History of latitude (original) (raw)
The Greeks studied the results of the measurements of latitude by the explorer Pytheas who voyaged to Britain and beyond, as far as the Arctic Circle (observing the midnight sun), in 325 BC. They used several methods to measure latitude, including the height of the Sun above the horizon at midday, measured using a gnōmōn (a word that originally meant an interpreter or judge); the length of the day at the summer solstice, and the elevation of the Sun at winter solstice. The Greek Marinus of Tyre (AD 70–130) was the first to assign a latitude and longitude to every place on his maps.
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| dbo:abstract | Latitudearen historia geodesiaren historiari lotuta dago. Latitudea beharrezkoa da esplorazioan, bereziki itsasoetan barrena egindako bidaietan. Antzinako Greziarrek Piteas esploratzaileak —Britainia Handira eta haratago bidaiatu zuen— egindako latitude-neurketen emaitzak aztertu zituzten, Artikoko Zirkulu Polarrera (gauerdiko eguzkia behatuz). Latitudea neurtzeko hainbat metodo erabili zituzten, hala nola eguzkiak eguerdian zeru-ertzean duen altuera, batez neurtua (jatorrian interpretea edo epailea esan nahi zuen hitza), udako solstizioko egunaren iraupena eta neguko solstizioko eguzkiaren goratzea. greziarra (70-130) lehena izan zen bere mapetako leku bakoitzari latitude bat eta longitude bat esleitzen. IX. mendearen amaieratik, arabiarra ekuatoreko eskualdeetan erabiltzen zen Polarisen altuera horizontearen gainean neurtzeko. Tresna hau Polaris ostertzetik gertu dagoen latitudeetan bakarrik erabil zitekeen. Marinel astrolabioa, Eguzkiaren angelua zeruertzetik eguerdira ematen duena, edo gauean ezagutzen den izar baten angelua, XV. mendetik XVII. mendera arte erabili zen, gutxi gorabehera. Eguzkiaren behaketak, Polarisen ordez, hego hemisferioko latitudea neurtzeko aukera ematen zuen, baina eguzki-deklinazioko taulak erabiltzea eskatzen zuen. Taularik ospetsuenetako bat, baina ez lehena, 1496an Abraham Zacuto judu gaztelarrak argitaratu zuen, garai hartan Portugalen erbesteratua. Makulua, itzal baten luzera neurtzen duena, XVI. mendetik aurrera erabili zen eta bezalako hobekuntza iteratiboak ikusi zituen. Oktante eta sestante primitiboarekin batera erabiltzen ziren; sestantea nagusitu zen azkenean, eta gaur egun ere erabiltzen da. Isaac Newtonek (1643-1727) aipatu zuen sestantea argitaratu gabeko idazkietan, eta (1682-1744) eta (1704-1749) aplikatu zuten lehen aldiz 1730 inguruan. (eu) The Greeks studied the results of the measurements of latitude by the explorer Pytheas who voyaged to Britain and beyond, as far as the Arctic Circle (observing the midnight sun), in 325 BC. They used several methods to measure latitude, including the height of the Sun above the horizon at midday, measured using a gnōmōn (a word that originally meant an interpreter or judge); the length of the day at the summer solstice, and the elevation of the Sun at winter solstice. The Greek Marinus of Tyre (AD 70–130) was the first to assign a latitude and longitude to every place on his maps. From the late 9th century CE, the Arabian Kamal was used in equatorial regions, to measure the height of Polaris above the horizon. This instrument could only be used in latitudes where Polaris is close to the horizon. The mariner's astrolabe which gives the angle of the Sun from the horizon at noon, or the angle of a known star at night, was used from around the 15th to the 17th century. The observation of the Sun instead of Polaris enabled the measurement of latitude in the Southern hemisphere but required the use of solar declination tables. One of the most famous tables, but certainly not the first one, was published in 1496 by the Castilian Jew Abraham Zacut, then exiled in Portugal. The backstaff, which measures the length of a shadow, was used from the 16th century and saw iterative improvements such as the Davis quadrant. These were in use in parallel with the octant and early sextant; the sextant eventually displaced the others, and is still used to this day. The sextant was mentioned by Isaac Newton (1643–1727) in his unpublished writings, and first implemented about 1730 by John Hadley (1682–1744) and Thomas Godfrey (1704–1749). (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | The Greeks studied the results of the measurements of latitude by the explorer Pytheas who voyaged to Britain and beyond, as far as the Arctic Circle (observing the midnight sun), in 325 BC. They used several methods to measure latitude, including the height of the Sun above the horizon at midday, measured using a gnōmōn (a word that originally meant an interpreter or judge); the length of the day at the summer solstice, and the elevation of the Sun at winter solstice. The Greek Marinus of Tyre (AD 70–130) was the first to assign a latitude and longitude to every place on his maps. (en) Latitudearen historia geodesiaren historiari lotuta dago. Latitudea beharrezkoa da esplorazioan, bereziki itsasoetan barrena egindako bidaietan. Antzinako Greziarrek Piteas esploratzaileak —Britainia Handira eta haratago bidaiatu zuen— egindako latitude-neurketen emaitzak aztertu zituzten, Artikoko Zirkulu Polarrera (gauerdiko eguzkia behatuz). Latitudea neurtzeko hainbat metodo erabili zituzten, hala nola eguzkiak eguerdian zeru-ertzean duen altuera, batez neurtua (jatorrian interpretea edo epailea esan nahi zuen hitza), udako solstizioko egunaren iraupena eta neguko solstizioko eguzkiaren goratzea. (eu) |
| rdfs:label | Latitudearen historia (eu) History of latitude (en) |
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