History of Jehovah's Witnesses (original) (raw)
Die Zeugen Jehovas sind eine christliche, chiliastisch ausgerichtete und nichttrinitarische Religionsgemeinschaft, die um 1870 in den USA entstand.
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| dbo:abstract | كان شهود يهوه في بدايتهم فرعًا من حركة طلاب الكتاب المقدس، التي نشأت في الولايات المتحدة في سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر بين أتباع القس المسيحي الاستعادي تشارلز تاز راسيل. أُرسل مبشرو طلاب الكتاب المقدس إلى إنجلترا في عام 1881 وافتتح أول فرع خارجي في لندن في 1900. حملت المجموعة اسم رابطة طلاب الكتاب المقدس الدولية وبحلول عام 1914 باتت نشطة في كندا وألمانيا وأستراليا وبلدان أخرى. انقسمت الحركة إلى عدد من المنظمات المتنافسة بعد وفاة راسيل في عام 1916، واحتفظت إحداها، بقيادة جوزيف روذرفورد «وهو قاضٍ»، بالسيطرة على صحيفة برج المراقبة «ذه ووتش تاور» وجمعية برج المراقبة للكتاب المقدس والمنشورات في بنسلفانيا. وبإشراف روذرفورد، أدخلت رابطة طلاب الكتاب المقدس الدولية تغييرات عقائدية كبيرة دفعت الكثير من الأعضاء القدماء لترك المنظمة. نمت المجموعة مجددًا بسرعة، خاصة في منتصف ثلاثينيات القرن العشرين بعد إدخال أساليب وعظ جديدة. وفي عام 1931، اتخذت المجموعة اسم شهود يهوه لتقطع ما بقي من علاقات مع أتباع راسيل الأوائل. استمر إدخال تغييرات تنظيمية كبيرة وأصبحت التجمعات والبرامج التعليمية في جميع أنحاء العالم خاضعة لسيطرة مركزية. وأدت تغييرات إضافية في العقائد إلى حظر نقل الدم على الأعضاء، والتخلي عن الصليب في العبادة، والامتناع عن احتفالات أعياد الميلاد واحتفالات ميلاد المسيح، والنظر إلى أرمجدون الواردة في الكتاب المقدس على أنها حرب عالمية يشنها الله لتدمر الأشرار وتعيد السلام إلى الأرض. في عام 1945، عدلت جمعية برج المراقبة، التي أسسها راسيل بصفتها دار نشر، ميثاقها وأعلنت أن أهدافها تشمل التبشير بمملكة الرب، وخدمة شهود يهوه وإدارتهم، وإرسال المبشرين والمعلمين لعبادة الله ويسوع. حُظرت هذه الجماعة في كندا في الحرب العالمية الأولى، وفي ألمانيا والاتحاد السوفياتي وكندا وأستراليا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. وواجه الأعضاء الاضطهاد والعنف الغوغائي على نطاق واسع في بعض البلدان وفي الولايات المتحدة. بدأت المجموعة عشرات الإجراءات القانونية المهمة في الولايات المتحدة وكندا بين عامي 1938 و1955 لترسيخ حق الأعضاء في بيع المنشورات للبيوت مباشرة، والامتناع عن أداء تحية العلم، والحصول على اعتراف قانوني بأنهم معترضون ضميريون (معارضون للخدمة في الجيش) في زمن الحرب. وعانى أعضاء الطائفة من الاضطهاد في بعض البلدان الإفريقية في الستينيات والسبعينيات؛ منذ 2004 تعرضت المجموعة لسلسلة من إجراءات الحظر في روسيا. (ar) Die Zeugen Jehovas sind eine christliche, chiliastisch ausgerichtete und nichttrinitarische Religionsgemeinschaft, die um 1870 in den USA entstand. (de) Jehovah's Witnesses originated as a branch of the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries. The movement split into several rival organizations after Russell's death in 1916, with one—led by Joseph "Judge" Rutherford—retaining control of The Watch Tower and the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Under Rutherford's direction, the International Bible Students Association introduced significant doctrinal changes that resulted in many long-term members leaving the organization. The group regrew rapidly, particularly in the mid-1930s with the introduction of new preaching methods. In 1931, the name Jehovah's witnesses was adopted, further cutting ties with Russell's earlier followers. Substantial organizational changes continued as congregations and teaching programs worldwide came under centralized control. Further changes of its doctrines led to the prohibition of blood transfusions by members, abandonment of the cross in worship, rejection of Christmas and birthday celebrations and the view of the biblical Armageddon as a global war by God that will destroy the wicked and restore peace on earth. In 1945, the Watch Tower Society, which Russell had founded as a publishing house, amended its charter to state that its purposes included preaching about God's Kingdom, acting as a servant and governing agency of Jehovah's Witnesses and sending out missionaries and teachers for the public worship