La gran vaga del ferrocarril és el nom que rep un conjunt de protestes espontànies que van tenir lloc als Estats Units en 1877 i que consistien a bloquejar els combois de ferrocarril que travessaven el país. (ca)
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended 52 days later, after it was put down by unofficial militias, the National Guard, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and the rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Local populations feared that workers were rising in revolution such as the Paris Commune of 1871. At the time, the workers were not represented by trade unions. The city and state governments were aided by unofficial militias, the National Guard, federal troops and private militias organized by the railroads, who all fought against the workers. Disruption was widespread and at its height, the strikes were supported by about 100,000 workers. With the intervention of federal troops in several locations, most of the strikes were suppressed by early August. Labor continued to work to organize into unions to work for better wages and conditions. Fearing the social disruption, many cities built armories to support the local National Guard units; these defensive buildings still stand as symbols of the effort to suppress the labor unrest of this period. With public attention on workers' wages and conditions, the B&O in 1880 founded an Employee Relief Association to provide death benefits and some health care. In 1884, it established a worker pension plan. Other improvements were implemented later. (en)
Burdinbideko Greba Handia 1877an Estatu Batuetan izandako bat-bateko protesta oldea da, eta herrialdea zeharkatzen zuten burdinbide konboiak blokeatu zituen. (eu)
1877年の鉄道大ストライキ(1877ねんのてつどうだいストライキ、英:Great Railroad Strike of 1877)は、アメリカ合衆国ウエストバージニア州マーティンズバーグで1877年7月14日に始まり、地元や州の民兵、さらには連邦軍に鎮圧されるまで45日間続いた鉄道労働者のストライキである。 (ja)
1877年铁路大罢工(英語:Great Railroad Strike of 1877),亦稱“大动乱”(Great Upheaval),是指(B&O)屬下員工於1877年舉行的罷工行動。 1877年,鐵路公司三度削减工资,導致工人於7月14日在發起持續45天的罷工。由於经济问题和工资压力,其他城市包括纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州、马里兰州、伊利诺伊州和密苏里州亦有工人發起罢工。在罷工活動的高峰期,有約10万名工人參與。不少建筑工具和铁路车辆在罷工活動中被破壞和焚毀,估计有100人丧生。當地市政府和州政府在国民警卫队、联邦军队和铁路公司组织的私人民兵协助下,以武装民兵对抗工人。加上联邦军队在多個地点採取干预工人的行為,大部分动乱在8月初成功被镇压。 1800年代,工人並没有工会代表,未能透過工會進行溝通。其後,工人自行组织工会以争取更佳工资和工作条件。不少城市擔心社会出現混乱而修建来支持各自的民兵組織,防御建筑至今仍是镇压當時劳工动乱的象征。 一方面,罷工令当地人担心工人會像1871年巴黎公社般崛起。另一方面,公众对工人工资和工作条件的关注也提高了。1880年,B&O成立了员工救济协会,向工人提供死亡福利和医疗保健。鐵路公司在1884年亦設立工人养老金计划。其他改善措施則需要经济增长和工资增长才能實施。 (zh)
La gran vaga del ferrocarril és el nom que rep un conjunt de protestes espontànies que van tenir lloc als Estats Units en 1877 i que consistien a bloquejar els combois de ferrocarril que travessaven el país. (ca)
Burdinbideko Greba Handia 1877an Estatu Batuetan izandako bat-bateko protesta oldea da, eta herrialdea zeharkatzen zuten burdinbide konboiak blokeatu zituen. (eu)
1877年の鉄道大ストライキ(1877ねんのてつどうだいストライキ、英:Great Railroad Strike of 1877)は、アメリカ合衆国ウエストバージニア州マーティンズバーグで1877年7月14日に始まり、地元や州の民兵、さらには連邦軍に鎮圧されるまで45日間続いた鉄道労働者のストライキである。 (ja)
1877年铁路大罢工(英語:Great Railroad Strike of 1877),亦稱“大动乱”(Great Upheaval),是指(B&O)屬下員工於1877年舉行的罷工行動。 1877年,鐵路公司三度削减工资,導致工人於7月14日在發起持續45天的罷工。由於经济问题和工资压力,其他城市包括纽约州、宾夕法尼亚州、马里兰州、伊利诺伊州和密苏里州亦有工人發起罢工。在罷工活動的高峰期,有約10万名工人參與。不少建筑工具和铁路车辆在罷工活動中被破壞和焚毀,估计有100人丧生。當地市政府和州政府在国民警卫队、联邦军队和铁路公司组织的私人民兵协助下,以武装民兵对抗工人。加上联邦军队在多個地点採取干预工人的行為,大部分动乱在8月初成功被镇压。 1800年代,工人並没有工会代表,未能透過工會進行溝通。其後,工人自行组织工会以争取更佳工资和工作条件。不少城市擔心社会出現混乱而修建来支持各自的民兵組織,防御建筑至今仍是镇压當時劳工动乱的象征。 一方面,罷工令当地人担心工人會像1871年巴黎公社般崛起。另一方面,公众对工人工资和工作条件的关注也提高了。1880年,B&O成立了员工救济协会,向工人提供死亡福利和医疗保健。鐵路公司在1884年亦設立工人养老金计划。其他改善措施則需要经济增长和工资增长才能實施。 (zh)
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year. This strike finally ended 52 days later, after it was put down by unofficial militias, the National Guard, and federal troops. Because of economic problems and pressure on wages by the railroads, workers in numerous other cities, in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland, into Illinois and Missouri, also went out on strike. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. In Martinsburg, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and other cities, workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities and the rolling stock of the railroads—engines and railroad cars. Local popul (en)