Hangul (original) (raw)
Hangul (korejsky 한글, v českém odborném přepisu hangŭl, v mezinárodním hangeul; v severokorejské terminologii čosongul – 조선글, čosŏngŭl, joseongeul) je korejské písmo. Bylo vytvořeno v 15. století tak, aby se dalo naučit za jediné dopoledne. Je tak jedním z velmi mála skutečně užívaných písem, která nevznikla odvozením (nápodobou a úpravou) z jejich předchůdců, tedy od hieroglyfů po současná písma, jako latinka, arabské písmo nebo dévanágarí nebo čínské znaky. V obou korejských státech se užívá téměř shodně, jen s malými odchylkami. Jeho součástí je abeceda jamo a metoda sestavování slabičných znaků z těchto písmen.
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| dbo:abstract | El hangul (한[Han]글[geul]) és l'escriptura nadiua coreana. L'altra escriptura usada a Corea és la iconogràfica hanja, manllevada de la Xina. L'alfabet coreà, també conegut com a Hangul, pronunciat "hɑːn.ɡʊl" o "hɑːŋɡʊl" o Chosongul (transcrit oficialment Han-Geul a Corea del Sud i Chosŏn'gŭl a Corea del Nord), 한글 Han-geul/Han'Gul, "haːn.ɡɯl" o 조선 글 Chosŏn'gŭl / Joseongeul, "tɕosʌnɡɯl", és l'alfabet nadiu de l'idioma coreà va ser creat durant la Dinastia Joseon el 1443, i ara és el sistema d'escriptura oficial de Corea del Nord i Corea del Sud i cooficial a la dins la Província de Jilin a la Xina. A Corea del Sud, el Hangul de vegades es veu augmentat pels caràcters xinesos anomenats hanja, mentre que a Corea del Nord el hanja és pràcticament inexistent. El Hangul és un alfabet veritable de 24 consonants i vocals. No obstant això, en lloc de ser escrit de forma seqüencial com les lletres de l'alfabet llatí, les lletres Hangul s'agrupen en blocs, com ara 한 Han, cadascuna de les quals transcriu una síl·laba. És a dir, encara que la síl·laba 한 Han es pot veure com un sol caràcter, que es compon de tres lletres: ㅎ h, ㅏ a i n ㄴ. Cada bloc sil·làbic consisteix en dos a cinc lletres, incloent almenys una consonant i una vocal. Aquests blocs es disposen horitzontalment d'esquerra a dreta o verticalment de dalt a baix. El nombre de blocs matemàticament possibles és d'11.172, encara que hi ha moltes menys síl·labes possibles permeses per la de Corea, i no totes les síl·labes fonotácticament-possibles ocorren en paraules coreanes reals. Per a una descripció fonològica, veure . Aquest sistema compta amb 24 signes bàsics, 14 consonants i 10 vocals, que combinats donen 5 consonants dobles i 11 diftongs. Històricament n'hi havia més que han quedat obsolets. (ca) تُستخدم الأبجدية الكورية، والمعروفة باسم هانغل (بالكورية: 한글، وتلفظ [ha:n.ɡɯl]) في كوريا الجنوبية وكوريا الشمالية، في كتابة اللغة الكورية منذ نشأتها في القرن الخامس عشر على يد الملك سيجونغ العظيم. إنها نظام الكتابة الرسمي في الكوريتين الجنوبية والشمالية. تُعتبر نظام الكتابة الرسمي المشترك في ولاية يانبيان الكورية المستقلة ومقاطعة تشانغباي الكورية المستقلة في مقاطعة جيلين، بالصين. كما تُستخدم أحيانًا في كتابة لغة جيا- جيا التي يُتحدث بها بالقرب من مدينة باو باو، بإندونيسيا. طور واستخدم عالم اللغة التايواني إكسيو كودي (1987) أبجدية هانغل المُعدلة لتُمثل لغة هوكين التايوانية المنطوقة، دعمه أنغ أوي-جين لاحقًا. تتكون أبجدية هانغل في الأصل عند إنشائها من 28 حرفًا منها 17 حرفًا ساكنًا و11 حرفًا متحركًا، تتكون أبجدية هانغل الحديثة من إجمالي 24 حرفًا منها 14 حرفًا ساكنًا و10 حروف متحركة، بعد إلغاء 4 حروف. قُدر إجمالي عدد الحروف في كوريا الشمالية ب40 حرفًا. تتكون الأبجدية من 19 حرفًا ساكنًا و21 حرفًا متحركًا، بالإضافة إلى احتوائها على 5 حروف متحركة متوترة و6 حروف متحركة مركبة ومعقدة. تُكتب الحروف الكورية على شكل مجموعات مقطعية بالأحرف الأبجدية مُرتبة في بعدين. وصفها بعض اللغويين بـ«الأبجدية المقطعية»، نظرًا لأنها تجمع بين مزايا أنظمة الكتابة الأبجدية والمقطعية. كُتبت النصوص الكورية عادةً من أعلى إلى أسفل، ومن اليمين إلى اليسار، مثل: الكتابة الصينية التقليدية، ولا تزال تُكتب أحيانًا بهذه الطريقة لأغراض أسلوبية. تُكتب عادةً في الوقت الحاضر من اليسار إلى اليمين مع وجود مسافات بين الكلمات وعلامات ترقيم على النمط الغربي. يعتبرها بعض اللغويين من بين أكثر أنظمة الكتابة الصحيحة صوتيًا المُستخدمة اليوم. أحد مزايا هانغل هو أشكال حروفها الساكنة إذ تحاكي على ما يبدو أشكال فم المتحدث عند نطق كل حرف ساكن. (ar) Hangul (korejsky 한글, v českém odborném přepisu hangŭl, v mezinárodním hangeul; v severokorejské terminologii čosongul – 조선글, čosŏngŭl, joseongeul) je korejské písmo. Bylo vytvořeno v 15. století tak, aby se dalo naučit za jediné dopoledne. Je tak jedním z velmi mála skutečně užívaných písem, která nevznikla odvozením (nápodobou a úpravou) z jejich předchůdců, tedy od hieroglyfů po současná písma, jako latinka, arabské písmo nebo dévanágarí nebo čínské znaky. V obou korejských státech se užívá téměř shodně, jen s malými odchylkami. Jeho součástí je abeceda jamo a metoda sestavování slabičných znaků z těchto písmen. (cs) Το κορεατικό αλφάβητο ή Χάνγκουλ (한글, προφέρεται: [ha(ː)n.