of God and Jesus. The denomination was banned in Canada in World War I, and in Germany, the Soviet Union, Canada and Australia during World War II; members suffered widespread persecution and mob violence in some of those countries and in the United States. The group initiated dozens of high-profile legal actions in the United States and Canada between 1938 and 1955 to establish the right of members to sell literature from door to door, abstain from flag salute ceremonies and gain legal recognition as wartime conscientious objectors. Members of the denomination suffered persecution in some African countries in the 1960s and 1970s; since 2004 the group has suffered a series of official bans in Russia. (en) L'histoire des Témoins de Jéhovah commence dans les années 1870 lorsque Charles Taze Russell prend la tête d'un groupe d'étude de la Bible à Pittsburgh, en Pennsylvanie. À l'origine désignés sous le nom d'« Étudiants de la Bible », les Témoins connaissent un schisme important en 1917 alors que Joseph Franklin Rutherford vient de prendre la présidence du mouvement. Rutherford, qui avait annoncé 1925 comme la date d'Armageddon, donne une nouvelle direction au mouvement et le rebaptise « Témoins de Jéhovah » en 1931. Après la mort de Rutherford, Nathan Homer Knorr assure la présidence de la Société Watchtower, organisation qui supervise les activités des Témoins de Jéhovah. Dès 1966, l'année 1975 est présentée comme la date possible d’Armageddon. L'échec de cette prédiction entraine un remaniement important, si bien que depuis 1976, la direction du mouvement est assurée par un corps gouvernant appelé Collège central (Governing Body en anglais). (fr) Jehova's getuigen zijn leden van een aan het protestantisme verwante, fundamentalistische en millennialistische geloofsgemeenschap. Zie het hoofdartikel Jehova's getuigen De geschiedenis van de geloofsgemeenschap is als volgt: (nl) Historia Świadków Jehowy – historia działalności religijnej społeczności Świadków Jehowy, a także rozwoju ich nauk i praktyk religijnych. (pl) A História das Testemunhas de Jeová remonta ao final do século XIX, tendo sua origem no movimento dos Estudantes da Bíblia, Pequeno grupo organizado pelo pregador Charles Taze Russell em meados dos anos 1870 em Allegheny (hoje parte de Pittsburgh, Pensilvânia), nos Estados Unidos da América. Esta classe de estudos bíblicos, inicialmente formada de amigos achegados e familiares ex Amigos Adventistas de Russell, disponibilizava suas conclusões em publicações e periódicos que eram então distribuídos ao público. Dentre estas publicações, destacava-se o periódico "Zion's Watch Tower" (A Torre de Vigia de Sião) iniciado em 1879 e, também, a série de livros "Studies in the Scriptures" (Estudos das Escrituras) publicados entre 1886 e 1904. Com a impressão destas publicações e com a fundação da Sociedade Torre de Vigia de Bíblias e Tratados em 1881, Russell conduziu a obra dos Estudantes da Bíblia à uma expansão que atingiria nível mundial. Ficou amplamente conhecido como "Pastor Russell", e atuou como o 1º presidente da Sociedade Torre de Vigia até o ano de sua morte, em 1916. Após o falecimento de Russell, desencadeou-se uma disputa quanto a quem iria assumir a presidência da Torre de Vigia. Em 1917, um advogado e associado de Russell, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, de forma arbitrária desrespeitando o testamento de Russel, tornou-se o 2º presidente da Sociedade Torre de Vigia. Em contrapartida, em seu testamento, Russell exigia que uma comissão editora de no mínimo 5 membros assumissem a direção da sociedade. Por essa razão, os Estudantes da Bíblia enfrentaram um período de cismas e divisões, o que deu origem a uma série de grupos dissidentes da Torre de Vigia, alguns existentes até os dias de hoje, e que continuam a propagar o entendimento bíblico conforme ensinado pelo Pastor Russell. Sob a presidência de Rutherford, a Sociedade Torre de Vigia iniciou uma série de mudanças e reajustes doutrinais, e muitos dos entendimentos