Federal League (original) (raw)

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The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, known simply as the Federal League, was an American professional baseball league that played its first season as a minor league in 1913 and operated as a "third major league", in competition with the established National and American Leagues, from 1914 to 1915. The Federal League came together in early 1913 through the work of John T. Powers, and immediately challenged the operations of organized baseball as a minor league playing outside of the National Agreement. After James A. Gilmore succeeded Powers as league president, the league declared itself to be a major league. Playing in what detractors called the "outlaw" league allowed players to avoid the restrictions of the organized leagues' reserve clause. The competition of another, better paying league caused players' salaries to skyrocket, demonstrating the bargaining potential of free agency for the first time since the war between the AL and NL. Interference by the National and American Leagues in their operations caused the Federal League to fold after the 1915 season. This resulted in a landmark federal lawsuit, Federal Baseball Club v. National League, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act did not apply to Major League Baseball. The Federal League left its mark on baseball history in the field now known as Wrigley Field, which was originally built for the Chicago Whales Federal League team. The league itself and many sports writers considered it a major league during its existence; organized baseball recognized its major league status in 1968. Not including certain periods of the Negro leagues, it would be the last independent major league outside the established structure of professional baseball to make it to the playing field, and would be the last serious attempt to create a third major league until the abortive Continental League of 1960. (en)
Djo Djo de son vrai nom John ARNAUD-GRANGIS est né le 30 septembre 1995 à La Rochelle de parents français. (fr)
페더럴 리그(Federal League)는 메이저 리그 베이스볼에 대항하기 위해 미국에서 1914년에서 1915년까지 있었던 이나 2시즌 만에 소멸됐고 소속 구단 일부는 기존 리그에 흡수됐다.4팀들이 대도시에(시카고, 세인트루이스, 피츠버그, 브루클린), 나머지 4팀은 비연고 지역(볼티모어, 버펄로, 인디애나폴리스, 캔자스시티)에 배치되었으며 1914년 시카고 팀(훼일즈)의 홈구장으로 만들어진 리글리 필드가 1916년부터 메이저리그 시카고 컵스의 홈구장으로 사용 중이다. (ko)
フェデラル・リーグ（英語: Federal League）は、1913年から1915年の間、アメリカ合衆国で運営されていたプロ野球リーグ。1968年の決議により1914年、1915年の2年間の運営についてメジャーリーグとして扱われ、戦績や選手記録などがメジャー記録に含まれている。 (ja)
Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, Federal League – nieistniejąca liga baseballowa powstała w 1913 roku, będąca jedną z trzech głównych lig w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Zespoły Federal League oferowały zawodnikom o wiele wyższe płace niż kluby National League i American League; pierwszym baseballistą, który podpisał kontrakt z klubem nowo utworzonej ligi był , dwukrotny zwycięzca w World Series z Chicago Cubs w 1907 i 1908 roku. Władze National League i American League obawiając się odejścia najlepszych zawodników do Federal League oferowały wyższe kontrakty między innymi Ty Cobbowi, Trisowi Speakerowi i Walterowi Johnsonowi. W sezonie 1914 ligę reprezentowało osiem zespołów: * (bilans zwycięstw i porażek 88–65, zwycięzca) * (87–67) * (84–70) * (80–71) * (77–77) * (67–84) * (64–86) * (62–89). W 1915 Federal League ponownie zrzeszała osiem zespołów; mistrzem został zespół Chicago Whales, który o 0,1% zwycięstw wyprzedził w tabeli St. Louis Terriers i o 0,4% Pittsburgh Rebels : * (bilans zwycięstw i porażek 86–66, zwycięzca) * (87–67) * (86–67) * (81–72) * (80–72) * (74–78) * (70–82) * (47–107). W grudniu 1915 podpisano ugodę, no mocy której zarząd National League i American League wypłacił 600 tysięcy dolarów właścicielom klubów Federal League w zamian za jej rozwiązanie. Ponadto dwóm właścicielom klubów Federal League zezwolono na kupno dwóch zespołów (po jednym z National League i American League). (pl)
A Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, conhecida simplesmente como Federal League, foi uma liga profissional de beisebol que teve sua primeira temporada em 1913 e operou como uma "terceira grande liga", concorrendo com as já estabelecidas Liga Nacional e a Liga Americana de 1914 até 1915 A Federal League se formou no começo de 1913 através do trabalho de John T. Powers e imediatamente desafiou o beisebol organizado já existente. Detratores a chamavam de liga "fora-da-lei" pois permitia aos jogadores evitar as restrições das outras ligas como a chamada "cláusula de reserva", que era parte dos contratos dos jogadores e que declarava que após o término do contrato, os direitos do jogador eram retidos pelo time. Isto significava que o jogador não estava livre para entrar em outro contrato com outro time. Uma vez assinado o contrato, um jogador poderia ser novamente contratado, negociado, vendido ou liberado conforme o capricho do time. A competição entre as ligas levou o salário dos jogadores às alturas, demonstrando pela primeira vez o potencial de barganha de ser "livre" após o término do contrato. Interferências da Liga Nacional e Liga Americana em suas operações causaram o fechamento da Federal League após a temporada de 1915. Isto resultou em um marco divisório nas ações legais federais conhecida como , na qual a Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos em última instância decidiu que a Lei Sherman Antitruste não se aplicava à Major League Baseball. A Federal League deixou sua marca na história do beisebol no campo agora conhecido como Wrigley Field, que foi originalmente construído para o time da Federal League, . A própria liga e muitos cronistas esportivos a consideraram uma grande liga durante sua existência; o beisebol organizado reconheceu seu status de grande liga em 1968. Seria a última grande liga independente fora da estrutura estabelecida do beisebol profissional a fazê-lo para o campo de jogo, e seria a última tentativa séria de criar uma terceira grande liga até a abortada de 1960. (pt)
聯邦聯盟棒球俱樂部（英語：Federal League of Base Ball Clubs），簡稱聯邦聯盟（邦聯），為一個曾在美國出現的職棒聯盟。聯邦聯盟於1913年成立，1914年加入大聯盟系統，以第三個職棒聯盟的名義和美國聯盟、國家聯盟競爭。最後聯邦聯盟在競爭兩年後於1915年迅速解散。 1913年早期，約翰·T·波爾斯組成了聯邦聯盟，此舉大大的改變了大聯盟原有的運作模式。為了能夠和美聯、國聯競爭，聯邦聯盟允許球員不受大聯盟保留條款的拘束。雖然此法快速地吸引球員加盟，但也招受許多批評。除此之外，聯邦聯盟還會用高薪吸引球員加入，讓美國出現了自由球員制度的前身。 1915年球季結束後，美國聯盟和國家聯盟合作打壓，使得聯邦聯盟迅速倒閉。日後還發生了《聯邦聯盟棒球俱樂部訴國家聯盟案》，最後美國法院以休曼法案不適用於大聯盟為由判處邦聯敗訴。雖然聯邦聯盟僅維持兩三年便宣告解散，但其對於棒球界還是有些許貢獻。像是現今小熊隊的瑞格利球場，這座球場是為了聯邦聯盟的球隊芝加哥鯨魚來興建的。最後大聯盟在1968年時宣布承認聯邦聯盟的比賽記錄，在扣除黑人聯盟後，聯邦聯盟也成為美國最後一支獨立運作的職棒聯盟。 (zh)