ɡɯl], στη Νότια Κορέα) ή Τζόσονγκουλ/Τζόσον Μούντσα (στη Βόρεια Κορέα) είναι το σύστημα γραφής που αναπτύχθηκε το 1443 από τον , και χρησιμοποιείται για τη γραφή της κορεατικής γλώσσας, από τον 15ο αιώνα. Είναι το επίσημο σύστημα γραφής της Βόρειας Κορέας και της Νότιας Κορέας. Είναι συνεπίσημο στον Κορεατικό Αυτόνομο Νομό Γιάνμπιαν και στην Κορεατική Αυτόνομη Κομητεία Τσανγκμπάι στην επαρχία Τζιλίν της Κίνας. Συχνά χρησιμοποιείται για να γράψει τη γλώσσα Τσία-Τσία που ομιλείται κοντά στην πόλη Μπάου-Μπάου της Ινδονησίας. Το αλφάβητο αποτελείται από 14 σύμφωνα και 10 φωνήεντα. Τα γράμματά του ομαδοποιούνται σε συλλαβικά μπλοκ, κάθετα και οριζόντια. Για παράδειγμα, η κορεατική λέξη για τη "μέλισσα" γράφεται ως 꿀벌 και όχι ㄲ ㅜ ㄹㅂㅓㄹ. Καθώς συνδυάζει τα χαρακτηριστικά των αλφαβητικών και συλλαβικών συστημάτων γραφής, έχει περιγραφεί ως "αλφαβητικό συλλαβάριο" από ορισμένους γλωσσολόγους. Όπως και στην παραδοσιακή κινεζική γραφή, τα κορεατικά κείμενα γράφονταν παραδοσιακά από πάνω προς τα κάτω, από τα δεξιά προς τα αριστερά και περιστασιακά γράφονται με αυτόν τον τρόπο για λόγους κομψότητας. Σήμερα γράφεται συνήθως από τα αριστερά προς τα δεξιά με κενά μεταξύ των λέξεων και η στίξη είναι δυτικού τύπου. Μερικοί γλωσσολόγοι το θεωρούν ως το πιο λογικό σύστημα γραφής στον κόσμο, εν μέρει επειδή τα σχήματα των συμφώνων μιμούνται τα σχήματα του στόματος του ομιλητή όταν προφέρει κάθε σύμφωνο. (el) La korea alfabeto aŭ Hangulo (koree 한글 hangeul, elparolata kiel "hangul") estas uzata por skribi la korean lingvon. Ĝi estis kreita en la jaroj 1440 post rekomendo de la reĝo Seĝong. Malsimile al aliaj alfabetoj, la koreaj literoj (koree: 자모 jamo, elparolata kiel "ĉamo") kuniĝas en silabvaloraj kvadrataj ĉeloj. La jamo-literoj estas metitaj en la ĉelon de supre malsupren kaj de maldesktre dekstren laŭ la ordo de la fonemoj en la silabo. La formo de ĉiu jamo priskribas la fonemon laŭ la tiama lingva teorio, simile al la ŝava alfabeto. En la tuta Koreio ĉiujare (9-a de oktobro en la sudo, 15-a de januaro en la nordo) estas festata la Tago de Hangul, kiu omaĝe memorigas pri la kreo de la skribsistemo. Kvankam la korea alfabeto havas aspekton iom similan al la logograma skribo de la ĉina lingvo, la du skribsistemoj ne estas rilataj. Sed ĉinaj signoj (nomataj 한자 hanja, kiel "hanĉa") foje estas uzataj kune kun la korea alfabeta sistemo, vidu Ĉina skribo. (eo) Das koreanische Alphabet (koreanisch 한글 , bzw. 조선글 Chosŏn’gŭl) ist eine Schrift, die für die koreanische Sprache entwickelt wurde. Das koreanische Alphabet wurde im 15. Jahrhundert geschaffen und ist mit geringen Veränderungen heute die offizielle Schrift für das Koreanische in Nordkorea, Südkorea und der Volksrepublik China. Die koreanische Schrift ist wie die Deutsche eine Buchstabenschrift, es handelt sich also weder um eine logografische Schrift wie bei den chinesischen Zeichen noch um eine Silbenschrift wie die japanische Hiragana oder Katakana. Das moderne koreanische Alphabet besteht aus 19 Konsonantenbuchstaben und 21 Vokalbuchstaben, die sich auf 14 Zeichen für Konsonanten und 10 Zeichen für Vokale zurückführen lassen. Die einzelnen Buchstaben werden jeweils silbenweise zusammengefasst, so dass jede Silbe in ein imaginäres Quadrat passt. In diesem Artikel wird die Aussprache grundsätzlich in IPA angegeben. Phonetische Transkriptionen stehen in eckigen Klammern […], phonologische Transkriptionen zwischen Schrägstrichen /…/; Sprechsilben sind durch einen Punkt getrennt. Transliterationen koreanischer Schreibweisen stehen in spitzen Klammern ‹…›. (de) The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul (English: /ˈhɑːnɡuːl/ HAHN-gool) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them, and they are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features; similarly, the vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system. It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems, although it is not necessarily an abugida. Hangul was created in 1443 CE by King Sejong the Great in an attempt to increase literacy by serving as a complement (or alternative) to the logographic Sino-Korean Hanja, which had been used by Koreans as its primary script to write the Korean language since as early as the Gojoseon period (spanning more than a thousand years and ending around 108 BCE), along with the usage of Classical Chinese. As a result, Hangul was initially denounced and disparaged by the Korean educated class. The script became known as eonmun ("vernacular writing", 언문, 諺文) and became the primary Korean script only in the decades after Korea's independence from Japan in the mid-20th century. Modern Hangul orthography uses 24 basic letters: 14 consonant letters and 10 vowel letters. There are also 27 complex letters that are formed by combining the basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. Four