Massacre at Huế (original) (raw)
Masakr v Huế byl jedním z největších masakrů civilního obyvatelstva, 2 800 až 6 000 mužů, žen, dětí, kojenců a válečných zajatců spáchaných během války ve Vietnamu. Provedli jej příslušníci ozbrojených sil Vietkongu a během Ofenzívy Tet, po obsazení města Huế 31. ledna 1968 do jeho opuštění 3. března 1968. Mnoho obětí bylo mučeno, znásilněno a pohřbeno zaživa. Masakr byl proveden na základě série příkazů vydaných vrchním velením Vietnamské lidové armády.
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| dbo:abstract | Masakr v Huế byl jedním z největších masakrů civilního obyvatelstva, 2 800 až 6 000 mužů, žen, dětí, kojenců a válečných zajatců spáchaných během války ve Vietnamu. Provedli jej příslušníci ozbrojených sil Vietkongu a během Ofenzívy Tet, po obsazení města Huế 31. ledna 1968 do jeho opuštění 3. března 1968. Mnoho obětí bylo mučeno, znásilněno a pohřbeno zaživa. Masakr byl proveden na základě série příkazů vydaných vrchním velením Vietnamské lidové armády. (cs) Das Massaker von Huế war ein Kriegsverbrechen, welches vom Vietcong und der nordvietnamesischen Armee in der Stadt Huế im Jahr 1968 im Zuge der Tet-Offensive im Vietnamkrieg verübt wurde. Es begann im Zuge der Schlacht um Huế am 31. Januar 1968 und dauerte 28 Tage an. Die nordvietnamesischen Soldaten ermordeten zahlreiche Zivilisten, weil sie diese für Antikommunisten hielten. Religiöse Führer, zumeist römisch-katholische Geistliche, wurden hingerichtet, ebenso wie Ausländer und Regierungsbeamte. Diese wurden unter anderem gefoltert oder lebendig begraben. Die Zahl der Opfer liegt zwischen 2800 und 6000 Menschen, darunter auch Kinder. Die Massengräber wurden in den Monaten bis Jahren danach entdeckt. Andere Quellen berichten, dass möglicherweise ein kleinerer Teil der Opfer dem intensiven Bombardement der US-amerikanischen Luftwaffe im Laufe und am Ende der Schlacht um Huế zuzuschreiben waren. Unter den Opfern fanden sich auch vier deutsche Staatsbürger: die drei Medizinprofessoren Horst-Günther Krainick, Alois Alteköster und Raimund Discher, die an der Universität von Huế als Teilnehmer eines Bildungshilfeprogramms der deutschen Bundesregierung seit 1961 die Medizinische Fakultät der Universität aufbauten, sowie Krainicks Ehefrau Elisabeth. Die Gruppe war Anfang Februar aus der Wohnung der Krainicks entführt worden, obwohl sie sich mit Ausweispapieren an der Haustür als Deutsche ausgewiesen hatten. Die Hypothese, dass sie für Amerikaner gehalten wurden, gilt deshalb heute als überholt. Ein vierter deutscher Arzt, Erich Wulff, hatte die Stadt kurz vorher verlassen. Da es kaum neutrale Quellen gibt und die Kampfhandlungen auch viele zivile Opfer forderten, ist die historische Diskussion über dieses Ereignis noch nicht abgeschlossen. (de) The Huế massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân, or Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế, lit. translation: "Tết Offensive massacre in Huế") was the summary executions and mass murder perpetrated by the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) during their capture, military occupation and later withdrawal from the city of Huế during the Tet Offensive, considered one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War. The Battle of Huế began on 31 January 1968, and lasted a total of 26 days. During the months and years that followed, dozens of mass graves were discovered in and around Huế. Victims