Wake Shield Facility (original) (raw)
Wake Shield Facility (WSF) – amerykański satelita technologiczny wielokrotnego użytku. Służył do badań z zakresu materiałoznawstwa i technologii produkcji półprzewodników. Trzykrotnie wynoszony w przestrzeń kosmiczną w latach 1994–1996.
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| dbo:abstract | Wake Shield Facility (WSF) est une plate-forme expérimentale qui a été placé à plusieurs reprises en orbite basse par la navette spatiale. Le WSF est formé d'un disque en acier inoxydable de 3,7 mètres de diamètre qui balaye un volume de l'espace, en créant ainsi de l'ultra-vide dans son sillage. Ce dispositif a été spécifiquement développé afin de tirer parti de l'ultra-vide pour le dépôt de matériaux en couche mince. Le WSF est déployé dans le sillage de la navette spatiale à une altitude orbitale de plus de 300 kilomètres, dans la thermosphère, là où l'atmosphère est extrêmement ténue. Le bord avant du disque du WSF redirige les particules atmosphériques et d'autres particules sur les côtés, en laissant un ultra-vide dans son sillage. Le vide qui en résulte est utilisé pour étudier la croissance épitaxiale de couches minces. Le WSF s'est envolé dans l'espace à bord de navettes à trois reprises, lors des missions STS-60, STS-69 et STS-80. Le WSF a été utilisé pour la première fois sur la mission STS-60 en février 1993. Les objectifs de la mission étaient de mesurer l'environnement unique de vide situé dans le sillage et d'effectuer un dépôt par épitaxie de couches minces de GaAs. Au cours de la mission, quelques problèmes matériels sont survenus et par conséquent, le WSF a été déployé uniquement au bout du bras robotisé de la navette Discovery. Cependant au cours des missions suivantes, le WSF a été déployé sous forme de plate-forme en vol libre, dans le sillage de la navette. Ces vols ont prouvé le concept du vide dans le sillage, et la réalisation d'une épitaxie dans l'espace en faisant croître pour la première fois des couches minces semiconductrices cristallines dans le vide de l'espace. Ces couches incluent des dépôts d'arséniure de gallium (GaAs) et d'arséniure de gallium-aluminium (AlGaAs). Ces expériences ont été utilisées afin de développer de meilleures cellules photoélectriques et des couches minces. Parmi les applications potentielles qui en résultent il y a les rétines artificielles qui sont fabriqués à partir de minuscules détecteurs en céramique pour le remplacement des cônes et des bâtonnets endommagés. Les calculs avant le vol ont suggéré que la pression du côté sillage pourrait être diminuée d'environ 6 ordres de grandeur par rapport à la pression ambiante en orbite basse (de 10-8 à 10-14 Torr). L'analyse des données de pression et de température recueillies sur deux des vols ont conclu que la diminution était d'environ 2 ordres de grandeur ou 4 ordres de grandeur plus faible que prévu. Le Wake Shield Facility a été sponsorisé par la NASA et conçu, fabriqué et exploité par le Center for Advanced Materials de l'Université de Houston en collaboration avec son partenaire industriel Space Industries Incorporated. (fr) Wake Shield Facility (WSF) was a NASA experimental science platform that was placed in low Earth orbit by the Space Shuttle. It was a 3.7 m (12 ft) diameter, free-flying stainless steel disk. The WSF was deployed using the Space Shuttle's Canadarm. The WSF then used nitrogen gas thrusters to position itself about 55 km (34 mi) behind the Space Shuttle, which was at an orbital altitude of over 300 km (190 mi), within the thermosphere, where the atmosphere is exceedingly tenuous. The WSF's orbital speed was at least three to four times faster than the speed of thermospheric gas molecules in the area, which resulted in a cone behind the WSF that was entirely free of gas molecules. The WSF thus created an ultrahigh vacuum in its wake. The resulting vacuum was used to study epitaxial film growth. The WSF operated at a distance from the Space Shuttle to avoid contamination from the Shuttle's rocket thrusters and water dumped overboard from the Shuttle's Waste Collection System (space toilet). After two days, the Space Shuttle would rendezvous with the WSF and again use its robotic arm to collect the WSF and to store it in the Shuttle's payload bay for return to Earth. The WSF was flown into space three times, aboard Shuttle flights