basic letters in the original alphabet are no longer used: 1 vowel letter and 3 consonant letters. Korean letters are written in syllabic blocks with the alphabetic letters arranged in two dimensions. For example, the Korean word for "honeybee" (kkulbeol) is written as 꿀벌, not ㄲㅜㄹㅂㅓㄹ. The syllables begin with a consonant letter, then a vowel letter, and then potentially another consonant letter called a batchim (Korean: 받침). If the syllable begins with a vowel sound, the consonant ㅇ (ng) acts as a silent placeholder. However, when ㅇ starts a sentence or is placed after a long pause, it marks a glottal stop. Syllables may begin with basic or tense consonants but not complex ones. The vowel can be basic or complex, and the second consonant can be basic, complex or a limited number of tense consonants. How the syllable is structured depends if the baseline of the vowel symbol is horizontal or vertical. If the baseline is vertical, the first consonant and vowel are written above the second consonant (if present), but all components are written individually from top to bottom in the case of a horizontal baseline. As in traditional Chinese and Japanese writing, as well as many other texts in East Asia, Korean texts were traditionally written top to bottom, right to left, as is occasionally still the way for stylistic purposes. However, Korean is now typically written from left to right with spaces between words serving as dividers, unlike in Japanese and Chinese. Hangul is the official writing system throughout Korea, both North and South. It is a co-official writing system in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Jilin Province, China. Hangul has also seen limited use in the Cia-Cia language. (en) Hangula (hangulean: 한글, koreeraren erromanizazio berrituan: hangeul, McCune-Reischauer sisteman: han'gŭl), Ipar Korean Chosŏn'gŭl deitua, korear alfabetoa da, koreeraz idazteko erabilia. Egun, hogeita lau letra dauzka: 14 kontsonante eta 10 bokal. XV. mendean asmatu zen, Sejong Handiaren agintaldian. Ordu arte, hanja izeneko txinatar karaktereak erabiltzen ziren. Aristokraziak hanjari eutsi zion denbora luzean, baina XX. mendean hangula gailendu zen koreeraz idazteko. Gaur egun, hanja erabat bazterturik dago Ipar Korean, baina Hego Koreako ikastetxeetan irakasten da. (eu) El alfabeto coreano o hangul (romanización revisada del coreano, hangul; McCune-Reischauer, han'gŭl; Yale, han-kul) es el alfabeto nativo coreano (en contraste con los hanja, o caracteres chinos). Cada bloque silábico hangul consiste en alguno de los 24 fonemas: 14 consonantes y 10 vocales. Históricamente, tenía 3 consonantes y una vocal más. Estos bloques silábicos pueden ser escritos tanto horizontalmente, de izquierda a derecha, como verticalmente, de arriba hacia abajo, con las columnas dispuestas de derecha a izquierda. (es) Is é an Hangul (Cóiréis: 한글, hangeul nó hangǔl) aibítir dhúchasach na Cóiréise, agus í in iomaíocht leis an gcóras neamh-aibítreach, , a fuarthas ar iasacht ón tSín. Tá an córas Hangul bunaithe ar fhuaimniú na teanga, ach ní thugann sé aird ar chomhshamhlú na gconsan, a bhíonn coitianta sa Chóiréis labhartha. Is é an Hangul an t-aon chóras scríbhneoireachta a úsáidtear sa Chóiré Thuaidh, ach tá an dá chineál scríbhneoireachta le feiceáil sa Chóiré Theas i gcónaí. (ga) Hangeul (한글; dibaca [ˈhɑːŋɡʊl]), atau Joseon-geul/Josŏn-gŭl (di Korea Utara) adalah alfabet yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Korea. Hangeul diciptakan oleh Raja Sejong yang Agung (1397-1450) pada tahun 1443 masa Dinasti Joseon. Meskipun tulisan Hangeul terlihat seperti tulisan ideografik (tulisan dalam bentuk 'simbol' seperti aksara Tionghoa), Hangeul sebenarnya merupakan abjad fonetik atau alfabet, karena setiap hurufnya merupakan lambang vokal dan konsonan yang berbeda. Alfabet Hangeul terdiri dari 24 huruf— 14 huruf mati (konsonan) dan 10 huruf hidup (vokal). Sebenarnya Hangeul masih mempunyai 3 konsonan dan 1 buah huruf vokal, tetapi dihilangkan. Selain untuk menuliskan bahasa Korea, Hangeul juga dipakai untuk Bahasa Cia-Cia, di Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Setiap tanggal 9 Oktober di Korea Selatan diperingati sebagai Hari Hangeul. (in) Le hangeul (prononcé en coréen : /ha(ː)n.