The validity of animal models of depression (original) (raw)
- Ainsworth MDS (1976) Discussion of papers by Suomi and Bowlby. In: Serban G, Kling A (eds) Animal models in human psychobiology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 37–47
Google Scholar - Akiskal HS (1979) A biobehavioural approach to depression. In: Depue RA (ed) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. Academic Press, New York, pp 409–437
Google Scholar - Akiskal HS (1980) External validating criteria for psychiatric diagnosis: Their application in affective disorders. J. Clin Psychiatry 41:12. Sec.2:6–15
Google Scholar - Akiskal HS, McKinney WT (1973) Depressive disorders: Toward a unified hypothesis. Science 182:20–29
Google Scholar - Altenor A, Kay E, Richter M (1977) The generality of learned helplessness in the rat. Learning and Motivation 8:54–61
Google Scholar - American Psychiatric Association (1980) DSM III — Diagnostic and statistical manual of psychiatric disorders. A.P.A., Washington
Google Scholar - Anderson DC, Cole J, McVaugh W (1968) Variations in unsignalled inescapable preshock as determinants of responses to punishment. J Comp Physiol Psychol 65 [Suppl]: 1–17
Google Scholar - Anisman H, Remington G, Sklar LS (1979) Effects of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance. Psychopharmacology 61:107–124
Google Scholar - Anisman HA, Zacharko RM (1982) Depression: The predisposing influence of stress. Behav Brain Sci 5:89–137
Google Scholar - Aprison MH, Hintgen JN, Nagayama H (1982) Testing a new theory of depression with an animal model: Neurochemical-behavioural evidence for postsynaptic serotonergic receptor involvement. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa T, Briley M (eds) New vistas in depression. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 171–178
Google Scholar - Askew BM (1963) A simple screening procedure for imipramine-like anti-depressant drugs. Life Sci 2:725–730
Google Scholar - Babington RG (1975) Antidepressives and the kindling effect. In: Fielding S, Lal H (eds) Antidepressants. Futura, Mount Kisco, New York, pp 113–124
Google Scholar - Babington RG (1981) Neurophysiologic techniques and antidepressive activity. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: Neurochemical, behavioural and clinical perspectives, Raven Press, New York, pp 157–173
Google Scholar - Babington RG, Wedeking, PW (1973) The pharmacology of seizures induced by sensitization with low intensity brain stimulation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1:461–467
Google Scholar - Baltzer V, Weiskrantz L (1973) Antidepressant agents and reversal of diurnal activity cycles in the rat. Biol Psychiatry 10:199–209
Google Scholar - Barnett A, Taber RI (1971) Antidepressant agents. In: Turner RA, Hebborn P (eds) Screening methods in pharmacology. Academic Press, New York, pp 209–226
Google Scholar - Barnett A, Taber RI, Roth RE (1969) Activity of antihistamines in laboratory antidepressant tests. Int J Pharmacol 8:73–79
Google Scholar - Barrett RJ, White DK (1980) Reward system depression following chronic amphetamine: antagonism by haloperidol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:555–559
Google Scholar - Beck AT, Harrison RP (1982) Stress, neurochemical substrates and depression: Concommitants are not necessarily causes. Behav Brain Sci 5:101–102
Google Scholar - Belmaker RH, Lerer B, Zohar J (1982) Salbutamol treatment of depression. In: Costa E, Racagni G (eds) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Clinical practice. Raven Press, New York, pp 181–193
Google Scholar - Betin C, DeFeudis FV, Blavet N, Clostre F (1982) Further characterization of the behavioural despair test in mice: Positive effects of convulsants. Physiol Behav 28:307–311
Google Scholar - Binks SM (1979) A reward reduction model of depression using self-stimulating rats: an appraisal. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 10:441–443
Google Scholar - Blaney PH (1977) Contemporary theories of depression: critique and comparison. J Abnorm Psychol 86:203–223
Google Scholar - Bowden DM, McKinney WT (1972) Behavioural effects of peer separation, isolation and reunion on adolescent male rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 5:353–362
