Formation and Evolution of Titan’s Atmosphere (original) (raw)
References
Anders, E. and Grevesse, N.: 1989, ‘Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 197–214. Article Google Scholar
Balsiger, H., Altwegg, K., and Geiss, J.: 1995, ‘D/H and 18O/16O ratio in the hydronium ions and neutral water from in situ measurements in comet Halley’, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5827–5834. Article Google Scholar
Bar-Nun, A., Herman, G., Laufer, D., and Rappaport, M.L.: 1985, ‘Trapping and release of gases by water ice and implications for icy bodies’, Icarus63, 317–332. Article Google Scholar
Bar-Nun, A., Kleinfeld, I., and Ganor, E.: 1988, ‘Shape and optical properties of aerosols formed by photolysis of acetylene, ethylene and hydrogen cyanide’, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8383–8387. Google Scholar
Bézard, B., Marten, A., and Paubert, G.: 1993, ‘Detection of Acetonitrile on Titan’, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 25, 1100 (abstract). Google Scholar
Bockelée-Morvan, D., et al.: 1998, ‘Deuterated water in Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and its implication for the origin of comets’, Icarus133, 147–162. Article Google Scholar
Coustenis, A., Bézard, B., Gautier, D., Marten, A., and Samuelson, R.: 1991, ‘Titan’s atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations: III. The vertical distributions of hydrocarbons and nitriles near Titan’s North pole’, Icarus89, 152–167. Article Google Scholar
Coustenis, A., Salama, A., Lellouch, E., Encrenaz, Th., Bjoraker, G., Samuelson, R.E., de Graauw, Th., Feuchtgruber, H., Kessler, M.F.: 1998, ‘Evidence for water vapor in Titan’s atmosphere from ISO/SWS data’, Astron. Astroph. 336, L85–L89. Google Scholar
Coustenis, A. and Taylor, F.: 1999, Titan: the Earth-like Moon, WSP Publishers Eds, Singapore. Google Scholar
Coustenis, A., Salama, A., Schulz, B., Ott, S., Lellouch, E., Encrenaz, Th., Gautier, D., and Feuchtgruber, H.: 2003, ‘Titan’s atmosphere from ISO mid-infrared spectroscopy’, Icarus161, 383–403. Article Google Scholar
de Bergh, C., Lutz, B. L., Owen, T., and Chauville, J.: 1988, ‘Monodeuterated methane in the outer Solar Ssytem. III. Its abundance on Titan’, Astrophys. J. 329, 951–955. Article Google Scholar
Eberhardt, P., Reber, M., Krankowsky, D., Hidges, R. : 1995, ‘The D/H and 18O/16O ratios in water from comet P/Halley’, Astron. Astrophys. 302, 301–316. Google Scholar
Farinella, P., Marzari, F., and Matteoli, S.: 1997, ‘The disruption of Hyperion and the origin of Titan’s atmosphere’, Astron. J. 113, 2312–2316. Article Google Scholar
Feuchtgruber, H., Lellouch, E., de Graauw, Th., Bézard, B., Encrenaz, T., and Griffin, M.: 1997, ‘External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets’, Nature389, 159–162. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Flasar, F.M., et al.: 2004, ‘Temperatures, winds and composition in the Saturn system’, Science, in press.
Gautier, D.: 1997, ‘The aeronomy of Titan’, ESA SP-1177.
Gautier, D. and Raulin, F.: 1997, ‘Chemical composition of Titan’s atmosphere’, in A. Wilson (ed.), Huygens: Science, Payload and Mission, ESA Special report SP-1177, 359–364.
Gautier, D. and Hersant, F.: 2005, ‘Formation and composition of planetesimals: trapping volatiles by clathration’, this volume.