ɡɯl/), aussi orthographié hangûl ou hangul en français, appelé chosŏn'gŭl en Corée du Nord, est l’alphabet officiel du coréen, à la fois en Corée du Nord et en Corée du Sud. Le hangeul est fréquemment cité pour son histoire particulière : créé au XVe siècle par le roi Sejong le Grand, il est interdit à sa mort, mais perpétué entretemps par les romans féminins avant d'être réintroduit à la fin du XIXe siècle sous l'occupation japonaise. Ses qualités linguistiques lui valent d’être parfois présenté comme l'un des systèmes d’écritures les plus scientifiques au monde et donc facile à apprendre. Le terme hangeul date du XXe siècle. Il s'écrit 한글 en hangeul, mais il s'est notamment appelé en hanja : 諺文. Le terme signifie, d'après les caractères hanja, « écriture ou langue (文) des proverbes (諺) ». En coréen, on peut aussi l'interpréter comme signifiant « écriture ou langue (글/geul) grandiose (한/han) ». Pour des raisons politiques, la Corée du Nord a choisi le terme chosŏn'gŭl, (en hangeul : 조선글, translittéré chosongeul selon la romanisation révisée du coréen utilisé en Corée du Sud), en référence à la période Chosŏn qui représente la Corée historique. Ce qui se traduirait mot à mot par « l'écriture/la langue Chosŏn ». Une autre appellation existe également : uri kŭlcha 우리 글자 (« nos caractères »). (fr) In Corea del Sud lo hangŭl o hangeul (한글, hangeulLR, han'gŭlMR), o in Corea del Nord chosŏngŭl (조선글, chosŏngŭlMR) è l'alfabeto coreano che è stato usato per scrivere la lingua coreana sin dalla sua creazione nel XV secolo da scienziati su impulso del re Sejong il Grande. Esso sostituì il sistema di scrittura cinese, basato sugli hanja, usato dalle élite colte del Paese fino a quel momento. La ricorrenza è festeggiata nel Giorno dell'hangŭl/chosŏngŭl il 9 ottobre in Corea del Sud e il 15 gennaio in Corea del Nord. È il sistema di scrittura ufficiale della Corea del Sud e della Corea del Nord. È un sistema di scrittura co-ufficiale nella prefettura autonoma coreana di Yanbian e nella contea autonoma coreana di Changbai nella provincia di Jilin, in Cina. A volte è anche usato per scrivere la lingua cia-cia parlata vicino alla città di Bau-Bau, in Indonesia. Come gli jamo si combinano in sillabe. A differenza del sistema di scrittura cinese, è un alfabeto fonetico, in cui ogni carattere rappresenta una sillaba ed è la composizione grafica dei due o tre suoni elementari che la compongono; a ciascuno dei suoni elementari corrisponde un simbolo, detto jamo. Ad esempio la parola hangŭl è così composta: * ㅎ (h aspirata) ㅏ (a) ㄴ (n) si combinano in 한 (han) * ㄱ (g) ㅡ (u breve, indistinta) ㄹ (r, l) si combinano in 글 (gŭl) La forma moderna dell'hangul deriva da un'operazione di semplificazione; storicamente, l'alfabeto coreano comprendeva molti altri simboli oggi abbandonati. L'alfabeto è composto da 19 consonanti e 21 vocali. Invece di essere scritto in modo sequenziale, come le lettere dell'alfabeto latino, le lettere Hangul sono raggruppate in blocchi sillabici. Ad esempio, la parola coreana per "ape", kkulbeol, è scritta "꿀벌", non "ㄲ ㅜ ㄹㅂ ㅓㄹ". In quanto combina le caratteristiche dei sistemi di scrittura alfabetica e sillabica, Hangul è stato descritto come "un sillabario alfabetico" da alcuni linguisti. Come nella scrittura tradizionale giapponese e cinese, i testi scritti in Hangul sono stati storicamente scritti dall'alto in basso, da destra a sinistra, e sono occasionalmente ancora scritti in questo modo per scopi stilistici. Oggi, Hangul è tipicamente scritto da sinistra a destra con spazi tra le parole e la punteggiatura in stile occidentale. La lingua coreana viene scritta oggi quasi completamente con l'hangul, tuttavia circa un migliaio di caratteri cinesi (hanja) è rimasto in uso - benché relativamente raro - nella Corea del Sud. Lo hangul si scrive da sinistra a destra, con le righe disposte dall'alto in basso. La scrittura antica, con i caratteri disposti dall'alto in basso e le righe da destra a sinistra, è ancora usata in casi particolari o per enfasi. Molti linguisti considerano l'Hangul come il sistema di scrittura più logico del mondo, in parte perché le forme delle sue consonanti imitano le forme della bocca del parlante quando pronunciano ciascuna consonante. I simboli dell'hangul moderno sono i seguenti (la traslitterazione usata in questa voce è quella ufficiale del governo sudcoreano modificata nel 2000, basata sulla pronuncia inglese di j, ch, y e w): (it) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 한글 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.)( 이 문자의 원리에 대해 설명한 서적에 대해서는 훈민정음 문서를, 언어에 대해서는 한국어 문서를 참고하십시오.) 한글(韓㐎, 영어: Hangeul또는 Hangul), 조선글은 한국어의 공식문자로서, 세종이 한국어를 표기하기 위하여 창제한 문자인 '훈민정음'(訓民正音)을 20세기 초반 이후 달리 이르는 명칭이다. 한글이란 이름은 주시경 선연구학회]] 회원들에 의해 지어진 것으로 알려져 있으며 그 뜻은 '으뜸이 되는 큰글', '오직 하나뿐인 큰글', '한국인의 글자'이다. 한글의 또 다른 별칭으로는 정음(正音), 언문(諺文), 언서(諺書), 반절(反切), 암클, 아햇글, 가갸글, 국문(國文) 등이 있다. 음소문자인 한글은 홀소리(모음)와 닿소리(자음) 모두 소리틀을 본떠 만들었으며 창제된 초기에는 닿소리 17개에 홀소리 11개, 총 28개였으나, 점차 4자(ㅿ, ㆁ, ㆆ, ㆍ)를 사용하지 않게 되어 현재는 홀소리 10자, 닿소리 14자만 쓰고 있다. 한글은 표음문자(소리글자)이자 자질문자로서 표의문자인 한자에 비해서 배우기 쉽고 읽고 쓰기가 쉬운 장점을 가지고 있다. 조선민주주의인민공화국에서는 '조선글'이라 부른다. 한글(훈민정음)은 창제된 이후 약 500년 동안 많은 시련을 겪었다. 조선의 선비들은 한글을 무시하고 홀대했으며 연산군은 한글 사용을 탄압했다. 일제는 조선어학회 사건(1942)을 조작하는 등 한국어와 한글 사용을 금지하는 민족정신 말살정책을 펼쳤다. 이런 어려움 속에서도 주시경, 최현배 등 많은 선각자들이 한글을 체계적으로 연구하여 한글의 우수성을 알리고 널리 보급하려 노력하였다. 