Dunash ibn Tamim (original) (raw)
Dounash ibn Tamim (hébreu : דונש אבן תמים, arabe : أبو سهل Abou Sahl) est un médecin de cour et érudit juif du Xe siècle.Pionnier de la philologie hébraïque et de l'étude scientifique parmi les Juifs arabophones d'Afrique du Nord, astronome réputé, c'est l'une des figures les plus illustres de l'ancienne communauté juive de Kairouan.
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| dbo:abstract | Dunasch ibn Tamim (hebr. דונש אבן תמים; * um 890 in Kairouan; † um 956) war ein jüdischer Gelehrter aus Nordafrika. Er wird auch Adonim genannt, eine hebräische Übersetzung des berberischen Namens Dunasch, welcher dem spanischen Dueños entspricht, und trägt den arabischen Übernamen Abu Sahl. Hauptsächlich bekannt geworden ist er durch seine Kommentare zum Sefer Jezira. Daneben verfasste er Werke über Sprachwissenschaft und Astronomie. In Kairouan studierte Dunasch bei Isaak Israeli, dem er einen großen Teil seiner denkerischen Entwicklung verdankte und wahrscheinlich von ihm auch medizinische Kenntnisse erwarb. Die meisten Werke von Dunasch wurden wohl auf Arabisch geschrieben. Die folgenden drei sind nicht mehr erhalten: a) eine vergleichende Studie der arabischen und hebräischen Sprache, b) ein Buch über die indische Infinitesimalrechnung, wahrscheinlich unter dem Titel ḥisab al-Gubar, und c) eine dreiteilige Abhandlung über Astronomie. Letzteres Werk wurde auf Ersuchen von Chisdai ibn Schaprut verfasst. Als Manuskript erhalten ist eine Abhandlung über das astronomische Instrument Armillarsphäre, die einem Würdenträger der Fatimidendynastie gewidmet wurde. Der Kommentar zum Sefer Jezira wurde 955-56 geschrieben. In der Kairoer Genisa ist bisher nur etwa ein Drittel des arabischen Urtextes erschlossen worden. Es existieren jedoch vier hebräische Versionen aus dem Mittelalter, von denen zwei anonym sind und wohl auf arabischen Zusammenfassungen beruhen. Der Kommentar enthält Gedanken zu Themen wie der körperlose Gott als Schöpfer eines perfekt geregelten Universums, eine Hierarchie der Seelen in den verschiedenen Sphären sowie prophetische Inspiration, die in ihrer höchsten Verkörperung, wie zum Beispiel im Falle von Moses, mit plotinischer Ekstase zusammenfällt. Dunaschs Kommentar wird im Laufe des Mittelalters mehrmals erwähnt, unter anderem von Abraham Abulafia. (de) Dunash ibn Tamim (Hebrew: דונש אבן תמים) was a Jewish tenth century scholar, and a pioneer of scientific study among Arabic-speaking Jews. His Arabic name was أبو سهل Abu Sahl; his surname, according to an isolated statement of Moses ibn Ezra, was "Al-Shafalgi," perhaps after his (unknown) birthplace. Another name referring to him is Adonim. His first name seems to have been native to northern Africa, it was common among medieval Berbers. The younger contemporary of Ibn Tamim, Dunash ben Labrat, for instance, was born in Fez. Details concerning Ibn Tamim's life and activities have been gathered principally from his Sefer Yetzirah commentary. In this commentary, which was written in 955–956 CE, Saadia Gaon is mentioned as no longer living. The author refers, however, to the correspondence which was carried on when he was about twenty years of age between his teacher, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, and Saadia, before the latter's arrival in Babylonia, consequently before 928; hence Tamim was born about the beginning of the tenth century. Like his teacher, he was physician in ordinary at the court of the Fatimid caliphs of Kairouan, and to one of these, Isma'il ibn al-Ḳa'im al-Manṣur, Tamim dedicated an astronomical work, in the second part of which he disclosed the weak points in the principles of astrology. Another of his astronomical works, prepared for Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Cordova, consisted of three parts: (1) the nature of the spheres; (2) astronomical calculations; (3) the courses of the stars. The Arabian author Ibn Baitar, in his book on simple medicaments, quotes the following interesting remark on the rose, made by Ibn Tamim in one of his medicinal works: "There are yellow roses, and in Iraq, as I am informed, also black ones. The finest rose is the Persian, which is said never to open." The Arabic original of Ibn Tamim's commentary on the Sefer Yetzirah no longer exists. In the Hebrew translations the manuscripts are widely dissimilar, and contain varying statements regarding the author. In several of these manuscripts Ibn Tamim is expressly referred to as the author; in one instance he is named again, but with his teacher, while in another Jacob ben Nissim is named, who lived in Kairouan at the end of the Tenth century. It appears that Isaac Israeli, who is mentioned elsewhere as a commentator on the Sefer Yetzirah, actually had a part in the authorship of the work. But the majority of the statements contained in the commentary itself justify the assumption that Ibn Tamim was the author. He must, therefore, have selected the commentary of his teacher as his basis, while the finishing touch must have been given by Jacob b. Nissim. A short recension of the commentary (Bodleian MS. No. 2250) was published by Manasseh Grossberg, London, 1902. (en) Dounash ibn Tamim (hébreu : דונש אבן תמים, arabe : أبو سهل Abou Sahl) est un médecin de cour et érudit juif du Xe siècle.Pionnier de la philologie hébraïque et de l'étude scientifique parmi les Juifs arabophones d'Afrique du Nord, astronome réputé, c'est l'une des figures les plus illustres de l'ancienne communauté juive de Kairouan. (fr) |
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| rdfs:comment | Dounash ibn Tamim (hébreu : דונש אבן תמים, arabe : أبو سهل Abou Sahl) est un médecin de cour et érudit juif du Xe siècle.Pionnier de la philologie hébraïque et de l'étude scientifique parmi les Juifs arabophones d'Afrique du Nord, astronome réputé, c'est l'une des figures les plus illustres de l'ancienne communauté juive de Kairouan. (fr) Dunasch ibn Tamim (hebr. דונש אבן תמים; * um 890 in Kairouan; † um 956) war ein jüdischer Gelehrter aus Nordafrika. Er wird auch Adonim genannt, eine hebräische Übersetzung des berberischen Namens Dunasch, welcher dem spanischen Dueños entspricht, und trägt den arabischen Übernamen Abu Sahl. Hauptsächlich bekannt geworden ist er durch seine Kommentare zum Sefer Jezira. Daneben verfasste er Werke über Sprachwissenschaft und Astronomie. (de) Dunash ibn Tamim (Hebrew: דונש אבן תמים) was a Jewish tenth century scholar, and a pioneer of scientific study among Arabic-speaking Jews. His Arabic name was أبو سهل Abu Sahl; his surname, according to an isolated statement of Moses ibn Ezra, was "Al-Shafalgi," perhaps after his (unknown) birthplace. Another name referring to him is Adonim. His first name seems to have been native to northern Africa, it was common among medieval Berbers. The younger contemporary of Ibn Tamim, Dunash ben Labrat, for instance, was born in Fez. (en) |
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