| dbo:abstract |
حرب الأرض (بالأيرلندية: Cogadh na Talún) هي فترة من الاضطراب الزراعي في أرياف آيرلندا (والتي كانت حينها جزءًا من المملكة المتحدة) بدأت عام 1879. قد يشير المصطلح إلى الفترة الأولى والأعنف من الاضطراب بشكل خاص، وهي الفترة الممتدة بين عامي 1879 و1882، أو قد يشمل أيضًا الفترات اللاحقة التي تفشى فيها الاضطراب أو التي تكرر فيها اندلاع الاضطرابات حتى عام 1923، تحديدًا خطة الحملة بين عامي 1886 و1891 وحرب المزارع بين عامي 1906 و1909. قادت رابطة الأرض الوطنية الآيرلندية ذلك الاضطراب، ثم تولت القيادة بعدها منظمات أخرى كالرابطة الوطنية الآيرلندية والرابطة الآيرلندية المتحدة، وسعت إلى توفير الإيجار العادل والبيع الحر ودوام الإشغال لصالح مستأجري الأراضي الزراعية، وفي نهاية المطاف، سعت إلى تأمين ملكية الأرض لصالح المزارعين والقرويين الذين يعملون بها. منذ عام 1870، طرحت عدة حكومات بريطانية سلسلة من القوانين الزراعية التي لبّت مطالب الكثير من الناشطين. لعب وليام أوبراين دورًا رئيسًا في مؤتمر الأرض عام 1920، ما مهّد الطريق لإقرار أكثر التشريعات الاجتماعية تقدمًا في آيرلندا منذ عهد الاتحاد، وهو قانون شراء الأرض الخاص بآيرلندا عام 1903. وضع هذا القانون أحكام تفكيك العقارات الكبيرة عبر شرائها برعاية حكومية. بالإضافة إلى التغيرات السياسية والقانونية، أثّر الركود الاقتصادي الطويل، الذي بدأ عام 1873، على إيرادات عقود الإيجار وعلاقات ملاك الأراضي بالمستأجرين في كامل أوروبا، منذ سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر وحتى فترة التسعينيات من القرن ذاته. (ar) Als Land War (englisch für „Krieg um Land“, irisch Cogadh na Talún) wird der Kampf der Irish National Land League für Landreformen und für die Rechte der Pächter in Irland in den 1870er, 1880er und 1890er Jahren bezeichnet. Obwohl die Bezeichnung dies suggeriert und es bisweilen zu gewalttätigen Zusammenstößen kam, handelte es sich nicht um einen Krieg im eigentlichen Sinne. (de) The Land War (Irish: Cogadh na Talún) was a period of agrarian agitation in rural Ireland (then wholly part of the United Kingdom) that began in 1879. It may refer specifically to the first and most intense period of agitation between 1879 and 1882, or include later outbreaks of agitation that periodically reignited until 1923, especially the 1886–1891 Plan of Campaign and the 1906–1909 Ranch War. The agitation was led by the Irish National Land League and its successors, the Irish National League and the United Irish League, and aimed to secure fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure for tenant farmers and ultimately peasant proprietorship of the land they worked. From 1870, various governments introduced a series of Land Acts that granted many of the activists' demands. William O'Brien played a leading role in the 1902 Land Conference to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903. This Act set the conditions for the break-up of large estates by government-sponsored purchase. Alongside the political and legal changes, the "Long Depression" affected rent yields and landlord-tenant relations across all of Europe from the 1870s to the 1890s. (en) La guerre agraire (en irlandais : Cogadh na Talún) dans l’histoire irlandaise a été une période d’agitation agraire dans les régions rurales du pays dans les années 1870, 1880 et 1890. L’agitation était dirigée par la Ligue nationale irlandaise et visait à améliorer la situation des paysans et, à terme, à une redistribution des terres aux exploitants par les propriétaires. Bien qu'il y ait eu beaucoup d'incidents violents et quelques morts, ce n'était pas réellement une guerre, mais plutôt une période prolongée de troubles civils. La fin du XIXe siècle a été témoin d'une réforme agraire majeure, menée par la Ligue de la terre de Michael Davitt, exigeant ce que l'on nomme les 3 F : loyers équitables, vente libre et fixité de la durée d'occupation (fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure en anglais). Le Parlement britannique a adopté des lois en 1870, 1881, 1903 et 1909 qui permettaient à la plupart des métayers d'acheter leurs terres et réduisaient les loyers des autres. À partir de 1870 et à la suite des agitations de la guerre agraire et du Plan of Campaign des années 1880, divers gouvernements britanniques introduisirent une série de lois, les Irish Land Acts . William O'Brien a joué un rôle de premier plan lors de la conférence agraire de 1902 pour ouvrir la voie à la législation sociale la plus avancée d'Irlande depuis l'Acte d'Union, à savoir le Wyndham Land Purchase Act de 1903. Cette loi fixait les conditions de division de grandes propriétés. Cela mit fin à l'ère des propriétaires absents. (fr) Ba thréimhse chorraitheach í Cogadh na Talún (Béarla: The Land War) faoin tuath in Éirinn (a bhí ag an am sin go hiomlán sa Ríocht Aontaithe), a thosaigh sa bhliain 1879. D'fhéadfadh sé tagairt go sonrach don chéad tréimhse agus don tréimhse chorraitheach is déine idir 1879 agus 1882, nó go n-áireofaí ann ráigeanna corraíola níos déanaí a tháinig i réim go tréimhsiúil go dtí 1923, go háirithe an 1886–1891 don Phlean Feachtais 1886 -1891 (Plan of Campaign) agus Cogadh na Feirmeacha Talún 1906 -1909. (Ranch War). Bhí an chorraíocht faoi stiúir Conradh na Talún agus Léig na nÉireannach Aontaithe agus a chomharbaí, Léig Náisiúnta na hÉireann agus Léig na nÉireannach Aontaithe, agus bhí sé mar aidhm acu cíos cóir, saordhíolachán, agus cinnteacht seilbhe a dhaingniú d'fheirmeoirí tionónta agus agus i ndeireadh na dála dílseánacht aonair na talún ar a raibh siad ag obair. (ga) De Landoorlog (Engels: Land War; Iers: Cogadh na Talún) was een periode van woelingen en onrust op het platteland van Ierland, met name in de periode 1870-1890. De richtte zich op het verbeteren van de positie van pachters met als uiteindelijk doel de overdracht van het land van landheren, met name van de , aan pachters. Hoewel er vele gewelddadige incidenten waren en er verschillende doden vielen, was het geen echte oorlog maar meer een lange periode van onrust. (nl) |