Google Scholar - Bowlby J (1976) Human personality development in an ethological light. In: Serban G, Kling A (eds) Animal models in human psychobiology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 27–36
Google Scholar - Briscoe CW, Smith JB (1975) Depression in bereavement and divorce. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:439–443
Google Scholar - Brodie BB, Bickel MH, Sulser F (1961) Desmethylimipramine, a new type of antidepressant drug. Med Exp 5:454–458
Google Scholar - Broekkamp CL, Garrigou D, Lloyd KG (1980) Serotonin-mimetic and antidepressant drugs on passive avoidance learning by olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:643–646
Google Scholar - Brown GW, Harris T (1978) Social origins of depression. Tavistock Publications, London
Google Scholar - Browne RG (1979) Effects of antidepressants and anticholinergics in a mouse “behavioural despair” test. Eur J Pharmacol 58:331–334
Google Scholar - Burchfield SR (1979) The stress response: A new perspective. Psychosom Med 41:661–672
Google Scholar - Cairncross KD, Wren AF, Cox B, Schnieden H (1977) Effects of olfactory bulbectomy and domicile on stress induced corticosterone release in the rat. Physiol Behav 19:485–487
Google Scholar - Cairncross KD, Cox B, Forster C, Wren AF (1978) A new model for the detection of antidepressant drugs: Olfactory bulbectomy in the rat compared with existing models. J Pharmacol Methods 1:131–143
Google Scholar - Cairncross KD, Cox B, Forster C, Wren, AF (1979) Olfactory projection systems, drugs and behaviour: A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 4:253–272
Google Scholar - Carlsson A, Lindqist M, Magnusson T (1957) 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists. Nature 180:1200
Google Scholar - Carlton PL (1961) Potentiation of the behavioural effects of amphetamine. Psychopharmacology 2:364–376
Google Scholar - Carroll BK (1978) Neuroendocrine function in psychiatric disorders. In: Lipton MA, DiMaschio A, Killam KF (eds) Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress, Raven Press, New York, pp 487–497
Google Scholar - Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Mendels J (1976) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma free cortisol levels in depression. Psychol Med 6:235–244
Google Scholar - Claasen V, Davies JE (1969) Potentiation by tricyclic antidepressants of weight loss caused by amphetamine in rats. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Nederl 15:37–40
Google Scholar - Colpaert FC, Lenaerts FM Niemegeers CJE, Janssen PAJ (1975) A critical study on RO-4-1284 antagonism in mice. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 215:40–90
Google Scholar - Cornfeldt M, Fisher B, Fielding S (1982) Rat internal capsule lesion: a new test for detecting antidepressants. Fed Proc 41:1066
Google Scholar - Costa E, Racagni G (1982) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Clinical practice. Raven Press, New York
Google Scholar - Costa E, Garattini S Valzelli L (1960) Interactions between reserpine, chlorpromazine and imipramine. Experientia 16:461–463
Google Scholar - Costello CG (1972) Depression: Loss of reinforcers or loss of reinforcer effectiveness? Behav Ther 3:240–247
Google Scholar - Cresse I, Snyder SH (1978) Behavioural and biochemical properties of the dopamine receptor. In: Lipton MA, DiMaschio A, Killam KF (eds) Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 377–388
Google Scholar - Day MD, Rand MJ (1963) Awakening from reserpine sedation by alpha-methyl dopa. J Pharm Pharmacol 15:631–632
Google Scholar - Delina-Stula A, Vassout A (1979) Differential effects of psychoactive drugs on aggressive responses in rats and mice. In: Sandler M (ed) Psychopharmacology of aggression. Raven Press, New York, pp 41–60
Google Scholar - Depue, RA, Monroe SM (1978) Learned helplessness in the perspective of the depressive disorders: Conceptual and definitional issues. J Abnorm Psychol 87:3–20
Google Scholar - Depue RA, Monroe SM (1979) The unipolar-bipolar distinction in the depressive disorders: implications for stress-onset interactions. In: Depue RA (ed) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. Academic Press, New York, pp 23–53