1908년 국어연구학회가 창립된 이래 여러 시련에도 불구하고 한글연구의 명맥은 꾸준히 이어졌으며, 한글날 제정, 사전편찬, 맞춤법 제정 등 많은 성과들을 일구어냈다. 광복후 '조선어학회'가 활동을 재개하였고 1949년에 '한글학회'로 개칭되면서 한글 표준화 사업등 많은 노력이 있었다. 그 결과 한글은 한국어를 표기하는 국어로서의 위상을 지키게 되었다. (ko) ハングル（韓: 한글）およびチョソングル（朝: 조선글）は、朝鮮語を表記するための表音文字 （素性文字）である。 1443年に李氏朝鮮第4代国王の世宗大王が、訓民正音（朝: 훈민정음、略称: 正音）の名で公布した。意味は「偉大なる（ハン）・文字（グル）」であるが、「ハン」を「大韓帝国」の「韓（ハン）」とする説もある。 (ja) Hangul (한글; RR: Han(-)geul; MR: Han'gŭl), in Noord-Korea Chosŏn'gŭl genoemd (조선글; RR: Joseon(-)geul; MR: Chosŏn'gŭl), is het schrift dat gebruikt wordt om Koreaans te schrijven. In tegenstelling tot het , is Hangul fonetisch. Het bestaat uit 10 klinkers en 14 medeklinkers die als lettergrepen in een soort vierkantje worden gegroepeerd. Onder leiding van de Koreaanse koning Sejong de Grote (1397–1450) kwam het in 1443 of januari 1444 tot stand en het werd in 1446 voor het eerst gepubliceerd in de Hunmin Jeongeum. In Zuid-Korea viert men op 9 oktober 'Hangul-dag', sinds 2006 een officiële nationale feestdag. In Noord-Korea viert men het feest op 15 januari. (nl) Hangul (również hangŭl, hangeul, hangyl, kor. 한글) – alfabet koreański stworzony w XV wieku przez Sejonga Wielkiego; składa się z 24 znaków: 14 spółgłosek i 10 samogłosek. Jest jednym z niewielu alfabetów, które zostały stworzone sztucznie, a nie wyewoluowały z hieroglifów czy ideogramów, jak to się działo w przypadku większości współczesnych pism. Każda sylaba zapisywana jest jako blok, na polu kwadratu, składający się ze znaków alfabetu (tzw. jamo). Słowa w tym alfabecie zapisywać można poziomo lub pionowo. (pl) Hangul (i Sydkorea) eller chosŏn'gŭl (i Nordkorea) alternativt urigul (både i Nord- och Sydkorea) är ett alfabetiskt (fonematiskt) skriftsystem som används för att skriva koreanska. Mellan 2009 och 2012 gjordes också försök att göra det till den officiella skriften för det lilla indonesiska språket Cia-Cia. Det utmärker sig genom att grafemens utseende till stor del motiverats av fonetisk särdragsanalys. Hangul används för att skriva koreanska i både Nordkorea och Sydkorea, men i vissa sammanhang kompletteras det i Sydkorea fortfarande med hanja, det vill säga inlånade kinesiska tecken. I Nordkorea skrivs koreanska enbart med hangul. Hangul består av 24 tecken, varav 14 är konsonanter och 10 är vokaler. (sv) O alfabeto coreano, conhecido como Hangul ou Hangeul (em coreano: 한글) na Coreia do Sul e Chosŏn'gŭl na Coreia do Norte (em coreano: 조선글), é um sistema de escrita da língua coreana criado pelo Rei Sejong, o Grande em 1443. Cada bloco silábico do hangul consiste de no mínimo duas e no máximo cinco entre 24 letras, das quais 14 são consoantes e 10 são vogais. Os caracteres do Hangul são compostos e designam sílabas, chamadas jamos. Cada unidade representa um som diferente; alguns caracteres representam dois sons, e esses sons são diferenciados dependendo da posição - em cima de uma vogal, do lado esquerdo ou no fim (em baixo) de cada bloco. As unidades de caracteres colocadas na parte de cima e/ou à esquerda são o som inicial da sílaba, e as unidades colocadas na parte de baixo são o som final. Como regra geral, não se inicia uma palavra com vogal e, para contornar o problema das sílabas cujo primeiro som é uma vogal, usa-se o leung ([ㅇ]), que contém som mudo se colocado no início de um bloco, e, se colocado ao final, faz um som de "ng", como em Samsung (삼성). Os caracteres, às vezes, sofrem mínimas alterações, para se acomodarem à escrita. (pt) Ханги́ль (кор. 한글) — корейська фонематична абетка. Її характерною особливістю є те, що літери абетки об'єднуються у групи, які приблизно відповідають складам. (uk) Хангы́ль (кор. 한글), чосонгы́ль (조선글), корёгы́ль (고려글) — фонематическое письмо корейского языка. Постановление о новой письменности было издано ваном Сечжоном в 1443 году и называлось Хунмин чоным (훈민정음). Отличительной особенностью хангыля является то, что буквы объединяются в группы, примерно соответствующие слогам. Этот вид письменности был разработан в середине XV века и является основным в Республике Корея и единственным в Корейской Народно-Демократической Республике. (ru) 諺文（朝鮮語：언문／諺文 Eonmun ?），韩国官方将其中文译名定为韩字（朝鮮語：한글／韓㐎 ）或韩古尔，朝鲜官方则使用朝鲜字（朝鮮語：조선글／朝鮮㐎 Chosŏn'gŭl）一称为其中文译名，俗称「朝鮮字母」、「文」、「训民正音」等，是朝鮮語所使用的表音文字。15世纪，在朝鮮王朝（1392年－1897年）第四代君主世宗（1418年－1450年在位）的倡导下，由世宗本人于1443年正式创建，并在1446年与几位学者颁布使用。 諺文有10个元音和14个辅音，既简单又具系统性，能全面的記錄朝鮮語的語音。諺文易于学习和印刷，亦易于储存于计算机中，因而谚文的出现对于減少文盲、促進出版事业发达贡献甚巨。谚文在早期多与汉字混用，但1948年以后朝韩两国相继废用汉字后，大量的同音同形異義詞无法直接辨别，如「故事」、「古寺」、「古辭」、「告辭」、「告祀」及「枯死」等都寫作「고사」，因此必須根據上下文，才能判斷词义。 (zh) |
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| dbp:altname | / (en) |
| dbp:caption | "Chosŏn'gŭl" and "Hangul" (en) |
| dbp:context | north (en) |
| dbp:creator | dbr:Sejong_the_Great |
| dbp:description | names of the Korean consonant letters (en) names of the Korean vowel letters (en) |
