Mantou kiln (original) (raw)
The mantou kiln (Chinese: 饅頭窯; pinyin: mántóu yáo; Wade–Giles: man-t'ou yao) or horseshoe-shaped kiln was the most common type of pottery kiln in north China, in historical periods when the dragon kiln dominated south China; both seem to have emerged in the Warring States period of approximately 475 to 221 BC. It is named (in both English and Chinese) after the Chinese mantou bun or roll, whose shape it (very approximately) resembles; the ground plan resembles a horseshoe. The kilns are roughly round, with a low dome covering the central firing area, and are generally only 2 to 3 metres across inside. However it is capable of reaching very high temperatures, up to about 1370°C. There is a door or bricked-up opening at the front for loading and unloading, and one or two short chimneys at th
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| dbo:abstract | El horno mantou (en chino tradicional, 饅頭窯; pinyin, mántóu yáo; Wade-Giles, man-t'ou yao) u horno en forma de herradura fue el tipo más común de horno de cerámica en el norte de China, en periodos históricos en los que el horno dragón dominaba en el sur de China; ambos parecen haber surgido en el periodo de reinos combatientes entre el 475 y el 221 a. C. Lleva el nombre de los panecillos mantou, con los que comparte forma (muy aproximadamente); el plano inferior parece una herradura. Los hornos son bastante redondos, con una cúpula baja cubriendo al área central, y generalmente solo 2 o 3 metros de interior. Sin embargo, es capaz de alcanzar temperaturas muy altas, de hasta 1370 °C. Tiene una puerta o abertura en el frente para cargarlo y descargarlo, y una o dos chimeneas cortas en la parte posterior. Son un tipo de hornos de «tiro cruzado», en los que el fuego viaja de forma más o menos horizontal, en lugar de verticalmente. Los hornos solían estar hechos de ladrillos; en ocasiones la mayor parte de la estructura estaba enterrada en limo, sobresaliendo únicamente la cúpula y las chimeneas. En ambos casos el interior estaba habitualmente cubierno por arcilla refractaria. En algunos casos, especialmente en periodos tardíos, se accedía al cuerpo del horno por un túnel. Inicialmente en los hornos ardía madera, pero durante el periodo Song del norte (960-1127) hubo un cambio generalizado al carbón, de fácil acceso en el norte de China, que requería un cuerpo menor pero la introducción de una gaceta refractaria para proteger las piezas de la ceniza de carbón. Esto cambió la composición de la atmósfera durante el quemado, lo que afectó al color de la cerámica, dando la madera una y el carbón una oxidante. La producción podía durar hasta dos semanas, incluyendo el tiempo de enfriamiento. Los detalles de diseño podían ser muy variables. Se podía construir un pequeño muro en la parte frontal del horno una vez cargado para proteger las piezas de las llamas directas, y encerrar el fuego. El muro interior trasero podía ser plano, dando una forma semicircular a la cámara. Se han encontrado diferentes arreglos para controlar el flujo de aire en la parte frontal y posterior con respiraderos y puertas de piedra. Generalmente el calor era uniforme en las diferentes partes de la cámara en contraste con el horno dragón, pero la carga era mucho menor, con gacetas de solo unos cientos de piezas, en lugar de las decenas de miles que podía producir un horno dragón grande de una sola vez. Entre las cerámicas cocidas en hornos mantou están las cerámicas , y otros celadones del norte como las cerámicas , Ru y . El «horno con forma de huevo» zhenyao, desarrollado para la en la dinastía Ming tardía, es de cierta forma un punto medio entre los hornos mantou y dragón, como un horno mantou estirado. La oficial estaba hecha en Jingdezhen en un horno mantou al estilo del norte, hecho poco habitual tan al sur. (es) The mantou kiln (Chinese: 饅頭窯; pinyin: mántóu yáo; Wade–Giles: man-t'ou yao) or horseshoe-shaped kiln was the most common type of pottery kiln in north China, in historical periods when the dragon kiln dominated south China; both seem to have emerged in the Warring States period of approximately 475 to 221 BC. It is named (in both English and Chinese) after the Chinese mantou bun or roll, whose shape it (very approximately) resembles; the ground plan resembles a horseshoe. The kilns are roughly round, with a low dome covering the central firing area, and are generally only 2 to 3 metres across inside. However it is capable of reaching very high temperatures, up to about 