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Djo Djo de son vrai nom John ARNAUD-GRANGIS est né le 30 septembre 1995 à La Rochelle de parents français. (fr)
페더럴 리그(Federal League)는 메이저 리그 베이스볼에 대항하기 위해 미국에서 1914년에서 1915년까지 있었던 이나 2시즌 만에 소멸됐고 소속 구단 일부는 기존 리그에 흡수됐다.4팀들이 대도시에(시카고, 세인트루이스, 피츠버그, 브루클린), 나머지 4팀은 비연고 지역(볼티모어, 버펄로, 인디애나폴리스, 캔자스시티)에 배치되었으며 1914년 시카고 팀(훼일즈)의 홈구장으로 만들어진 리글리 필드가 1916년부터 메이저리그 시카고 컵스의 홈구장으로 사용 중이다. (ko)
フェデラル・リーグ（英語: Federal League）は、1913年から1915年の間、アメリカ合衆国で運営されていたプロ野球リーグ。1968年の決議により1914年、1915年の2年間の運営についてメジャーリーグとして扱われ、戦績や選手記録などがメジャー記録に含まれている。 (ja)
聯邦聯盟棒球俱樂部（英語：Federal League of Base Ball Clubs），簡稱聯邦聯盟（邦聯），為一個曾在美國出現的職棒聯盟。聯邦聯盟於1913年成立，1914年加入大聯盟系統，以第三個職棒聯盟的名義和美國聯盟、國家聯盟競爭。最後聯邦聯盟在競爭兩年後於1915年迅速解散。 1913年早期，約翰·T·波爾斯組成了聯邦聯盟，此舉大大的改變了大聯盟原有的運作模式。為了能夠和美聯、國聯競爭，聯邦聯盟允許球員不受大聯盟保留條款的拘束。雖然此法快速地吸引球員加盟，但也招受許多批評。除此之外，聯邦聯盟還會用高薪吸引球員加入，讓美國出現了自由球員制度的前身。 1915年球季結束後，美國聯盟和國家聯盟合作打壓，使得聯邦聯盟迅速倒閉。日後還發生了《聯邦聯盟棒球俱樂部訴國家聯盟案》，最後美國法院以休曼法案不適用於大聯盟為由判處邦聯敗訴。雖然聯邦聯盟僅維持兩三年便宣告解散，但其對於棒球界還是有些許貢獻。像是現今小熊隊的瑞格利球場，這座球場是為了聯邦聯盟的球隊芝加哥鯨魚來興建的。最後大聯盟在1968年時宣布承認聯邦聯盟的比賽記錄，在扣除黑人聯盟後，聯邦聯盟也成為美國最後一支獨立運作的職棒聯盟。 (zh)
The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, known simply as the Federal League, was an American professional baseball league that played its first season as a minor league in 1913 and operated as a "third major league", in competition with the established National and American Leagues, from 1914 to 1915. (en)
Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, Federal League – nieistniejąca liga baseballowa powstała w 1913 roku, będąca jedną z trzech głównych lig w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Zespoły Federal League oferowały zawodnikom o wiele wyższe płace niż kluby National League i American League; pierwszym baseballistą, który podpisał kontrakt z klubem nowo utworzonej ligi był , dwukrotny zwycięzca w World Series z Chicago Cubs w 1907 i 1908 roku. Władze National League i American League obawiając się odejścia najlepszych zawodników do Federal League oferowały wyższe kontrakty między innymi Ty Cobbowi, Trisowi Speakerowi i Walterowi Johnsonowi. (pl)
A Federal League of Base Ball Clubs, conhecida simplesmente como Federal League, foi uma liga profissional de beisebol que teve sua primeira temporada em 1913 e operou como uma "terceira grande liga", concorrendo com as já estabelecidas Liga Nacional e a Liga Americana de 1914 até 1915 (pt)

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