de Russell foram abandonados ou reajustados, gerando ainda outros cismas e divisões dentro do movimento. Em 1931, Rutherford instituiu o nome de Testemunhas de Jeová para os que estavam associados à Sociedade Torre de Vigia, e com isso, distinguiu-se dos grupos originais que se separaram da Torre de Vigia e mantiveram o nome Estudantes da Bíblia. Baseando-se nas suas crenças, as Testemunhas de Jeová sustentam que sua história se inicia muito antes destes fatos modernos. Creem que sua obra é uma continuidade do mesmo trabalho realizado por servos de Deus no passado, conforme descrito na Bíblia. Por isso, em suas publicações, por exemplo, descrevem o personagem bíblico Abel como tendo sido o primeiro representante na linhagem das Testemunhas de Jeová. Com o objetivo de fornecer um relato de sua própria história, a Sociedade Torre de Vigia publicou em 1992 o livro: "Testemunhas de Jeová - Proclamadores do Reino de Deus" que, basicamente, é a principal ferramenta utilizada pelas Testemunhas de Jeová hoje para conhecerem a história de seu movimento. (pt) Данная статья посвящена истории международной религиозной организации свидетелей Иеговы. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Die Zeugen Jehovas sind eine christliche, chiliastisch ausgerichtete und nichttrinitarische Religionsgemeinschaft, die um 1870 in den USA entstand. (de) Jehova's getuigen zijn leden van een aan het protestantisme verwante, fundamentalistische en millennialistische geloofsgemeenschap. Zie het hoofdartikel Jehova's getuigen De geschiedenis van de geloofsgemeenschap is als volgt: (nl) Historia Świadków Jehowy – historia działalności religijnej społeczności Świadków Jehowy, a także rozwoju ich nauk i praktyk religijnych. (pl) Данная статья посвящена истории международной религиозной организации свидетелей Иеговы. (ru) كان شهود يهوه في بدايتهم فرعًا من حركة طلاب الكتاب المقدس، التي نشأت في الولايات المتحدة في سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر بين أتباع القس المسيحي الاستعادي تشارلز تاز راسيل. أُرسل مبشرو طلاب الكتاب المقدس إلى إنجلترا في عام 1881 وافتتح أول فرع خارجي في لندن في 1900. حملت المجموعة اسم رابطة طلاب الكتاب المقدس الدولية وبحلول عام 1914 باتت نشطة في كندا وألمانيا وأستراليا وبلدان أخرى. (ar) Jehovah's Witnesses originated as a branch of the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries. (en) L'histoire des Témoins de Jéhovah commence dans les années 1870 lorsque Charles Taze Russell prend la tête d'un groupe d'étude de la Bible à Pittsburgh, en Pennsylvanie. À l'origine désignés sous le nom d'« Étudiants de la Bible », les Témoins connaissent un schisme important en 1917 alors que Joseph Franklin Rutherford vient de prendre la présidence du mouvement. Rutherford, qui avait annoncé 1925 comme la date d'Armageddon, donne une nouvelle direction au mouvement et le rebaptise « Témoins de Jéhovah » en 1931. (fr) A História das Testemunhas de Jeová remonta ao final do século XIX, tendo sua origem no movimento dos Estudantes da Bíblia, Pequeno grupo organizado pelo pregador Charles Taze Russell em meados dos anos 1870 em Allegheny (hoje parte de Pittsburgh, Pensilvânia), nos Estados Unidos da América. Esta classe de estudos bíblicos, inicialmente formada de amigos achegados e familiares ex Amigos Adventistas de Russell, disponibilizava suas conclusões em publicações e periódicos que eram então distribuídos ao público. Dentre estas publicações, destacava-se o periódico "Zion's Watch Tower" (A Torre de Vigia de Sião) iniciado em 1879 e, também, a série de livros "Studies in the Scriptures" (Estudos das Escrituras) publicados entre 1886 e 1904. Com a impressão destas publicações e com a fundação da (pt) |
| rdfs:label | History of Jehovah's Witnesses (en) تاريخ شهود يهوه (ar) Geschichte der Zeugen Jehovas (de) Histoire des Témoins de Jéhovah (fr) Geschiedenis van Jehova's getuigen (nl) Historia Świadków Jehowy (pl) История свидетелей Иеговы (ru) História das Testemunhas de Jeová (pt) |
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