Ice rules (original) (raw)
In chimica, e in scienza dei materiali, le regole del ghiaccio (ice rules) sono i tre principi di base che descrivono e governano la disposizione degli atomi di idrogeno in un cristallo di ghiaccio considerato "ideale". Sono dette anche regole (o leggi) di Bernal-Fowler, dal nome dei due studiosi che le hanno enucleate ed enunciate per primi nel 1933, gli scienziati britannici John Desmond Bernal e Ralph H. Fowler.
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| dbo:abstract | In chemistry, ice rules are basic principles that govern arrangement of atoms in water ice. They are also known as Bernal–Fowler rules, after British physicists John Desmond Bernal and Ralph H. Fowler who first described them in 1933. The rules state each oxygen is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and that the oxygen atom in each water molecule forms two hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, so that there is precisely one hydrogen between each pair of oxygen atoms. In other words, in ordinary Ih ice, every oxygen is bonded to the total of four hydrogens, two of these bonds are strong and two of them are much weaker. Every hydrogen is bonded to two oxygens, strongly to one and weakly to the other. The resulting configuration is geometrically a periodic lattice. The distribution of bonds on this lattice is represented by a directed-graph (arrows) and can be either ordered or disordered. In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice Ih. For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in Hamann. (en) In chimica, e in scienza dei materiali, le regole del ghiaccio (ice rules) sono i tre principi di base che descrivono e governano la disposizione degli atomi di idrogeno in un cristallo di ghiaccio considerato "ideale". Sono dette anche regole (o leggi) di Bernal-Fowler, dal nome dei due studiosi che le hanno enucleate ed enunciate per primi nel 1933, gli scienziati britannici John Desmond Bernal e Ralph H. Fowler. (it) |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ice_phases.html%23j https://web.archive.org/web/20091004031623/http:/virtualexplorer.com.au/special/meansvolume/contribs/wilson/Bernard-Fowler.html http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Bernal-fowler_rules |
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| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Hydrogen dbr:Linus_Pauling dbr:London_South_Bank_University dbr:Ice-type_model dbr:Ice_Ih dbr:Pauling's_rules dbr:Oxygen dbr:Atom dbr:Covalent_bond dbr:Residual_entropy dbc:Water_ice dbr:Bjerrum_defect dbr:Ice dbr:Ralph_H._Fowler dbr:John_Desmond_Bernal |
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| dcterms:subject | dbc:Water_ice |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Principles |
| rdfs:comment | In chimica, e in scienza dei materiali, le regole del ghiaccio (ice rules) sono i tre principi di base che descrivono e governano la disposizione degli atomi di idrogeno in un cristallo di ghiaccio considerato "ideale". Sono dette anche regole (o leggi) di Bernal-Fowler, dal nome dei due studiosi che le hanno enucleate ed enunciate per primi nel 1933, gli scienziati britannici John Desmond Bernal e Ralph H. Fowler. (it) In chemistry, ice rules are basic principles that govern arrangement of atoms in water ice. They are also known as Bernal–Fowler rules, after British physicists John Desmond Bernal and Ralph H. Fowler who first described them in 1933. The rules state each oxygen is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and that the oxygen atom in each water molecule forms two hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, so that there is precisely one hydrogen between each pair of oxygen atoms. A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in Hamann. (en) |
| rdfs:label | Ice rules (en) Regole del ghiaccio (it) |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:Ice rules wikidata:Ice rules dbpedia-it:Ice rules https://global.dbpedia.org/id/f6ZU |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Ice_rules?oldid=1042712044&ns=0 |
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| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Bernal-Fowler_rules dbr:Bernal_Islands dbr:Index_of_physics_articles_(I) dbr:Geometrical_frustration dbr:Ice_XI dbr:Bernal–Fowler_rules dbr:Fowler_Islands dbr:Residual_entropy dbr:Bjerrum_defect dbr:Ice dbr:Spin_ice |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Ice_Ih |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Ice_rules |