included men, women, children, and infants. The estimated death toll was between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war, or 5–10% of the total population of Huế. The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) released a list of 4,062 victims identified as having been either murdered or abducted. Victims were found bound, tortured, and sometimes buried alive. Many victims were also clubbed to death. A number of U.S. and South Vietnamese authorities as well as a number of journalists who investigated the events took the discoveries, along with other evidence, as proof that a large-scale atrocity had been carried out in and around Huế during its four-week occupation. The killings were perceived as part of a large-scale purge of a whole social stratum, including anyone friendly to American forces in the region. The massacre at Huế came under increasing press scrutiny later, when press reports alleged that South Vietnamese "revenge squads" had also been at work in the aftermath of the battle, searching out and executing citizens that had supported the communist occupation. In 2017, Ben Kiernan described the massacre as "possibly the largest atrocity of the war." (en) Las Matanzas de Hué es el nombre dado a las ejecuciones sumarias perpetradas por el Vietcong y el EVN en la ciudad imperial de Hué durante el tiempo que esta estuvo en su poder a lo largo de la Ofensiva del Tet. (es) Pembantaian Huế (bahasa Vietnam: Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân, atau Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế, diterjemahkan: "Pembantaian Serangan Tet di Huế") adalah nama yang diberikan terhadap eksekusi kilat dan pembunuhan massal yang dilakukan oleh Viêt Cong (VC) dan Tentara Rakyat Vietnam (TRV) saat penangkapan mereka, Pendudukan dan pemunduran kemudian dari kota Huế saat Serangan Tet, dianggap sebagai pertempuran paling terpanjang dan mematikan di Perang Vietnam. Pertempuran Huế dimulai pada 31 Januari 1968 dan berakhir selama 26 hari. Selama bulan-bulan dan tahun-tahun berikutnya, puluhan kuburan massal di dalam dan di sekitar Huế. Korban meliputi perempuan, pria, anak, dan bayi. Diperkirakan angka kematian adalah antara 2,800 dan 6,000 warga sipil dan tawanan perang, atau 5-10% dari total jumlah penduduk di Huế. Republik Vietnam merilis daftar 4,062 korban yang diidentifikasi sebagai salah satu dari keduanya dibunuh atau diculik. Korban ditemukan terikat, disiksa, dan terkadang dikubur hidup-hidup. Banyak korban juga ditemukan dipukuli sampai mati. Sejumlah pihak AS dan Vietnam Selatan dan juga sejumlah jurnalis yang menginvestigasi kejadian mengambil penemuan, dengan bukti lainnya, sebagai bukti berskala besar telah dilakukan di luar dan di sekitar Huế selama pendudukan empat minggu. Pembunuhan tersebut dirasakan sebagai bagian skala besar dari seluruh lapisan sosial, terutama siapapun yang ramah terhadap Pasukan Amerika di wilayah. Pembantaian di Huế terjadi setelah laporan pers menduga bahwa "skuad balas dendam" Vietnam Selatan juka bekerja setelah akibat dari pertumpuran terseut, mencari dan mengeksuksi warganegara yang mendukung pendudukan komunis. Pada tahun 2017, Ben Kiernan mengatakan pembantaian tersebut sebagai "Kemungkinan merupakan kekejam terbesar dalam perang tersebut." (in) 후에 대학살(順化大虐殺, 베트남어: Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế)은 구정 대공세를 통해 후에의 점령과 함락, 후퇴 과정에서 베트콩과 베트남 인민군에 의해 자행된 즉결 처형과 대량 학살에 주어진 이름이다. 