Wasted vote (original) (raw)

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Dalam sistem pemilihan umum, istilah suara terbuang (bahasa Inggris: wasted vote) memiliki cakupan yang luas maupun sempit. Secara lebih luas, istilah ini mengacu kepada suara yang dianggap telah "terbuang" karena diberikan kepada calon yang bukan unggulan. Secara lebih sempit, istilah ini hanya mengacu kepada suara yang diberikan kepada calon atau partai yang kalah. Contohnya adalah ketika ada tiga calon dan hanya dua calon yang menjadi unggulan, maka suara untuk calon ketiga yang tidak unggul dianggap telah "terbuang". Walaupun begitu, masih diperdebatkan apakah suara semacam ini benar-benar telah terbuang.

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dbo:abstract Jako propadlý, případně ztracený hlas se označuje takový hlas, který se vzhledem k volebním systému nepromítl do výsledků. Typickým příkladem je hlas pro stranu, která nedosáhla uzavírací klauzule. Obvykle je považováno za žádoucí, aby volební systém počet možných propadlých hlasů minimalizoval. Volič, jehož hlas se neprojeví, může ztrácet důvěru v daný volební systém, potažmo ztrácet zájem o účast na politickém dění a ztrácet důvěru v demokracii jako takovou. Velké množství propadlých hlasů je typické pro většinové volební systémy, ale v menší míře jsou propadlé hlasy běžné i v poměrných volebních systémech. Jedním z řešení pro další minimalizaci počtu ztracených hlasů je použití alternativního hlasování. V případech volebních systémů, kde volič může dát jednomu kandidátovi více hlasů (například ) je za ztracený hlas považován i „přebytečný“ hlas pro zvoleného kandidáta, který by volič býval mohl uplatnit jinak. (cs) Dalam sistem pemilihan umum, istilah suara terbuang (bahasa Inggris: wasted vote) memiliki cakupan yang luas maupun sempit. Secara lebih luas, istilah ini mengacu kepada suara yang dianggap telah "terbuang" karena diberikan kepada calon yang bukan unggulan. Secara lebih sempit, istilah ini hanya mengacu kepada suara yang diberikan kepada calon atau partai yang kalah. Contohnya adalah ketika ada tiga calon dan hanya dua calon yang menjadi unggulan, maka suara untuk calon ketiga yang tidak unggul dianggap telah "terbuang". Walaupun begitu, masih diperdebatkan apakah suara semacam ini benar-benar telah terbuang. (in) 死票（しひょう、英: Wasted vote）は、選挙において、その票を投じた有権者を代表する当選者がいない票。通常は落票を死票として考える場合もある（後述の少数代表法を参照）。死に票（しにひょう）ともいう。 (ja) In electoral systems, a wasted vote is any vote which is not for an elected candidate or, more broadly, a vote that does not help to elect a candidate. The narrower meaning includes lost votes, being only those votes which are for a losing candidate or party. The broader definition of wasted votes includes excess votes, namely votes for winning candidates in excess of the minimum needed to win. Wasted votes are the basis of the efficiency gap measure of gerrymandering, where voters are grouped into electoral districts in such a way as to increase the wasted votes of one political faction and decrease the wasted votes of the other. The efficiency gap has been called the most scrutinized method of measuring gerrymandering. In case of proportional representation, the wasted votes are also called unrepresented votes. Here representatives are elected at least in rough proportion to voter preferences, resulting in generally fewer wasted votes than in plurality voting. However, electoral thresholds for access to proportional representation can also produce wasted votes, with notable cases reaching double-digits, including two cases over 45%. This waste is calculated by adding the percentage votes of lists below the de jure threshold often set at 5%. This does not include the waste produced by de facto thresholds, or district magnitude, which is higher the fewer seats there are. are a type of wasted vote in ranked voting. Even more broadly, a vote is said to be qualitatively wasted in the judgment of the voter when their vote has been needlessly added to a candidate who is less valued than a more valued and available candidate. (en) ( 사직에 대해서는 사직서 문서를 참고하십시오.) 