Geiss, J. and Gloecker, G.: 1998, ‘Abundances of deuterium and helium-3 in the proto-solar cloud’, Space Sci. Rev. 82, 239–250. Article Google Scholar
Griffith, C.A. and Zahnle, K.: 1995, ‘Influx of cometary volatiles to planetary moons: the atmospheres of 1000 possible Titans’, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 16,907–16,922. Google Scholar
Gurwell, M.A. and Muhlemann, D.O.: 2000, ‘CO on Titan: more evidnece for a well-mixed vertical profile’, Icarus145, 653–656. Article Google Scholar
Hersant, F., Gautier, D., and Lunine, J.I.: 2004, ‘Enrichments in volatiles in the giant planets of the Solar System’, Plan. Space Sci. 52, 623–624. Article Google Scholar
Hidayat, T. and Marten, A.: 1998, ‘Evidence for a strong 15N/14N enrichment in Titan’s atmosphere from millimeter observations’, Icarus126, 170–182. Article Google Scholar
Hidayat, T., Marten, A., Bézard, B., Gautier, D., Owen T., Matthews, H.E., and Paubert, G.: 1997, ‘Millimeter and submillimeter observations of Titan: retrieval of the vertical profile of HCN and the 12C/13C ratio’, Icarus126, 170–182. Article Google Scholar
Iro, N., Gautier, D., Hersant, F., Bockelée-Morvan, D., and Lunine, J.I.: 1997, ‘An interpretation of the nitrogen deficiency in comets’, Icarus161, 511–532. Article Google Scholar
Lammer, H., Stumptner, W., Molina-Cuberos, G.J., Bauer, S.J., and Owen, T.: 2000, ‘Nitrogen isotope fractionation and its consequence for Titan’s atmospheric evolution’, Plan. Space Sci. 48, 529–543. Article Google Scholar
Lara, L.M, Lellouch, E., López-Moreno, J.J., Rodrigo, R.: 1996, ‘Vertical Distribution of Titan’s Atmospheric Neutral Constituents’, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 23,262–23,283. Google Scholar
Lécluse, C. and Robert, F.: 1994, ‘Hydrogen istope exchange rates: origin of water in the inner solar sytem’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta58, 2297–2939. Google Scholar
Lécluse, C., Robert, F., Gautier, D., and Guiraud, M.: 1996, ‘Deuterium enrichment in giant planets’, Plan. Space Sci. 44, 1579–1592. Article Google Scholar
Lellouch, E., Bézard, B., Fouchet, T., Feuchtgruber, H., Encrenaz, T., and de Graauw, T.: 2001, ‘The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observatons’, Astron. Astrophys. 370, 610–622. Article Google Scholar
Lellouch, E., Coustenis, A., Sebag, B., Cuby, J.-G., López-Valverde, M., Fouchet, Th., Crovisier, J., and Schmitt, B.: 2003, ‘Titan’s 5-micron window: observations with the Very Large Telescope’, Icarus162, 156–169. Article Google Scholar
López-Valverde, M.A., Lellouch, E., and Coustenis, A.: 2004, ‘Carbon monoxide fluorescence from Titan’s atmosphere’, Icarus, submitted.
Lorenz, R.D., McKay, C.P., and Lunine, J.I.: 1997, ‘Photochemically-induced collapse of Titan’s atmosphere’, Science275, 642–644. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Lunine, J. and Tittemore, W.C.: 1993, ‘Origins of outer-planet satellites’, in E.H. Levy and J.L. Lunine (eds.), Protostars and Planets III, University of Arizona Press, pp. 1177–1252.
Lunine, J.I. and Stevenson, D.J.: 1987, ‘Clathrate and ammonia hydrates at high pressure: Application to the origin of methane on Titan’, Icarus70, 61–77. Article Google Scholar
Lunine, J.I., Yung, Y.I., and Lorenz, R.D.: 1999, ‘On the volatile inventory of Titan from isotope abundances in nitrogen and methane’, Plan. Space Sci., 47, 1291–1303. Article Google Scholar
Mahaffy, P.R., Donahue, T.M., Atreya, S.K., Owen, T.C., and Niemann, H.B.: 1998, ‘Galileo probe measurements of D/H and 3He/4He in Jupiter’s atmosphere’, Space Sci. Rev. 84, 251–263. Article Google Scholar
Marten, A., Hidayat, T., Moreno, R., Paubert, G., Bézard, B., Gautier, D., and Owen, T.: 1997, ‘Saturn VI (Titan)’, in D.W.E. Green (ed.), IAU Circular6702, 19 July.
