Golden Charter of Bern (original) (raw)
Die Goldene Handfeste von Bern (auch: Berner Handfeste) ist eine mittelalterliche Stadtrechtsurkunde, angeblich ausgestellt am 15. April 1218 in Frankfurt am Main durch König Friedrich II. Bern wurde durch sie zur Freien Reichsstadt und de facto zur unabhängigen Stadtrepublik. Nach heute vorherrschender (aber nicht unumstrittener) Auffassung ist sie eine nachträglich im 13. Jahrhundert erstellte Fälschung. Sie wird im Staatsarchiv des Kantons Bern verwahrt.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| dbo:abstract | Die Goldene Handfeste von Bern (auch: Berner Handfeste) ist eine mittelalterliche Stadtrechtsurkunde, angeblich ausgestellt am 15. April 1218 in Frankfurt am Main durch König Friedrich II. Bern wurde durch sie zur Freien Reichsstadt und de facto zur unabhängigen Stadtrepublik. Nach heute vorherrschender (aber nicht unumstrittener) Auffassung ist sie eine nachträglich im 13. Jahrhundert erstellte Fälschung. Sie wird im Staatsarchiv des Kantons Bern verwahrt. (de) The Golden Charter of Bern (also: Golden Bull, in German: Goldene Handfeste or Berner Handfeste) is a medieval charter purporting to have been issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. It establishes the town privileges of Bern (now the capital of Switzerland), making it an Imperial Free City and, effectively, an independent state. The charter is dated to 1218, but is now believed by most scholars to be a Bernese forgery from the middle of the 13th century. The charter's 54 articles provided for extensive privileges, including the free election of the Schultheiss (i.e., mayor) and the right to autonomously legislate. It also provided for the establishment of an Imperial Mint, which was established in 1228 at the latest, to coin Berner Pfennige. These rights were formally confirmed by King Rudolf I in 1274, and the issue of the charter's authenticity thus made moot. The charter is called "golden" due to its impressive (and undoubtedly authentic) golden bull, or seal. Its face shows Frederick on the throne with his Emperor's regalia, circumscribed "Frederick, by the Grace of God Roman King, ever increasing the Empire, King of Sicily." The issue of whether the charter — regarded as Bern's founding document for centuries — is authentic has been contentious among historians since the 1860s. Modern researchers now seem to agree that it is a forgery done on behalf of Bern's government during the middle of the 13th century, done to establish in writing the rights the city had in practice seized decades previously. They point out that the exceptional liberties granted by the charter were very atypical for the time, and that the writing seems to match that of one writer in the Frienisberg monastery. Monasteries, at that time, were masters of the pia fraus, the "pious fraud" of falsifying documents to match a dead benefactor's supposed intent. On the other hand, X-ray analysis in 2002 did not reveal any indication that (as had been assumed) the authentic bull had been removed from an authentic document and then re-affixed to the Bernese charter. (en) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Goldene_Handfeste_Berns.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 4524802 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageLength | 3570 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 931077619 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbc:Political_charters dbr:Bern dbr:Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor dbr:German_language dbr:Mint_(coin) dbr:Town_privileges dbr:Frienisberg_Abbey dbr:Pfennig dbc:History_of_Bern dbc:1218_in_Europe dbc:1210s_in_law dbr:Charter dbc:1210s_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire dbr:History_of_Bern dbr:Switzerland dbr:Holy_Roman_Emperor dbc:Medieval_charters_and_cartularies dbc:Golden_Bulls dbr:Golden_Bull dbr:Schultheiss dbr:Independence dbr:Regalia dbr:X-ray dbr:Mayor dbr:Rudolph_I_of_Germany dbr:King_of_Sicily dbr:Seal_(device) dbr:Imperial_Free_City dbr:Pia_fraus dbr:File:Bulle_der_Goldenen_Handfeste.jpg dbr:File:Goldene_Handfeste_Berns.jpg |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:HDS dbt:ISBN dbt:One_source dbt:Reflist |
| dcterms:subject | dbc:Political_charters dbc:History_of_Bern dbc:1218_in_Europe dbc:1210s_in_law dbc:1210s_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire dbc:Medieval_charters_and_cartularies dbc:Golden_Bulls |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Charter |
| rdf:type | yago:WikicatMedievalChartersAndCartularies yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:Charter106471737 yago:Communication100033020 yago:Document106470073 yago:Writing106362953 yago:WrittenCommunication106349220 dbo:Airline yago:WikicatPoliticalCharters |
| rdfs:comment | Die Goldene Handfeste von Bern (auch: Berner Handfeste) ist eine mittelalterliche Stadtrechtsurkunde, angeblich ausgestellt am 15. April 1218 in Frankfurt am Main durch König Friedrich II. Bern wurde durch sie zur Freien Reichsstadt und de facto zur unabhängigen Stadtrepublik. Nach heute vorherrschender (aber nicht unumstrittener) Auffassung ist sie eine nachträglich im 13. Jahrhundert erstellte Fälschung. Sie wird im Staatsarchiv des Kantons Bern verwahrt. (de) The Golden Charter of Bern (also: Golden Bull, in German: Goldene Handfeste or Berner Handfeste) is a medieval charter purporting to have been issued by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. It establishes the town privileges of Bern (now the capital of Switzerland), making it an Imperial Free City and, effectively, an independent state. The charter is dated to 1218, but is now believed by most scholars to be a Bernese forgery from the middle of the 13th century. (en) |
| rdfs:label | Goldene Handfeste (de) Golden Charter of Bern (en) |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:Golden Charter of Bern yago-res:Golden Charter of Bern wikidata:Golden Charter of Bern dbpedia-de:Golden Charter of Bern https://global.dbpedia.org/id/4wp6b |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Golden_Charter_of_Bern?oldid=931077619&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Bulle_der_Goldenen_Handfeste.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Goldene_Handfeste_Berns.jpg |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:Golden_Charter_of_Bern |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Berner_Handfeste dbr:Golden_Bull_of_Bern dbr:Golden_Bull_of_Berne dbr:Golden_Charter dbr:Goldene_Handfeste dbr:Goldene_Handfeste_or_Berner_Handfeste |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Zytglogge dbr:Golden_bull dbr:List_of_treaties dbr:Berner_Handfeste dbr:Golden_Bull_of_Bern dbr:Golden_Bull_of_Berne dbr:Golden_Charter dbr:Goldene_Handfeste dbr:Goldene_Handfeste_or_Berner_Handfeste |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Golden_Charter_of_Bern |