| dbp:direction | Hangul is usually written horizontally, from left to right and classically from right to left. It is also written vertically, from top to bottom and from right to left. (en) |
| dbp:filename | Giyuk.ogg (en) Korean vowels.ogg (en) |
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| dbp:title | Korean name (en) Korean consonants (en) Korean vowels (en) |
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| dct:subject | dbc:Korean_writing_system dbc:Spelling_reform dbc:Korean_inventions dbc:National_symbols_of_Korea dbc:Constructed_scripts dbc:Hangul dbc:Korean_language dbc:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_15th_century |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Alphabet |
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| rdfs:comment | Hangul (korejsky 한글, v českém odborném přepisu hangŭl, v mezinárodním hangeul; v severokorejské terminologii čosongul – 조선글, čosŏngŭl, joseongeul) je korejské písmo. Bylo vytvořeno v 15. století tak, aby se dalo naučit za jediné dopoledne. Je tak jedním z velmi mála skutečně užívaných písem, která nevznikla odvozením (nápodobou a úpravou) z jejich předchůdců, tedy od hieroglyfů po současná písma, jako latinka, arabské písmo nebo dévanágarí nebo čínské znaky. V obou korejských státech se užívá téměř shodně, jen s malými odchylkami. Jeho součástí je abeceda jamo a metoda sestavování slabičných znaků z těchto písmen. (cs) Hangula (hangulean: 한글, koreeraren erromanizazio berrituan: hangeul, McCune-Reischauer sisteman: han'gŭl), Ipar Korean Chosŏn'gŭl deitua, korear alfabetoa da, koreeraz idazteko erabilia. Egun, hogeita lau letra dauzka: 14 kontsonante eta 10 bokal. XV. mendean asmatu zen, Sejong Handiaren agintaldian. Ordu arte, hanja izeneko txinatar karaktereak erabiltzen ziren. Aristokraziak hanjari eutsi zion denbora luzean, baina XX. mendean hangula gailendu zen koreeraz idazteko. Gaur egun, hanja erabat bazterturik dago Ipar Korean, baina Hego Koreako ikastetxeetan irakasten da. (eu) El alfabeto coreano o hangul (romanización revisada del coreano, hangul; McCune-Reischauer, han'gŭl; Yale, han-kul) es el alfabeto nativo coreano (en contraste con los hanja, o caracteres chinos). Cada bloque silábico hangul consiste en alguno de los 24 fonemas: 14 consonantes y 10 vocales. Históricamente, tenía 3 consonantes y una vocal más. Estos bloques silábicos pueden ser escritos tanto horizontalmente, de izquierda a derecha, como verticalmente, de arriba hacia abajo, con las columnas dispuestas de derecha a izquierda. (es) Is é an Hangul (Cóiréis: 한글, hangeul nó hangǔl) aibítir dhúchasach na Cóiréise, agus í in iomaíocht leis an gcóras neamh-aibítreach, , a fuarthas ar iasacht ón tSín. Tá an córas Hangul bunaithe ar fhuaimniú na teanga, ach ní thugann sé aird ar chomhshamhlú na gconsan, a bhíonn coitianta sa Chóiréis labhartha. Is é an Hangul an t-aon chóras scríbhneoireachta a úsáidtear sa Chóiré Thuaidh, ach tá an dá chineál scríbhneoireachta le feiceáil sa Chóiré Theas i gcónaí. (ga) ハングル（韓: 한글）およびチョソングル（朝: 조선글）は、朝鮮語を表記するための表音文字 （素性文字）である。 1443年に李氏朝鮮第4代国王の世宗大王が、訓民正音（朝: 훈민정음、略称: 正音）の名で公布した。意味は「偉大なる（ハン）・文字（グル）」であるが、「ハン」を「大韓帝国」の「韓（ハン）」とする説もある。 (ja) Hangul (również hangŭl, hangeul, hangyl, kor. 한글) – alfabet koreański stworzony w XV wieku przez Sejonga Wielkiego; składa się z 24 znaków: 14 spółgłosek i 10 samogłosek. Jest jednym z niewielu alfabetów, które zostały stworzone sztucznie, a nie wyewoluowały z hieroglifów czy ideogramów, jak to się działo w przypadku większości współczesnych pism. Każda sylaba zapisywana jest jako blok, na polu kwadratu, składający się ze znaków alfabetu (tzw. jamo). Słowa w tym alfabecie zapisywać można poziomo lub pionowo. (pl) Ханги́ль (кор. 한글) — корейська фонематична абетка. Її характерною особливістю є те, що літери абетки об'єднуються у групи, які приблизно відповідають складам. (uk) Хангы́ль (кор. 한글), чосонгы́ль (조선글), корёгы́ль (고려글) — фонематическое письмо корейского языка. Постановление о новой письменности было издано ваном Сечжоном в 1443 году и называлось Хунмин чоным (훈민정음). Отличительной особенностью хангыля является то, что буквы объединяются в группы, примерно соответствующие слогам. Этот вид письменности был разработан в середине XV века и является основным в Республике Корея и единственным в Корейской Народно-Демократической Республике. (ru) 諺文（朝鮮語：언문／諺文 Eonmun ?），韩国官方将其中文译名定为韩字（朝鮮語：한글／韓㐎 ）或韩古尔，朝鲜官方则使用朝鲜字（朝鮮語：조선글／朝鮮㐎 Chosŏn'gŭl）一称为其中文译名，俗称「朝鮮字母」、「文」、「训民正音」等，是朝鮮語所使用的表音文字。15世纪，在朝鮮王朝（1392年－1897年）第四代君主世宗（1418年－1450年在位）的倡导下，由世宗本人于1443年正式创建，并在1446年与几位学者颁布使用。 諺文有10个元音和14个辅音，既简单又具系统性，能全面的記錄朝鮮語的語音。諺文易于学习和印刷，亦易于储存于计算机中，因而谚文的出现对于減少文盲、促進出版事业发达贡献甚巨。谚文在早期多与汉字混用，但1948年以后朝韩两国相继废用汉字后，大量的同音同形異義詞无法直接辨别，如「故事」、「古寺」、「古辭」、「告辭」、「告祀」及「枯死」等都寫作「고사」，因此必須根據上下文，才能判斷词义。 (zh) تُستخدم الأبجدية الكورية، والمعروفة باسم هانغل (بالكورية: 한글، وتلفظ [ha:n.