Typos of Constans (original) (raw)
The Typos of Constans (also called Type of Constans) was an edict issued by eastern Roman emperor Constans II in 648 in an attempt to defuse the confusion and arguments over the Christological doctrine of Monotheletism. For over two centuries, there had been a bitter debate regarding the nature of Christ: the orthodox Chalcedonian position defined Christ as having two natures in one person, whereas Miaphysite opponents contended that Jesus Christ possessed but a single nature. At the time, the Byzantine Empire had been at near constant war for fifty years and had lost large territories. It was under great pressure to establish domestic unity. This was hampered by the large number of Byzantines who rejected the Council of Chalcedon in favour of Monophysitism.
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| dbo:abstract | The Typos of Constans (also called Type of Constans) was an edict issued by eastern Roman emperor Constans II in 648 in an attempt to defuse the confusion and arguments over the Christological doctrine of Monotheletism. For over two centuries, there had been a bitter debate regarding the nature of Christ: the orthodox Chalcedonian position defined Christ as having two natures in one person, whereas Miaphysite opponents contended that Jesus Christ possessed but a single nature. At the time, the Byzantine Empire had been at near constant war for fifty years and had lost large territories. It was under great pressure to establish domestic unity. This was hampered by the large number of Byzantines who rejected the Council of Chalcedon in favour of Monophysitism. The Typos attempted to dismiss the entire controversy, on pain of dire punishment. This extended to kidnapping the Pope from Rome to try him for high treason and mutilating one of the Typos's main opponents. Constans died in 668. Ten years later his son, Constantine IV, fresh from a triumph over his Arab enemies and with the predominantly Monophysitic provinces irredeemably lost, called the Third Council of Constantinople. It decided with an overwhelming majority to condemn Monophysitism, Monotheletism, the Typos of Constans and its major supporters. Constantine put his seal to the Council's decisions, and reunited such of Christendom as was not under Arab suzerainty. (en) Типос (греч. τύπος) — образец христианской веры, изданный императором Константом II в 648 году по совету константинопольского патриарха Павла II. Заставляя всех веровать согласно с бывшими пятью вселенскими соборами, император в типосе запрещал говорить как об одной, так и о двух волях. Православные христиане видели в типосе покровительство монофелитству, так как, с одной стороны, эта ересь не осуждалась, а с другой — запрещалось учить о двух волях в Иисусе Христе. Поэтому они продолжали борьбу. Папа Мартин I собрал в Риме большой собор (649 год), на котором осудил монофелитство, всех защитников его и типоса, и акты собора отправил в Константинополь к императору с требованием восстановить православие. Констант счёл такой поступок возмущением и поступил с Мартином жестоко. Участь другого защитника православия, Максима Исповедника, отказавшегося признать типос, была еще печальнее. После таких жестокостей восточные епископы принуждены были принять типос; западные не возражали против него. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | The Typos of Constans (also called Type of Constans) was an edict issued by eastern Roman emperor Constans II in 648 in an attempt to defuse the confusion and arguments over the Christological doctrine of Monotheletism. For over two centuries, there had been a bitter debate regarding the nature of Christ: the orthodox Chalcedonian position defined Christ as having two natures in one person, whereas Miaphysite opponents contended that Jesus Christ possessed but a single nature. At the time, the Byzantine Empire had been at near constant war for fifty years and had lost large territories. It was under great pressure to establish domestic unity. This was hampered by the large number of Byzantines who rejected the Council of Chalcedon in favour of Monophysitism. (en) Типос (греч. τύπος) — образец христианской веры, изданный императором Константом II в 648 году по совету константинопольского патриарха Павла II. Заставляя всех веровать согласно с бывшими пятью вселенскими соборами, император в типосе запрещал говорить как об одной, так и о двух волях. После таких жестокостей восточные епископы принуждены были принять типос; западные не возражали против него. (ru) |
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