Left: Relationship between total foliar area and plant height in ant-inhabited specimens , pitchering specimens lacking ants , and non-pitchering specimens . The highlighted value of 175 cm indicates the approximate height at which plants transition from a self-supporting stem with lower pitchers to a climbing one with upper pitchers . (en)
Left: Natural nitrogen isotope abundance ratio of ant-occupied and unoccupied N. bicalcarata plants , associated food web components, and non-carnivorous plants . The dotted horizontal line indicates the median δ15N of prey insects. (en)
Right: A: Isotopic signatures of C. schmitzi, ant-occupied plants , and unoccupied plants with no evidence of previous colonisation . B: Relationship between C. schmitzi occupation rate and plant foliar δ15N. (en)
Centre: Nitrogen flux from C. schmitzi colonies to an N. bicalcarata host plant . The bars show the change in 15N concentration in the host plant's leaves two weeks after a pulse of 15N was fed to the associated C. schmitzi colonies. Leaf node 1 has the youngest leaf, with the others numbered sequentially as one moves down the stem. The pictograms below the graph show the state of each leaf and pitcher, and indicate the presence or absence of C. schmitzi and whether a 15N pulse was administered. (en)
Right: Nepenthes bicalcarata with associated C. schmitzi ants and various infaunal fly larvae , including Culex, Polypedilum, Toxorhynchites, Tripteroides, Uranotaenia, and Wilhelmina nepenthicola (en)
Right: Effect of C. schmitzi presence on survival of infaunal mosquito pupae and successful emergence of mosquitoes from N. bicalcarata pitchers. The experiment began with 20 living pupae occupying each pitcher. (en)
Left centre: Effect of C. schmitzi occupancy on leaf apex abortion and pitcher production rates. In the first chart , cases where the tendril was found to be cut are grouped under unknown fate and "pitcher" encompasses both living and dead traps . (en)
Left: Camponotus schmitzi and Alcidodes sp. in association with N. bicalcarata (en)
Left: Illustration of N. bicalcarata from Macfarlane's 1908 monograph, showing the hollow tendrils (en)
Right centre: Prey biomass accumulated over a pitcher's entire lifespan as a function of pitcher volume in ant-occupied and unoccupied lower pitchers. (en)
Right: Upper pitcher and part of male inflorescence of N. dyak, from Moore's 1880 description (en)