사표(死票, 영어: wasted vote)는 선거 제도에서 나타나는 현상이며, 다음 두 가지로 정의된다. 1. * 당선된 입후보자를 선택하지 않은 표 2. * 입후보자가 당선되는 데 도움을 주지 못한 표 첫 번째 정의는 입후보자 (또는 입후보 정당)가 획득하지 못한 표만을 포함하며, 두 번째 조건은 당선자 (또는 당선 정당)가 획득한 표 중 사표만큼의 표를 제외하고 남은 표 또한 포함한다. 자신의 투표가 어떠한 영향을 주지 못했다고 생각하는 유권자는 정부와 자신을 분리시키거나 민주주의에 대한 신뢰를 잃을 수 있기 때문에, 사표를 줄일 수 있는 선거 제도는 공정성의 기초나 실용적인 기반에 있어 바람직한 것으로 간주된다. "사표"라는 용어는 특히 이러한 표를 줄일 수 있다고 주장하는 단기 이양식 선거 제도나 의 지지자에 의해 사용된다. "사표"라는 용어는 그러한 제도를 반대하는 사람들에게 경멸적으로 간주될 수 있다. 그들은 단 한표 차이로 결과가 결정되지 않는 한 어떠한 선거 제도에서도 사표가 생길 것이며, 각 유권자들이 전달하는 정치적 신호는 다음의 선거를 준비할 수 있는 지표가 되기 때문에 사표가 존재하지 않을 것이라고 주장한다. 선거 운동에서 인기있는 입후보자는 전략적 투표의 일환으로 자신보다 덜 인기있는 입후보자를 지지하는 유권자들에게 "자신을 선택하면 사표가 나오지 않을 가능성이 높다는 점"으로 관심을 끌 수 있다. 몇몇 선거 제도에서는 덜 인기있는 입후보자들이 자신보다 더 인기있는 입후보자를 지지하는 유권자들에게 이와 비슷한 수준의 관심을 끌 수 있다. 에서는 양당제를 제도화한 뒤베르제의 법칙의 반영하여 "사표"는 두 번째로 많은 득표를 한 입후보자에게는 적용되지 않지만, 세 번째 (또는 그 이하)로 득표를 한 입후보지에게는 적용된다. (ko)
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rdfs:comment Dalam sistem pemilihan umum, istilah suara terbuang (bahasa Inggris: wasted vote) memiliki cakupan yang luas maupun sempit. Secara lebih luas, istilah ini mengacu kepada suara yang dianggap telah "terbuang" karena diberikan kepada calon yang bukan unggulan. Secara lebih sempit, istilah ini hanya mengacu kepada suara yang diberikan kepada calon atau partai yang kalah. Contohnya adalah ketika ada tiga calon dan hanya dua calon yang menjadi unggulan, maka suara untuk calon ketiga yang tidak unggul dianggap telah "terbuang". Walaupun begitu, masih diperdebatkan apakah suara semacam ini benar-benar telah terbuang. (in) 死票（しひょう、英: Wasted vote）は、選挙において、その票を投じた有権者を代表する当選者がいない票。通常は落票を死票として考える場合もある（後述の少数代表法を参照）。死に票（しにひょう）ともいう。 (ja) Jako propadlý, případně ztracený hlas se označuje takový hlas, který se vzhledem k volebním systému nepromítl do výsledků. Typickým příkladem je hlas pro stranu, která nedosáhla uzavírací klauzule. Obvykle je považováno za žádoucí, aby volební systém počet možných propadlých hlasů minimalizoval. Volič, jehož hlas se neprojeví, může ztrácet důvěru v daný volební systém, potažmo ztrácet zájem o účast na politickém dění a ztrácet důvěru v demokracii jako takovou. (cs) In electoral systems, a wasted vote is any vote which is not for an elected candidate or, more broadly, a vote that does not help to elect a candidate. The narrower meaning includes lost votes, being only those votes which are for a losing candidate or party. The broader definition of wasted votes includes excess votes, namely votes for winning candidates in excess of the minimum needed to win. (en) ( 사직에 대해서는 사직서 문서를 참고하십시오.) 사표(死票, 영어: wasted vote)는 선거 제도에서 나타나는 현상이며, 다음 두 가지로 정의된다. 1. * 당선된 입후보자를 선택하지 않은 표 2. * 입후보자가 당선되는 데 도움을 주지 못한 표 첫 번째 정의는 입후보자 (또는 입후보 정당)가 획득하지 못한 표만을 포함하며, 두 번째 조건은 당선자 (또는 당선 정당)가 획득한 표 중 사표만큼의 표를 제외하고 남은 표 또한 포함한다. 선거 운동에서 인기있는 입후보자는 전략적 투표의 일환으로 자신보다 덜 인기있는 입후보자를 지지하는 유권자들에게 "자신을 선택하면 사표가 나오지 않을 가능성이 높다는 점"으로 관심을 끌 수 있다. 몇몇 선거 제도에서는 덜 인기있는 입후보자들이 자신보다 더 인기있는 입후보자를 지지하는 유권자들에게 이와 비슷한 수준의 관심을 끌 수 있다. 에서는 양당제를 제도화한 뒤베르제의 법칙의 반영하여 "사표"는 두 번째로 많은 득표를 한 입후보자에게는 적용되지 않지만, 세 번째 (또는 그 이하)로 득표를 한 입후보지에게는 적용된다. (ko)
rdfs:label Propadlý hlas (cs) Suara terbuang (in) 死票 (ja) 사표 (ko) Wasted vote (en)
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