Google Scholar - Donnelly EF, Murphy DL (1973) Primary affective disorder —MMPI differences between unipolar and bipolar depressed subjects. J Clin Psychol 29:303–306
Google Scholar - Dorworthy TR, Overmeier JB (1977) On “learned helplessness”: The therapeutic effects of electroconvulsive shock. Physiol Behav 4:355–358
Google Scholar - Dubinsky B, Goldberg ME (1971) The effect, of imipramine and selected drugs on attack elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in the cat. Neuropharmacology 10:537–545
Google Scholar - Dubinsky B, Karpowicz K, Goldberg M (1973) Effects of tricyclic antidepressants on attack elicited by hypothalamic stimulation: Relation to brain biogenic amines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 18:550–552
Google Scholar - Duvoisin RC, Marsden CD (1974) Reversal of reserpine-induced bradykinesia by alpha-methyldopa: New light on its modus operandi. Brain Res 71:178–182
Google Scholar - Einon DF, Morgan MJ, Sahakian BJ (1975) The development of intersession habituation and emergence in socially reared and isolated rats. Dev Psychobiol 8:553–559
Google Scholar - Emrich HM (1982) A possible role of opioid actions in endogenous depression. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa, T, Briley M (eds) New vistas in depression. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 233–237
Google Scholar - Engel GL (1962) Anxiety and depression withdrawal: The primary effects of unpleasure. Int J Psychoanal 43:89–97
Google Scholar - Everett GM (1967) The DOPA response potentiation test and its use in screening for antidepressant drugs. In: Garattini S, Dukes, MNG (eds) Antidepressant drug. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 164–167
Google Scholar - Everitt BJ, Keverne EB (1979) Models of depression based on behavioural observations of experimental animals In: Paykel ES, Copen, A (eds) Psychopharmacology of affective disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 41–59
Google Scholar - Ferris RM, Maxwell RA, Cooper BR, Soroko FE (1982) Neurochemical and neuropharmacological investigations into the mechanisms of action of bupropion-HCl — a new atypical antidepressant agent. In: Costa E, Racagni G (eds) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Molecular mechanisms. Raven Press, New York, pp 277–286
Google Scholar - Ferster CB (1973) A functional analysis of depression. Am Psychol 28:857–870
Google Scholar - Fibiger HC, Phillips AG (1981) Increased intracranial self-stimulation in rats after long-term administration of desipramine. Science 214:683–685
Google Scholar - Gallistel CR, Beagley G (1971) Specificity of brain stimulation reward in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 76:199–205
Google Scholar - Garber J, Miller WR, Seaman SF (1979) Learned helplessness, stress and the depressive disorders. In: Depue RA (ed) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. Academic Press, New York, pp 335–363
Google Scholar - Garzon J, Del Rio J (1981) Hyperactivity induced in rats by longterm isolation: further studies on a new animal model for the detection of antidepressants. Eur J Pharmacol 74:287–294
Google Scholar - Garzon J, Fuentes JA, Del Rio J (1979) Antidepressants selectively antagonize the hyperactivity induced in rats by long-term isolation. Eur J Pharmacol 59:293–296
Google Scholar - Gersh FS, Fowles DC (1979) Neurotic depression: The concept of anxious depression. In: Depue RA (ed) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effect of stress. Academic Press, New York, pp 81–104
Google Scholar - Gillin JC (1983) The sleep therapies of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 7:351–364
Google Scholar - Goddard GV, McIntyre DC, Leech CK (1969) A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp Neurol 25:295–330
Google Scholar - Goodwin FK, Ebert MH, Bunney WE (1972) Mental effects of reserpine in man: A review. In: Shader RI (ed), Psychiatric complications of medical drugs. Raven Press, New York, pp 73–101