베트남 전쟁 중 가장 길고, 피를 많이 본 전투 중 하나로 간주되고 있다. 후에 전투는 1968년 1월 31일에 시작하여, 총 26일 동안 지속 되었다. 뒤이어 몇 달 동안, 후에와 그 주변에서 수십 개의 집단 매장지가 발견되었다. 피해자는 성인 남녀 어린이와 유아가 포함되어 있었다. 추정 사망자 2,800명에서 6,000명 사이였고, 민간인과 포로를 포함하여, 후에 전체 인구의 5 ~ 10%에 달하는 인원이었다. or 5–10% of the total population of Huế. 베트남 공화국은 살해되거나 납치되어 희생자 중 식별된 희생자 4,062명의 피해자의 목록을 발표했다. 희생자는 구속되고, 고문당하고, 때때로 매장된 채 발견되었다. 맞아 죽은 많은 희생자들도 있었다. 많은 미국과 남베트남 당국자와 그 사건을 조사한 많은 언론인들이 다른 증거자료와 함께 발굴을 했으며, 4주간의 점령 중 후에와 주변에서 대규모의 잔학 행위가 수행되었다는 증거로 삼았다. 그 살해 행위는 이 지역의 미군에게 친숙한 사람들을 포함하여, 전체 사회 계층을 대규모로 숙청하는 과정의 일부로 인식되었다. 이후 남베트남 ‘보복 분대’도 공산주의자 점령을 지원했었던 시민을 찾아내고, 처형을 했다는 주장도 있었다. 2017년에, 벤 키어넌(Ben Kiernan)은 후에 대학살은 ‘베트남 전쟁의 가장 잔악한 행위’였을 것이라고 후에 대학살을 설명했다. (ko) Masakra w Huế (wiet.: Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân lub Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế) – seria zbiorowych egzekucji i masowych mordów dokonanych przez Wietkong i podczas bitwy o miasto Huế, jego okupacji i późniejszego odwrotu w toku ofensywy Tết. Bitwa o Huế rozpoczęła się 31 stycznia 1968 roku i trwała łącznie 26 dni. W następnych miesiącach i latach odkryto dziesiątki masowych grobów w samym mieście i jego okolicach. Wśród ofiar znalazły się kobiety, mężczyźni, dzieci i niemowlęta. Szacunkowa liczba zamordowanych wynosiła od 2800 do 6000 cywilów i jeńców wojennych, czyli 5–10% całej populacji Huế. Republika Wietnamu (Wietnam Południowy) opublikowała listę 4062 ofiar zidentyfikowanych jako zamordowane lub uprowadzone. Ciała znajdowano ze związanymi rękami, śladami tortur, a czasem pogrzebane żywcem. Wiele ofiar bito pałkami na śmierć. Władze Stanów Zjednoczonych i Wietnamu Południowego, a także wielu dziennikarzy, którzy badali te wydarzenia, przyjęło ekshumacje wraz z innymi dowodami jako pozwalające wysnuć wniosek, że w mieście Huế i jego okolicach podczas czterotygodniowej okupacji dokonano zbrodni na dużą skalę. W 2017 roku historyk Ben Kiernan opisał masakrę w Huế jako „prawdopodobnie największe okrucieństwo wojny wietnamskiej”. (pl) Массовое убийство в Хюэ — массовое убийство жителей города Хюэ военнослужащими северовьетнамской армии и Национального фронта освобождения Южного Вьетнама в 1968 году во время Вьетнамской войны. (ru) 戊申順化屠殺，是越南戰爭中1968年1月30日開始的「春節攻勢」期間，越南南方民族解放阵线和北越軍隊在順化戰役對平民的大規模屠殺。被殺的平民包括男人、女人、兒童與嬰兒。事後挖出的屍體有2,810具，死亡人數估計2,800－6,000人。 顺化战役后上任的越南南方共和国司法部长張如磉意識到必须要安抚人民的恐惧，因为“大批的人被处决了”“战斗中的纪律非常地差”“人民知道我们处决了被俘的美国兵以及几个非战斗员的外国人”。北越第一副總理黃晉發聲稱屠殺不是北越的命令，而是當地越共指揮官的決定。 (zh) |
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| dbp:date | 1968-02-28 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:fatalities | 2800 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:location | Huế, Thừa Thiên-Huế Province of South Vietnam (en) |
| dbp:partof | the Vietnam War (en) |
| dbp:perpetrators | Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam (en) |
| dbp:title | Massacre at Huế (en) |
| dbp:type | dbr:Massacre |
| dbp:victims | Civilians and prisoners of war (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Masakr v Huế byl jedním z největších masakrů civilního obyvatelstva, 2 800 až 6 000 mužů, žen, dětí, kojenců a válečných zajatců spáchaných během války ve Vietnamu. Provedli jej příslušníci ozbrojených sil Vietkongu a během Ofenzívy Tet, po obsazení města Huế 31. ledna 1968 do jeho opuštění 3. března 1968. Mnoho obětí bylo mučeno, znásilněno a pohřbeno zaživa. Masakr byl proveden na základě série příkazů vydaných vrchním velením Vietnamské lidové armády. (cs) Las Matanzas de Hué es el nombre dado a las ejecuciones sumarias perpetradas por el Vietcong y el EVN en la ciudad imperial de Hué durante el tiempo que esta estuvo en su poder a lo largo de la Ofensiva del Tet. (es) Массовое убийство в Хюэ — массовое убийство жителей города Хюэ военнослужащими северовьетнамской армии и Национального фронта освобождения Южного Вьетнама в 1968 году во время Вьетнамской войны. (ru) 戊申順化屠殺，是越南戰爭中1968年1月30日開始的「春節攻勢」期間，越南南方民族解放阵线和北越軍隊在順化戰役對平民的大規模屠殺。