February Manifesto (original) (raw)
Is éard a bhí i gceist le Forógra na Feabhra i stair na Fionlainne ná an forógra a d'eisigh impire na Rúise (Nioclás II) ar an 15 Feabhra 1899 le cuid den fhéinrialtas a bhaint d'. Go dtí sin, bhí sé de chumhacht ag Dáil na Fionlainne gan glacadh leis na dlíthe nua Rúiseacha - is é sin, ní thugadh na Fionlannaigh aird ach ar an gcuid sin den reachtaíocht uile-Rúiseach a raibh siad sásta léi. Ó bhí na Fionlannaigh sách dílis don Impire ar dhóigheanna eile, tháinig an Forógra seo aniar aduaidh orthu ar fad, agus iad den tuairim gur míthuiscint de chineál éigin a bhí i gceist. D'achainigh leathmhilliún Fionlannach ar an Impire an forógra a chur ar ceal, ó shíl siad nach ón Impire féin a tháinig an forógra, ach ó chomhairleoir éigin nár thuig cúrsaí na Fionlainne.
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| dbo:abstract | Das Februarmanifest 1899 war ein Versuch, im Wege der Russifizierungspolitik der Jahrhundertwende die traditionellen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Freiheiten des Großfürstentums Finnland massiv einzuschränken. Es bewirkte eine massenhafte Mobilisierung der finnischen Nation und stimulierte damit die finnische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung. Das seit 1809 unter russischer Oberhoheit stehende Großfürstentum Finnland besaß bis 1899 bedeutende Sonderrechte in Handel, Politik und Verwaltung. Im Vergleich zur zaristischen Autokratie herrschte weitgehende Pressefreiheit, finnische Rekruten dienten nur drei Jahre in einer eigenen finnischen Armee (russische Rekruten mussten dagegen bis zu 5 Jahre Wehrdienst leisten). Finnland verfügte über eine eigene, an den Goldstandard gebundene Währung.Diese Sonderrechte sollten durch das vom russischen Generalgouverneur Nikolai Bobrikow 1899 promulgierte, und damit nach Verkündigung sofort in Kraft gesetzte, Februarmanifest weitgehend aufgelöst werden. Auch der Druck finnischsprachiger Druckwerke wurde stark eingeschränkt. Eine Petition von 520.000 Finnen an Zar Nikolaus II. blieb folgenlos, durch das Sprachenmanifest von 1900 wurde Russisch als Verwaltungssprache etabliert, ab 1901 wurden finnische Rekruten in die allgemeine russische Armee eingezogen. Das Februarmanifest und seine Folgedekrete stimulierten die finnische Opposition auf allen Ebenen. Bobrikow selbst wurde von einem Attentäter 1904 ermordet, erfolgreicher erwiesen sich aber Massenproteste wie der am 30. Oktober 1905 begonnene Generalstreik, der am 4. November 1905 zum Novembermanifest führte, mit dem Zar Nikolaus II. einige der härtesten Unterdrückungsmaßnahmen zurücknahm. Die Restriktionen für finnischsprachige Druckerzeugnisse auf Bücher ökonomischen Inhaltes stimulierte im Übrigen das finnische Genossenschaftswesen, das um 1900 eine besondere Blüte erlebte. (de) The February Manifesto, also known as His Imperial Majesty's Graceful Announcement (decree collection 3/1899) was a legislative act given by Emperor of Russia Nicholas II on 15 February 1899, defining the legislation order of laws concerning the Grand Duchy of Finland. This included all laws which also concerned the interest of the Empire of Russia. The manifesto left the Diet of Finland only an advisory role in passing these laws. The February Manifesto was seen as the beginning of the first period of Russian oppression and generally the start of Russification of Finland. The fundamental statutes of state legislation procedure were published in connection with the manifesto, based on which the Russian state council would review the law proposals. The emperor had the final decision. There was no definition or restriction of what matters the state legislation concerned. The February Manifesto was prepared in secret from the Finns, although it was based on the work of two Russian-Finnish committees active in the early 1890s. Its immediate purpose was to enable the discontinuation of the Finnish military conscripted in 1881, which the Diet of Finland did not want to agree to. However, the manifesto acted as a start for the politics driven by Nikolay Bobrikov who had been appointed Governor-General of Finland in 1898, which aimed at narrowing