The history of the English penny from 1154 to 1485 covers the period of the House of Plantagenet, up to the Battle of Bosworth Field which brought about the beginning of the Tudor period. The Plantagenet period saw an overall rise in quality of the coinage but saw a decline in the number of mints used to produce coins. The first years of the reign of Henry II saw no change in the production of coins from the reign of Stephen, until the Tealby penny was introduced, produced from 1158 to 1180. These coins' weight and quality of silver were good, but the overall production was poor, and so in 1180 the short-cross penny was introduced. The coinage during the reigns of Richard I and John remained unchanged. In 1247, under Henry III, the long-cross penny replaced the short-cross to deter clipping. In 1279 Edward I began a new coinage which was admired and imitated on the continent and included the addition of the farthing, halfpenny and groat as well as making clipping easier to detect. This design remained similar throughout the reigns of Edward II and Edward III, with the quarter noble, half noble and noble introduced in the latter's reign. During the Wars of the Roses, Henry VI's administration kept a sufficient supply of coins in circulation, with many designs and variations of the penny minted. He would be overthrown by Edward IV, who was in turn succeeded by Edward V, with Richard, Duke of Gloucester as Lord Protector. Richard became king in 1483 with only a small number of coins made in his name, and was defeated in battle on Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor in 1485. (en)