被殺的平民包括男人、女人、兒童與嬰兒。事後挖出的屍體有2,810具，死亡人數估計2,800－6,000人。 顺化战役后上任的越南南方共和国司法部长張如磉意識到必须要安抚人民的恐惧，因为“大批的人被处决了”“战斗中的纪律非常地差”“人民知道我们处决了被俘的美国兵以及几个非战斗员的外国人”。北越第一副總理黃晉發聲稱屠殺不是北越的命令，而是當地越共指揮官的決定。 (zh) Das Massaker von Huế war ein Kriegsverbrechen, welches vom Vietcong und der nordvietnamesischen Armee in der Stadt Huế im Jahr 1968 im Zuge der Tet-Offensive im Vietnamkrieg verübt wurde. Es begann im Zuge der Schlacht um Huế am 31. Januar 1968 und dauerte 28 Tage an. Die nordvietnamesischen Soldaten ermordeten zahlreiche Zivilisten, weil sie diese für Antikommunisten hielten. Religiöse Führer, zumeist römisch-katholische Geistliche, wurden hingerichtet, ebenso wie Ausländer und Regierungsbeamte. Diese wurden unter anderem gefoltert oder lebendig begraben. Die Zahl der Opfer liegt zwischen 2800 und 6000 Menschen, darunter auch Kinder. Die Massengräber wurden in den Monaten bis Jahren danach entdeckt. (de) The Huế massacre (Vietnamese: Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân, or Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế, lit. translation: "Tết Offensive massacre in Huế") was the summary executions and mass murder perpetrated by the Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) during their capture, military occupation and later withdrawal from the city of Huế during the Tet Offensive, considered one of the longest and bloodiest battles of the Vietnam War. (en) Pembantaian Huế (bahasa Vietnam: Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân, atau Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế, diterjemahkan: "Pembantaian Serangan Tet di Huế") adalah nama yang diberikan terhadap eksekusi kilat dan pembunuhan massal yang dilakukan oleh Viêt Cong (VC) dan Tentara Rakyat Vietnam (TRV) saat penangkapan mereka, Pendudukan dan pemunduran kemudian dari kota Huế saat Serangan Tet, dianggap sebagai pertempuran paling terpanjang dan mematikan di Perang Vietnam. (in) 후에 대학살(順化大虐殺, 베트남어: Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế)은 구정 대공세를 통해 후에의 점령과 함락, 후퇴 과정에서 베트콩과 베트남 인민군에 의해 자행된 즉결 처형과 대량 학살에 주어진 이름이다. 베트남 전쟁 중 가장 길고, 피를 많이 본 전투 중 하나로 간주되고 있다. 후에 전투는 1968년 1월 31일에 시작하여, 총 26일 동안 지속 되었다. 뒤이어 몇 달 동안, 후에와 그 주변에서 수십 개의 집단 매장지가 발견되었다. 피해자는 성인 남녀 어린이와 유아가 포함되어 있었다. 추정 사망자 2,800명에서 6,000명 사이였고, 민간인과 포로를 포함하여, 후에 전체 인구의 5 ~ 10%에 달하는 인원이었다. or 5–10% of the total population of Huế. 베트남 공화국은 살해되거나 납치되어 희생자 중 식별된 희생자 4,062명의 피해자의 목록을 발표했다. 희생자는 구속되고, 고문당하고, 때때로 매장된 채 발견되었다. 맞아 죽은 많은 희생자들도 있었다. (ko) Masakra w Huế (wiet.: Thảm sát tại Huế Tết Mậu Thân lub Thảm sát Tết Mậu Thân ở Huế) – seria zbiorowych egzekucji i masowych mordów dokonanych przez Wietkong i podczas bitwy o miasto Huế, jego okupacji i późniejszego odwrotu w toku ofensywy Tết. (pl) |
| rdfs:label | Masakr v Hue (cs) Massaker von Hué (de) Matanzas de Hué (es) Pembantaian di Huế (in) Massacre at Huế (en) 후에 대학살 (ko) Masakra w Huế (pl) Массовое убийство в Хюэ (ru) 戊申順化屠殺 (zh) |
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