 1904 campaign to be elected governor, Napoleon Bonaparte Broward promised to drain the Everglades, and his later projects were more effective than Disston's. Broward's promises sparked a land boom facilitated by blatant errors in an engineer's report, pressure from real estate developers, and the burgeoning tourist industry throughout south Florida. The increased population brought hunters who went unchecked and had a devastating impact on the numbers of wading birds (hunted for their plumes), alligators, and other Everglades animals. Severe hurricanes in 1926 and 1928 caused catastrophic damage and flooding from Lake Okeechobee that prompted the Army Corps of Engineers to build a dike around the lake. Further floods in 1947 prompted an unprecedented construction of canals throughout southern Florida. Following another population boom after World War II, and the creation of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project, the Everglades was divided into sections separated by canals and water control devices that delivered water to agricultural and newly developed urban areas. However, in the late 1960s, following a proposal to construct a massive airport next to Everglades National Park, national attention turned from developing the land to restoring the Everglades. (en) エバーグレーズの排水と開発(英: Draining and development of the Everglades)では、アメリカ合衆国フロリダ半島の南部にある大湿地帯、エバーグレーズの開発史を概観する。その始まりは19世紀前半に遡る。第二次セミノール戦争が勃発した1836年、エバーグレーズのセミノール族インディアンを討伐すべく、彼らの居住地を探し出すことがアメリカ軍の任務だった。その任務を遂行する過程で、この地域の地形を確定する必要があった。この作業はしばしば紛糾と混乱を伴うものだった。19世紀の後半には、領土の拡充と開発を狙うアメリカ合衆国において興味の対象は、エバーグレーズを農地として活用すべく湿地から排水することに向けられた。歴史家によると、19世紀の半ばから20世紀の半ばにかけてのアメリカ合衆国の当時の感覚からすれば、湿地をなくすことに何の抵抗はなかったという。実際それは正当とみなされ実行された。 政財界で繰り出される思惑、エバーグレーズの地形と生態系に関する無理解のせいで、排水計画の歴史は苦難にみちたものであった。エバーグレーズはオーランド近くを水源とする広大な排水流域の一部であり、広く浅いオキーチョビー湖に注いでいる。雨季にこの湖の保水量を超えたときに、平坦で幅広い川を形成し、その長さは100マイル (160 km)、幅は60マイル (97 km) にもなった。オキーチョビー湖から南のフロリダ湾に向けて地形は緩やかな斜面になっているので、水は1日半マイル (0.8 km) の速度で流れた。エバーグレーズに人が入って来る以前、このような排水の体系がフロリダ半島の南3分の1に広がっていた。この地域から排水しようという最初の試みは、1881年、不動産開発業者のハミルトン・ディストンによるものだった。ディストンが出資した運河は結果的に成功しなかったものの、ディストンが用地を買収したことで、地域の経済成長と人口増加がうながされた。その様子は鉄道界の大立者ヘンリー・フラグラーの目にも留まった。フラグラーはフロリダ半島の東海岸に沿って鉄道を敷き、海を伝ってキーウェストまで開発の手を伸ばした。この鉄道に沿って町が成長し、農地が耕された。 フロリダ州知事ナポレオン・ボナパルト・ブロワードは、1904年の選挙運動の間にエバーグレーズから排水することを公約し、後にはその計画がディストンのものよりもさらに効果的なものになった。ブロワードの公約は土地ブームに火を点けた。このブームは、技術者の報告におけるあからさまな誤りや不動産開発業者からの圧力、あるいは南フロリダ全体で急成長する観光産業によって促進された。人口が増えるとハンターの流入にも歯止めが効かず、多くの水鳥(羽毛のために狩られた)、アリゲーターなどエバーグレーズの多くの動物に破壊的な影響を与えた。 1926年と1928年の激しいハリケーンが南フロリダに壊滅的な被害を与え、オキーチョビー湖から洪水が起きたことで、アメリカ陸軍工兵司令部が湖の周りに堤を築くことになった。1947年のハリケーンでも洪水が起こり、南フロリダ全体に前例の無いような運河網が建設された。第二次世界大戦後に新たな人口ブームが起こり、中央・南フロリダ洪水制御計画が創設され、エバーグレーズは運河と水流制御装置によって細かく分割され、それで農地や新開発の都会に水が配られた。しかし、1960年代後半、エバーグレーズ国立公園に隣接して大きな空港を建設する提案があったことが契機になって、国民の注意はエバーグレーズの土地を開発することよりも、元に戻すことの方に向けられた。 (ja)
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rdfs:comment A national push for expansion and progress toward the latter part of the 19th century stimulated interest in draining the Everglades, a region of tropical wetlands in southern Florida, for agricultural use. According to historians, "From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, the United States went through a period in which wetland removal was not questioned. Indeed, it was considered the proper thing to do." (en) エバーグレーズの排水と開発(英: Draining and development of the Everglades)では、アメリカ合衆国フロリダ半島の南部にある大湿地帯、エバーグレーズの開発史を概観する。その始まりは19世紀前半に遡る。第二次セミノール戦争が勃発した1836年、エバーグレーズのセミノール族インディアンを討伐すべく、彼らの居住地を探し出すことがアメリカ軍の任務だった。その任務を遂行する過程で、この地域の地形を確定する必要があった。この作業はしばしば紛糾と混乱を伴うものだった。19世紀の後半には、領土の拡充と開発を狙うアメリカ合衆国において興味の対象は、エバーグレーズを農地として活用すべく湿地から排水することに向けられた。歴史家によると、19世紀の半ばから20世紀の半ばにかけてのアメリカ合衆国の当時の感覚からすれば、湿地をなくすことに何の抵抗はなかったという。実際それは正当とみなされ実行された。 (ja)
rdfs:label Draining and development of the Everglades (en) エバーグレーズの排水と開発 (ja)
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