the autonomy of Finland and other ways of Russification of Finland. The Great Petition was assembled to counter the manifesto. The Finns felt the February Manifesto was a coup d'etat. When Finland had been annexed to Russia in 1809, emperor Alexander I had promised that the old laws could stay in force. According to the interpretation in Finland at the time, this also included the Swedish Gustavian era constitution, defining the rights of the Diet of Finland. These rights had been respected ever since the Diet of Finland first assembled in 1863. Narrowing the rights of the Diet of Finland by a unilateral edict from the emperor was seen as a breach of constitution. According to the Finns, Nicholas II also broke his imperial oath, where he had promised to protect the laws of Finland. From the Russian point of view, the Finnish constitution could not override the autocracy of the emperor. Although the February Manifesto narrowed the autonomy of Finland, it has gained a reputation bigger than its actual content throughout history. The only law directly enacted by the manifesto was the , which discontinued the military of Finland and forced the Finnish people to undergo military conscription in the military of Russia. The February Manifesto was first temporarily repealed by the in 1905 and then permanently by the in 1917. (en) Le manifeste de février signé par Nicolas II le 15 février 1899 est une tentative de mettre fin au système de coopération institué par Alexandre Ier pour le grand-duché de Finlande attaché par une union personnelle à la personne de l'empereur de Russie. Il diminue les libertés traditionnelles du pays et rend les lois de l'Empire russe supérieures à celles du grand-duché. Il renforce l'usage de la langue russe dans l'administration (qui utilisait le suédois et dans une moindre mesure le finnois) et impose l'usage du russe pour certaines matières du système secondaire. De plus la conscription oblige désormais les appelés à servir n'importe où dans l'Empire russe et non plus seulement en Finlande. Finalement le système est abandonné et les natifs de Finlande ne sont plus appelés à faire leur service militaire et l'armée finlandaise est abolie. La promulgation du manifeste de février par le gouverneur-général Bobrikov (nommé en 1898) provoque de grandes manifestations d'hostilité et en réaction la restriction de la liberté de réunion et la censure de la presse par le gouverneur-général. Celui-ci finit par être assassiné le 16 juillet 1904 par Eugen Schauman. (fr) Is éard a bhí i gceist le Forógra na Feabhra i stair na Fionlainne ná an forógra a d'eisigh impire na Rúise (Nioclás II) ar an 15 Feabhra 1899 le cuid den fhéinrialtas a bhaint d'. Go dtí sin, bhí sé de chumhacht ag Dáil na Fionlainne gan glacadh leis na dlíthe nua Rúiseacha - is é sin, ní thugadh na Fionlannaigh aird ach ar an gcuid sin den reachtaíocht uile-Rúiseach a raibh siad sásta léi. Ó bhí na Fionlannaigh sách dílis don Impire ar dhóigheanna eile, tháinig an Forógra seo aniar aduaidh orthu ar fad, agus iad den tuairim gur míthuiscint de chineál éigin a bhí i gceist. D'achainigh leathmhilliún Fionlannach ar an Impire an forógra a chur ar ceal, ó shíl siad nach ón Impire féin a tháinig an forógra, ach ó chomhairleoir éigin nár thuig cúrsaí na Fionlainne. (ga) Februarimanifestet eller Hans Kejserliga Majestäts Nådiga Manifest (FFS 3/1899) var ett ryskt kejserligt manifest som gavs Storfurstendömet Finland den 15 februari 1899 (3 februari enligt ryska kalendern). Manifesten innehöll "grundstadganden angående utarbetande, granskning och promulgerande af lagar, som utfärdas för Kejsaredömet, inbegripet Storfurstendömet Finland". Detta manifest inledde en period av aktiv förryskningspolitik i Finland. Dess innebörd var, att rikslagarna, dvs. sådana finländska lagar, som kunde anses beröra hela rikets intressen, härefter inte skulle stiftas av kejsaren och Finlands lantdag, utan att beslutanderätten skulle tillkomma kejsaren och det ryska riksrådet. Lantdagen skulle endast få avge utlåtande om dessa lagar. Kejsaren kom i och med detta att få avgöra vilka lagar som skulle betecknas som rikslagar. Ett ärende som ansågs ligga