Meier, R., Owen, T.C., Matthews, H.E., Jewitt, D.C., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Biver, N., Crovisier, J., and Gautier, D.: 1998a, ‘A determination of the HDO/H2O ratio in comet C/1995 01 (Hale- Bopp)’, Science279, 842–844. Article Google Scholar
Meier, R., Owen, T.C., Jewitt, D.C., Matthews, H. E., Senay, M., Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., and Gautier, D.: 1998b, ‘Deuterium in Comet C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp): detection of DCN’, Science279, 1707–1710. Article Google Scholar
Mousis, O., Gautier, D., and Bockelée-Morvan, D.: 2002a, ‘An evolutionary turbulent model of Saturn’s subnebula: Implications for the origin of the atmosphere of Titan’, Icarus156, 162–175. Article Google Scholar
Mousis, O., Gautier, D., and Coustenis, A.: 2002b, ‘The D/H ratio in methane in Titan. Origin and history’, Icarus159, 156–169. Article Google Scholar
Orton, G.: 1992, ‘Ground-based observations of Titan’s thermal spectrum’, in B. Kaldeich (ed.), Symposium on Titan, ESA-SP 338, 81–85.
Owen, T.C.: 1982, ‘The composition and origin of Titan’s atmosphere’, Plan. Space Sci. 30, 833–838. Article Google Scholar
Owen, T. and Bar-Nun, A.: 1995, ‘Comets, impacts, and atmospheres’, Icarus116, 215–226. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Owen, T., Biver, N., Marten, A., Matthews, H., and Meier, R.: 1999, IAU Circ. 703, 11 November.
Owen T.C.: 2000, ‘The origin of Titan’s atmosphere’, Plan. Space Sci. 48, 747–752. Article Google Scholar
Penz, T., Lammer, H., Yu. N. Kulikov, and Biernat, H.K.: 2004, ‘The influence of the solar particle and radiation environment on Titan’s atmosphere evolution’, Adv. Space Res., submitted.
Pinto, J.P, Lunine, J.I., Kim, S.J., and Yung, Y.L.: 1986, ‘D to H ratio and the origin and evolution of Titan’s atmosphere’, Nature319, 388–390. ArticlePubMed Google Scholar
Prinn, R.G. and Fegley, B.Jr.: 1981, ‘Kinetic inhibition of CO and N2 reduction in circumplanetary nebulae – Implications for satellite composition’, Astrophys. J. 249, 308–317. Article Google Scholar
Samuelson, R.F., Maguire, W.C., Hand, R.A., Kunde, V.G., Jennings, D.F., Yung, Y.L., and Aikin, A.C.: 1983, ‘CO2 on Titan’, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8709–8715. Google Scholar
Samuelson, R.E. and Mayo, L.A. : 1997, ‘Steady-state model for methane condensation in Titan’s troposphere’, Planet. Space Sci. 45, 949–958. Article Google Scholar
Samuelson, R.E., Nath, N.R., and Borysow, A.: 1997a, ‘Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan’s troposphere’, Planet. Space Sci. 45, 959–980. Article Google Scholar
Samuelson, R.E., Mayo, L.A., Knuckles, M.A., and Khanna, R.J.: 1997b, ‘C4N2 ice in Titan’s north polar stratosphere’, Planet. Space Sci. 45, 941–948. Article Google Scholar
Stevenson, D. J.: 1992, ‘Interior of Titan’, in B. Kaldeich (ed.), Symposium on Titan, ESA-SP 338, 29–33.
Strobel, D.F.: 2004, ‘Photochemistry in outer solar system atmospheres’, this volume.
Wong, A., Morgan, C.G., Yung, Y.L., and Owen, T.C.: 2000, ‘Evolution of CO on Titan’, Icarus155, 382–392. Article Google Scholar
Zahnle, K., Pollack, J.B., Grinspoon, D., and Dones, L.: 1992, ‘Impact Generated Atmospheres over Titan, Ganymede and Callisto’, Icarus95, 1–23. PubMed Google Scholar