1370°C. There is a door or bricked-up opening at the front for loading and unloading, and one or two short chimneys at the rear. They are one type of "cross-draught" kilns, where the flames travel more or less horizontally, rather than up from or down to the floor. The kilns were normally made of brick; sometimes most of the structure was dug out below the loess soil, with only the dome and chimney protruding above ground. In either case the interior was normally lined with a refractory fireclay. In some cases, especially in later periods, the fire box was approached by a tunnel. Initially the kilns were fired with wood, but during the Northern Song period (960–1127) there was a general switch to coal, easily found in north China, which required a smaller fire box, but the introduction of saggars to protect the pieces from gritty coal ash. This changed the reducing quality of the atmosphere during firing, which affected the colours of various wares, wood giving a reducing atmosphere and coal an oxidizing one. A firing might take as long as two weeks, including the cooling time. The details of the design could be very variable. A temporary "bag wall" might be built at the front of the kiln, once loaded, to protect the wares from the direct flames, and enclose the fire. The back interior wall might be straight, giving a semi-circular shape to the chamber. Various different arrangements for controlling the airflow at front and back by vents and stone doors are found. Generally the firing was even across the various parts of the chamber compared to the dragon kiln, but the load far smaller, with saggars perhaps only hundreds of pieces, rather than the tens of thousands a large dragon kiln could take for a single firing. Wares fired in mantou kilns include Ding ware, Yaozhou ware and other Northern Celadons, Jun, Ru, and Cizhou wares. The zhenyao "egg-shaped kiln", developed for Jingdezhen ware in the late Ming dynasty, is in some ways a compromise between mantou and dragon kilns, like a stretched mantou kiln. Official Guan ware had been made at Jingdezhen in a northern-style mantou kiln, rare this far south. (en) |
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| dbp:p | mántóu yáo (en) |
| dbp:t | 饅頭窯 (en) |
| dbp:w | man-t'ou yao (en) |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:ISBN dbt:Reflist dbt:Zh dbt:Chinese_ceramics |
| dcterms:subject | dbc:Firing_techniques dbc:Chinese_pottery dbc:Kilns dbc:Chinese_inventions |
| rdfs:comment | The mantou kiln (Chinese: 饅頭窯; pinyin: mántóu yáo; Wade–Giles: man-t'ou yao) or horseshoe-shaped kiln was the most common type of pottery kiln in north China, in historical periods when the dragon kiln dominated south China; both seem to have emerged in the Warring States period of approximately 475 to 221 BC. It is named (in both English and Chinese) after the Chinese mantou bun or roll, whose shape it (very approximately) resembles; the ground plan resembles a horseshoe. The kilns are roughly round, with a low dome covering the central firing area, and are generally only 2 to 3 metres across inside. However it is capable of reaching very high temperatures, up to about 1370°C. There is a door or bricked-up opening at the front for loading and unloading, and one or two short chimneys at th (en) El horno mantou (en chino tradicional, 饅頭窯; pinyin, mántóu yáo; Wade-Giles, man-t'ou yao) u horno en forma de herradura fue el tipo más común de horno de cerámica en el norte de China, en periodos históricos en los que el horno dragón dominaba en el sur de China; ambos parecen haber surgido en el periodo de reinos combatientes entre el 475 y el 221 a. C. Lleva el nombre de los panecillos mantou, con los que comparte forma (muy aproximadamente); el plano inferior parece una herradura. Los hornos son bastante redondos, con una cúpula baja cubriendo al área central, y generalmente solo 2 o 3 metros de interior. Sin embargo, es capaz de alcanzar temperaturas muy altas, de hasta 1370 °C. Tiene una puerta o abertura en el frente para cargarlo y descargarlo, y una o dos chimeneas cortas en la p (es) |
| rdfs:label | Horno mantou (es) Mantou kiln (en) |
| owl:sameAs | yago-res:Mantou kiln wikidata:Mantou kiln dbpedia-es:Mantou kiln https://global.dbpedia.org/id/2cpui |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Mantou_kiln?oldid=1072112194&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Vase_with_peony_branc..._Cincinnati_Art_Museum_-_DSC03192.jpg |
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