STS-60 (WSF-1), STS-69 (WSF-2) and STS-80 (WSF-3). During STS-60, some hardware issues were experienced, and, as a result, the WSF-1 was only deployed at the end of the Shuttle's Canadarm. During the later missions, the WSF was deployed as a free-flying platform in the wake of the Shuttle. These flights proved the vacuum wake concept and realized the space epitaxy concept by growing the first-ever crystalline semiconductor thin films in the vacuum of space. These included gallium arsenide (GaAs) and aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) depositions. These experiments have been used to develop better photocells and thin films. Among the potential resulting applications are artificial retinas made from tiny ceramic detectors. Pre-flight calculations suggested that the pressure on the wake side could be decreased by about 6 orders of magnitude over the ambient pressure in low Earth orbit (from 10−8 to 10−14 Torr). Analysis of the pressure and temperature data gathered from the two flights concluded that the decrease was about 2 orders of magnitude (4 orders of magnitude less than expected). The WSF was sponsored by the Space Processing Division in NASA's Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications. It was designed, built and operated by the Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center, since renamed the Center for Advanced Materials, at the University of Houston, a NASA Commercial Space Center in conjunction with its industrial partner, Space Industries, Inc., also in Houston, Texas. As of 2012, the Wake Shield Facility spacecraft is being preserved at the Center for Advanced Materials. (en) Wake Shield Facility (WSF) – amerykański satelita technologiczny wielokrotnego użytku. Służył do badań z zakresu materiałoznawstwa i technologii produkcji półprzewodników. Trzykrotnie wynoszony w przestrzeń kosmiczną w latach 1994–1996. (pl) Wake Shield Facility é uma plataforma científica experimental colocada em órbita terrestre baixa pelo ônibus espacial. Com 3,7 metros de diâmetro e 1370 kg, é um disco de aço que voa em volta da Terra no rastro do ônibus espacial e depois é recolhido. Colocado em órbita nas missões STS-60, STS-69 e STS-80 numa altitude orbital de 300 km, dentro da termosfera, onde a atmosfera é extremamente tênue, o WSF cria um vácuo em seu rastro, redirecionando partículas atmosféricas para ambos os lados do disco. O vácuo daí resultante é usado para estudar o crescimento de filmes, criando ‘bolachas’ para chips de computadores. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | Wake Shield Facility (WSF) – amerykański satelita technologiczny wielokrotnego użytku. Służył do badań z zakresu materiałoznawstwa i technologii produkcji półprzewodników. Trzykrotnie wynoszony w przestrzeń kosmiczną w latach 1994–1996. (pl) Wake Shield Facility (WSF) est une plate-forme expérimentale qui a été placé à plusieurs reprises en orbite basse par la navette spatiale. Le WSF est formé d'un disque en acier inoxydable de 3,7 mètres de diamètre qui balaye un volume de l'espace, en créant ainsi de l'ultra-vide dans son sillage. Ce dispositif a été spécifiquement développé afin de tirer parti de l'ultra-vide pour le dépôt de matériaux en couche mince. (fr) Wake Shield Facility (WSF) was a NASA experimental science platform that was placed in low Earth orbit by the Space Shuttle. It was a 3.7 m (12 ft) diameter, free-flying stainless steel disk. The WSF was deployed using the Space Shuttle's Canadarm. The WSF then used nitrogen gas thrusters to position itself about 55 km (34 mi) behind the Space Shuttle, which was at an orbital altitude of over 300 km (190 mi), within the thermosphere, where the atmosphere is exceedingly tenuous. The WSF's orbital speed was at least three to four times faster than the speed of thermospheric gas molecules in the area, which resulted in a cone behind the WSF that was entirely free of gas molecules. The WSF thus created an ultrahigh vacuum in its wake. The resulting vacuum was used to study epitaxial film growt (en) Wake Shield Facility é uma plataforma científica experimental colocada em órbita terrestre baixa pelo ônibus espacial. Com 3,7 metros de diâmetro e 1370 kg, é um disco de aço que voa em volta da Terra no rastro do ônibus espacial e depois é recolhido. (pt) |
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