utanför lantdagens befogenhet var till exempel frågan om Finlands militär. Februarimanifestet kom som en överraskning för de ledande kretsarna i Finland. Här var man till en början övertygad om att tsar Nikolaj II blivit vilseledd av sina panslavistiska rådgivare och att han skulle återkalla manifestet så snart dess rättsliga innebörd blivit klargjord för honom. Med tio röster mot tio beslöts vid en omröstning i senatens ekonomiedepartement, där viceordförandens röst avgjorde, att februarimanifestet skulle kungöras (promulgeras). Sedan senaten och lantdagen på olika sätt protesterat mot det olagliga manifestet, tillkom på privat initiativ vädjan till kejsaren i form av en stor folkadress (se den stora deputationen). Februarimanifestet var formellt i kraft till den 4 november 1905, då kejsaren efter storstrejken utfärdade ett manifest (novembermanifestet), genom vilket det återkallades och landets grundlagar bekräftades. (sv) |
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| rdfs:comment | Is éard a bhí i gceist le Forógra na Feabhra i stair na Fionlainne ná an forógra a d'eisigh impire na Rúise (Nioclás II) ar an 15 Feabhra 1899 le cuid den fhéinrialtas a bhaint d'. Go dtí sin, bhí sé de chumhacht ag Dáil na Fionlainne gan glacadh leis na dlíthe nua Rúiseacha - is é sin, ní thugadh na Fionlannaigh aird ach ar an gcuid sin den reachtaíocht uile-Rúiseach a raibh siad sásta léi. Ó bhí na Fionlannaigh sách dílis don Impire ar dhóigheanna eile, tháinig an Forógra seo aniar aduaidh orthu ar fad, agus iad den tuairim gur míthuiscint de chineál éigin a bhí i gceist. D'achainigh leathmhilliún Fionlannach ar an Impire an forógra a chur ar ceal, ó shíl siad nach ón Impire féin a tháinig an forógra, ach ó chomhairleoir éigin nár thuig cúrsaí na Fionlainne. (ga) The February Manifesto, also known as His Imperial Majesty's Graceful Announcement (decree collection 3/1899) was a legislative act given by Emperor of Russia Nicholas II on 15 February 1899, defining the legislation order of laws concerning the Grand Duchy of Finland. This included all laws which also concerned the interest of the Empire of Russia. The manifesto left the Diet of Finland only an advisory role in passing these laws. The February Manifesto was seen as the beginning of the first period of Russian oppression and generally the start of Russification of Finland. (en) Das Februarmanifest 1899 war ein Versuch, im Wege der Russifizierungspolitik der Jahrhundertwende die traditionellen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Freiheiten des Großfürstentums Finnland massiv einzuschränken. Es bewirkte eine massenhafte Mobilisierung der finnischen Nation und stimulierte damit die finnische Unabhängigkeitsbewegung. (de) Le manifeste de février signé par Nicolas II le 15 février 1899 est une tentative de mettre fin au système de coopération institué par Alexandre Ier pour le grand-duché de Finlande attaché par une union personnelle à la personne de l'empereur de Russie. Il diminue les libertés traditionnelles du pays et rend les lois de l'Empire russe supérieures à celles du grand-duché. Il renforce l'usage de la langue russe dans l'administration (qui utilisait le suédois et dans une moindre mesure le finnois) et impose l'usage du russe pour certaines matières du système secondaire. De plus la conscription oblige désormais les appelés à servir n'importe où dans l'Empire russe et non plus seulement en Finlande. Finalement le système est abandonné et les natifs de Finlande ne sont plus appelés à faire leur (fr) Februarimanifestet eller Hans Kejserliga Majestäts Nådiga Manifest (FFS 3/1899) var ett ryskt kejserligt manifest som gavs Storfurstendömet Finland den 15 februari 1899 (3 februari enligt ryska kalendern). Manifesten innehöll "grundstadganden angående utarbetande, granskning och promulgerande af lagar, som utfärdas för Kejsaredömet, inbegripet Storfurstendömet Finland". Februarimanifestet var formellt i kraft till den 4 november 1905, då kejsaren efter storstrejken utfärdade ett manifest (novembermanifestet), genom vilket det återkallades och landets grundlagar bekräftades. (sv) |
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