ɡɯl]) في كوريا الجنوبية وكوريا الشمالية، في كتابة اللغة الكورية منذ نشأتها في القرن الخامس عشر على يد الملك سيجونغ العظيم. إنها نظام الكتابة الرسمي في الكوريتين الجنوبية والشمالية. تُعتبر نظام الكتابة الرسمي المشترك في ولاية يانبيان الكورية المستقلة ومقاطعة تشانغباي الكورية المستقلة في مقاطعة جيلين، بالصين. كما تُستخدم أحيانًا في كتابة لغة جيا- جيا التي يُتحدث بها بالقرب من مدينة باو باو، بإندونيسيا. طور واستخدم عالم اللغة التايواني إكسيو كودي (1987) أبجدية هانغل المُعدلة لتُمثل لغة هوكين التايوانية المنطوقة، دعمه أنغ أوي-جين لاحقًا. (ar) El hangul (한[Han]글[geul]) és l'escriptura nadiua coreana. L'altra escriptura usada a Corea és la iconogràfica hanja, manllevada de la Xina. L'alfabet coreà, també conegut com a Hangul, pronunciat "hɑːn.ɡʊl" o "hɑːŋɡʊl" o Chosongul (transcrit oficialment Han-Geul a Corea del Sud i Chosŏn'gŭl a Corea del Nord), 한글 Han-geul/Han'Gul, "haːn.ɡɯl" o 조선 글 Chosŏn'gŭl / Joseongeul, "tɕosʌnɡɯl", és l'alfabet nadiu de l'idioma coreà va ser creat durant la Dinastia Joseon el 1443, i ara és el sistema d'escriptura oficial de Corea del Nord i Corea del Sud i cooficial a la dins la Província de Jilin a la Xina. A Corea del Sud, el Hangul de vegades es veu augmentat pels caràcters xinesos anomenats hanja, mentre que a Corea del Nord el hanja és pràcticament inexistent. (ca) Das koreanische Alphabet (koreanisch 한글 , bzw. 조선글 Chosŏn’gŭl) ist eine Schrift, die für die koreanische Sprache entwickelt wurde. Das koreanische Alphabet wurde im 15. Jahrhundert geschaffen und ist mit geringen Veränderungen heute die offizielle Schrift für das Koreanische in Nordkorea, Südkorea und der Volksrepublik China. (de) Το κορεατικό αλφάβητο ή Χάνγκουλ (한글, προφέρεται: [ha(ː)n.ɡɯl], στη Νότια Κορέα) ή Τζόσονγκουλ/Τζόσον Μούντσα (στη Βόρεια Κορέα) είναι το σύστημα γραφής που αναπτύχθηκε το 1443 από τον , και χρησιμοποιείται για τη γραφή της κορεατικής γλώσσας, από τον 15ο αιώνα. Είναι το επίσημο σύστημα γραφής της Βόρειας Κορέας και της Νότιας Κορέας. Είναι συνεπίσημο στον Κορεατικό Αυτόνομο Νομό Γιάνμπιαν και στην Κορεατική Αυτόνομη Κομητεία Τσανγκμπάι στην επαρχία Τζιλίν της Κίνας. Συχνά χρησιμοποιείται για να γράψει τη γλώσσα Τσία-Τσία που ομιλείται κοντά στην πόλη Μπάου-Μπάου της Ινδονησίας. (el) La korea alfabeto aŭ Hangulo (koree 한글 hangeul, elparolata kiel "hangul") estas uzata por skribi la korean lingvon. Ĝi estis kreita en la jaroj 1440 post rekomendo de la reĝo Seĝong. Malsimile al aliaj alfabetoj, la koreaj literoj (koree: 자모 jamo, elparolata kiel "ĉamo") kuniĝas en silabvaloraj kvadrataj ĉeloj. La jamo-literoj estas metitaj en la ĉelon de supre malsupren kaj de maldesktre dekstren laŭ la ordo de la fonemoj en la silabo. La formo de ĉiu jamo priskribas la fonemon laŭ la tiama lingva teorio, simile al la ŝava alfabeto. (eo) The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul (English: /ˈhɑːnɡuːl/ HAHN-gool) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them, and they are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features; similarly, the vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system. It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines the features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems, although it is not necessarily an abugida. (en) Le hangeul (prononcé en coréen : /ha(ː)n.ɡɯl/), aussi orthographié hangûl ou hangul en français, appelé chosŏn'gŭl en Corée du Nord, est l’alphabet officiel du coréen, à la fois en Corée du Nord et en Corée du Sud. Le hangeul est fréquemment cité pour son histoire particulière : créé au XVe siècle par le roi Sejong le Grand, il est interdit à sa mort, mais perpétué entretemps par les romans féminins avant d'être réintroduit à la fin du XIXe siècle sous l'occupation japonaise. Ses qualités linguistiques lui valent d’être parfois présenté comme l'un des systèmes d’écritures les plus scientifiques au monde et donc facile à apprendre. (fr) Hangeul (한글; dibaca [ˈhɑːŋɡʊl]), atau Joseon-geul/Josŏn-gŭl (di Korea Utara) adalah alfabet yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Korea. Hangeul diciptakan oleh Raja Sejong yang Agung (1397-1450) pada tahun 1443 masa Dinasti Joseon. Meskipun tulisan Hangeul terlihat seperti tulisan ideografik (tulisan dalam bentuk 'simbol' seperti aksara Tionghoa), Hangeul sebenarnya merupakan abjad fonetik atau alfabet, karena setiap hurufnya merupakan lambang vokal dan konsonan yang berbeda. Alfabet Hangeul terdiri dari 24 huruf— 14 huruf mati (konsonan) dan 10 huruf hidup (vokal). Sebenarnya Hangeul masih mempunyai 3 konsonan dan 1 buah huruf vokal, tetapi dihilangkan. Selain untuk menuliskan bahasa Korea, Hangeul juga dipakai untuk Bahasa Cia-Cia, di Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Setiap tanggal 9 (in) In Corea del Sud lo hangŭl o hangeul (한글, hangeulLR, han'gŭlMR), o in Corea del Nord chosŏngŭl (조선글, chosŏngŭlMR) è l'alfabeto coreano che è stato usato per scrivere la lingua coreana sin dalla sua creazione nel XV secolo da scienziati su impulso del re Sejong il Grande. Esso sostituì il sistema di scrittura cinese, basato sugli hanja, usato dalle élite colte del Paese fino a quel momento. La ricorrenza è festeggiata nel Giorno dell'hangŭl/chosŏngŭl il 9 ottobre in Corea del Sud e il 15 gennaio in Corea del Nord. Come gli jamo si combinano in sillabe. (it) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 한글 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.)