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An Irish family in Moyasta, County Clare being evicted 1879 (en) |
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Rent strikes, boycotts, political demonstrations (en) |
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dbr:Irish_Home_Rule_movement |
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* Landlords (en) * Irish tenant farmers ** Irish National Land League ** Irish National League ** United Irish League (en) |
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Land War (en) |
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Als Land War (englisch für „Krieg um Land“, irisch Cogadh na Talún) wird der Kampf der Irish National Land League für Landreformen und für die Rechte der Pächter in Irland in den 1870er, 1880er und 1890er Jahren bezeichnet. Obwohl die Bezeichnung dies suggeriert und es bisweilen zu gewalttätigen Zusammenstößen kam, handelte es sich nicht um einen Krieg im eigentlichen Sinne. (de) De Landoorlog (Engels: Land War; Iers: Cogadh na Talún) was een periode van woelingen en onrust op het platteland van Ierland, met name in de periode 1870-1890. De richtte zich op het verbeteren van de positie van pachters met als uiteindelijk doel de overdracht van het land van landheren, met name van de , aan pachters. Hoewel er vele gewelddadige incidenten waren en er verschillende doden vielen, was het geen echte oorlog maar meer een lange periode van onrust. (nl) حرب الأرض (بالأيرلندية: Cogadh na Talún) هي فترة من الاضطراب الزراعي في أرياف آيرلندا (والتي كانت حينها جزءًا من المملكة المتحدة) بدأت عام 1879. قد يشير المصطلح إلى الفترة الأولى والأعنف من الاضطراب بشكل خاص، وهي الفترة الممتدة بين عامي 1879 و1882، أو قد يشمل أيضًا الفترات اللاحقة التي تفشى فيها الاضطراب أو التي تكرر فيها اندلاع الاضطرابات حتى عام 1923، تحديدًا خطة الحملة بين عامي 1886 و1891 وحرب المزارع بين عامي 1906 و1909. قادت رابطة الأرض الوطنية الآيرلندية ذلك الاضطراب، ثم تولت القيادة بعدها منظمات أخرى كالرابطة الوطنية الآيرلندية والرابطة الآيرلندية المتحدة، وسعت إلى توفير الإيجار العادل والبيع الحر ودوام الإشغال لصالح مستأجري الأراضي الزراعية، وفي نهاية المطاف، سعت إلى تأمين ملكية الأرض لصالح المزارعين والقرويين الذين يعملون بها. (ar) The Land War (Irish: Cogadh na Talún) was a period of agrarian agitation in rural Ireland (then wholly part of the United Kingdom) that began in 1879. It may refer specifically to the first and most intense period of agitation between 1879 and 1882, or include later outbreaks of agitation that periodically reignited until 1923, especially the 1886–1891 Plan of Campaign and the 1906–1909 Ranch War. The agitation was led by the Irish National Land League and its successors, the Irish National League and the United Irish League, and aimed to secure fair rent, free sale, and fixity of tenure for tenant farmers and ultimately peasant proprietorship of the land they worked. (en) Ba thréimhse chorraitheach í Cogadh na Talún (Béarla: The Land War) faoin tuath in Éirinn (a bhí ag an am sin go hiomlán sa Ríocht Aontaithe), a thosaigh sa bhliain 1879. D'fhéadfadh sé tagairt go sonrach don chéad tréimhse agus don tréimhse chorraitheach is déine idir 1879 agus 1882, nó go n-áireofaí ann ráigeanna corraíola níos déanaí a tháinig i réim go tréimhsiúil go dtí 1923, go háirithe an 1886–1891 don Phlean Feachtais 1886 -1891 (Plan of Campaign) agus Cogadh na Feirmeacha Talún 1906 -1909. (Ranch War). Bhí an chorraíocht faoi stiúir Conradh na Talún agus Léig na nÉireannach Aontaithe agus a chomharbaí, Léig Náisiúnta na hÉireann agus Léig na nÉireannach Aontaithe, agus bhí sé mar aidhm acu cíos cóir, saordhíolachán, agus cinnteacht seilbhe a dhaingniú d'fheirmeoirí tionónta agus a (ga) La guerre agraire (en irlandais : Cogadh na Talún) dans l’histoire irlandaise a été une période d’agitation agraire dans les régions rurales du pays dans les années 1870, 1880 et 1890. L’agitation était dirigée par la Ligue nationale irlandaise et visait à améliorer la situation des paysans et, à terme, à une redistribution des terres aux exploitants par les propriétaires. Bien qu'il y ait eu beaucoup d'incidents violents et quelques morts, ce n'était pas réellement une guerre, mais plutôt une période prolongée de troubles civils. (fr) |
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حرب الأرض (ar) Land War (de) Guerre agraire (Irlande) (fr) Cogadh na Talún (ga) Land War (en) Landoorlog (nl) |
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wikipedia-en:Land_War |