( 이 문자의 원리에 대해 설명한 서적에 대해서는 훈민정음 문서를, 언어에 대해서는 한국어 문서를 참고하십시오.) 한글(韓㐎, 영어: Hangeul또는 Hangul), 조선글은 한국어의 공식문자로서, 세종이 한국어를 표기하기 위하여 창제한 문자인 '훈민정음'(訓民正音)을 20세기 초반 이후 달리 이르는 명칭이다. 한글이란 이름은 주시경 선연구학회]] 회원들에 의해 지어진 것으로 알려져 있으며 그 뜻은 '으뜸이 되는 큰글', '오직 하나뿐인 큰글', '한국인의 글자'이다. 한글의 또 다른 별칭으로는 정음(正音), 언문(諺文), 언서(諺書), 반절(反切), 암클, 아햇글, 가갸글, 국문(國文) 등이 있다. 한글(훈민정음)은 창제된 이후 약 500년 동안 많은 시련을 겪었다. 조선의 선비들은 한글을 무시하고 홀대했으며 연산군은 한글 사용을 탄압했다. 일제는 조선어학회 사건(1942)을 조작하는 등 한국어와 한글 사용을 금지하는 민족정신 말살정책을 펼쳤다. 이런 어려움 속에서도 주시경, 최현배 등 많은 선각자들이 한글을 체계적으로 연구하여 한글의 우수성을 알리고 널리 보급하려 노력하였다. (ko) O alfabeto coreano, conhecido como Hangul ou Hangeul (em coreano: 한글) na Coreia do Sul e Chosŏn'gŭl na Coreia do Norte (em coreano: 조선글), é um sistema de escrita da língua coreana criado pelo Rei Sejong, o Grande em 1443. Cada bloco silábico do hangul consiste de no mínimo duas e no máximo cinco entre 24 letras, das quais 14 são consoantes e 10 são vogais. (pt) Hangul (한글; RR: Han(-)geul; MR: Han'gŭl), in Noord-Korea Chosŏn'gŭl genoemd (조선글; RR: Joseon(-)geul; MR: Chosŏn'gŭl), is het schrift dat gebruikt wordt om Koreaans te schrijven. In tegenstelling tot het , is Hangul fonetisch. Het bestaat uit 10 klinkers en 14 medeklinkers die als lettergrepen in een soort vierkantje worden gegroepeerd. Onder leiding van de Koreaanse koning Sejong de Grote (1397–1450) kwam het in 1443 of januari 1444 tot stand en het werd in 1446 voor het eerst gepubliceerd in de Hunmin Jeongeum. (nl) Hangul (i Sydkorea) eller chosŏn'gŭl (i Nordkorea) alternativt urigul (både i Nord- och Sydkorea) är ett alfabetiskt (fonematiskt) skriftsystem som används för att skriva koreanska. Mellan 2009 och 2012 gjordes också försök att göra det till den officiella skriften för det lilla indonesiska språket Cia-Cia. Det utmärker sig genom att grafemens utseende till stor del motiverats av fonetisk särdragsanalys. Hangul består av 24 tecken, varav 14 är konsonanter och 10 är vokaler. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Hangul (en) هانغل (ar) Hangul (ca) Hangul (cs) Koreanisches Alphabet (de) Χάνγκουλ (el) Korea alfabeto (eo) Hangul (es) Hangul (eu) Hangul (ga) Hangeul (in) Hangŭl (it) Hangeul (fr) 한글 (ko) ハングル (ja) Hangul (pl) Hangul (nl) Hangul (pt) Хангыль (ru) Hangul (sv) 諺文 (zh) Хангиль (uk) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:List_of_Hangul_jamo dbr:Korean_phonology dbr:Origin_of_Hangul dbr:Hangul_consonant dbr:Vowel_tables |
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| is dbp:translitLang2Type of | dbr:Potonggang-guyok dbr:Pungnap-dong dbr:Pyeong-dong,_Seoul dbr:Pyeongchang-dong dbr:Pyongchon-guyok dbr:Samcheong-dong dbr:Samgak-dong dbr:Samgaksan-dong dbr:Samho-dong dbr:Samjeon-dong dbr:Samsan-dong,_Ulsan dbr:Samseon-dong dbr:Samseong-dong dbr:Samseong-dong,_Daejeon dbr:Samyang-dong dbr:Sancheon-dong dbr:Sangam-dong dbr:Sangbong-dong dbr:Sangdo-dong dbr:Sanggye-dong dbr:Sangil-dong dbr:Sangsu-dong dbr:Sangwangsimni-dong dbr:Sangwolgok-dong dbr:Beon-dong dbr:Bodeok-dong dbr:Bomun-dong dbr:Bongcheon-dong dbr:Bongnae-dong dbr:Bongwon-dong dbr:Deungchon-dong dbr:Hoegi-dong dbr:Hoehyeon-dong dbr:Hongeun-dong dbr:Hongik-dong dbr:Hongje-dong dbr:Hongji-dong dbr:Hongpa-dong dbr:Hwa-dong dbr:Hwagok-dong dbr:Hwanggeum-dong,_Daegu dbr:Hwanggeum-dong,_Gimcheon dbr:Hwanghae_Province dbr:Hwanghak-dong dbr:Hwango-dong dbr:Hwangseong-dong,_Gyeongju dbr:Hwayang-dong dbr:Hwigyeong-dong dbr:Hyehwa-dong dbr:Hyeonjeo-dong dbr:Hyeonseok-dong dbr:Hyoja-dong 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dbr:Cheongun-dong dbr:Cheongunhyoja-dong dbr:Cheonho-dong dbr:Cheonwang-dong dbr:Cheonyeon-dong dbr:Cho-dong dbr:Jeo-dong dbr:Jeokseon-dong dbr:Jeolla_Province dbr:Jeong-dong dbr:Jeongja-dong,_Suwon dbr:Jeongneung-dong dbr:Jeonnong-dong dbr:Jeungsan-dong dbr:Jingwan-dong dbr:Jung-dong,_Seoul dbr:Junggok-dong dbr:Junggye-dong dbr:Junghwa-dong dbr:Jungnim-dong dbr:Juseong-dong dbr:Kaesong_Industrial_Region dbr:Sungin-dong dbr:Sunhwa-dong |
| is gold:hypernym of | dbr:Mieum_(hangul) dbr:Bieup dbr:Giyeok dbr:Rieul_(hangul) dbr:Digeut |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Korean_mixed_script |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Hangul |