Google Scholar - Goodwin FK, Wirz-Justice A, Wehr TA (1982) Evidence, that pathophysiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs both involve alterations in circadian rhythms. In: Costa E, Racagni G (eds) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Clinical practice. Raven Press, New York, pp 1–11
Google Scholar - Gorka Z, Wojtasik E (1980) The effect of antidepressants on behavioural despair in rats. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 32:463–468
Google Scholar - Gorka Z, Wojtasik, E, Kwiatek H, Maj J (1979) Action of serotoninmimetics in the behavioural despair test in rats. Commun Psychopharmacol 3:133–136
Google Scholar - Grabowska M, Antkiewicz L, Mechaluk J (1974) The influence of LSD on locomotor activity in reserpinized mice. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 26:499–504
Google Scholar - Halliwell G, Quinton RM, Williams DE (1964) A comparison of imipramine, chlopromazine and related drugs in various tests involving autonomic functions and antagonism, of reserpine. Br J Pharmacol 23:330–350
Google Scholar - Hatotani N, Nomura J, Kitayama I (1982) Changes of brain monoamines in the animal model for depression. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa T, Briley M (eds) New vistas in depression. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 65–72
Google Scholar - Heath RG (1963) Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man. Am J Psychiatry 120:571–577
Google Scholar - Heath, RG, John SB, Fontana CJ (1968) The pleasure response: Studies by stereotaxic techniques in patients. In: Kline NS, Laska E (eds) Computer and electronic devices in psychiatry. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 178–189
Google Scholar - Higley JD, Suomi SJ, Scanlon JM, McKinney WT (1982) Plasma cortisol as a predictor of individual depressive behaviour in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Soc Neurosci Abstr 8:461
Google Scholar - Hill RT, Tedeschi DH (1971) Animal testing and screening procedures in evaluating psychotropic drugs. In: Rech RH, Moore KE (eds) An introduction to psychopharmacology. Raven Press, New York, pp 237–288
Google Scholar - Hinde RA, McGinnis L (1977) Some factors influencing the effects of temporary mother-infant, separation. Some experiments with rhesus monkeys. Psychol Med 7:197–212
Google Scholar - Hinde RA, Leighton-Shapiro ME, McGinnis L (1978) Effects of various types of separation experience on rhesus monkeys 5 months later. J Child Psychol Psychiatr 19:199–211
Google Scholar - Hoebel BG (1976) Brain-stimulation reward and aversion in relation to behaviour. In: Wauquier A, Rolls E (eds) Brain-stimulation reward. North Holland/American Elsevier. New York, pp 331–372
Google Scholar - Hoebel BG Teitelbaum P (1962) Hypothalamic control of feeding and self-stimulation. Science 135:375–377
Google Scholar - Horowitz ZP (1965) Selective block or rat mouse killing by antidepressants. Life Sci 4:1909–1912
Google Scholar - Horovitz ZP (1967) The amygdala and depression. In: Garattini S, Dukes MNG (eds) Antidepressant drugs. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 121–129
Google Scholar - Horowitz ZP, Piala JJ, High JP, Burke JC, Leaf RC (1966) Effects of drugs on the mouse killing (muricide) test and its relationship to amygdaloid function. Int J Neuropharmacol 5:405–411
Google Scholar - Howard JL, Soroko FE, Cooper BR (1981) Empirical behavioural models of depression, with emphasis on tetrabenazine antagonism. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: Neurochemical, behavioural and clinical perspectives. Raven Press, New York, pp 107–120
Google Scholar - Hrdina PD, Von Kulmiz P, Stretch R (1979) Pharmacological modification of experimental depression in infant macaques. Psychopharmacology 64:89–93
Google Scholar - Hudgens H, Morrison J, Barcha R (1967) Life events and onset of primary affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 16:134–145
Google Scholar - Johnson DN, Funderburk WH, Ward JW (1970) Preclinical evaluation of AHR-118: A potential antidepressant drug. Curr Ther Res 12:402–413
Google Scholar - Kashani JH, Husain A, Shekim WO, Hodges KK, Cytryn L, McKnew DH (1981) Current perspectives on childhood depression: An overview. Am J Psychiatry 138:143–153
Google Scholar - Kastin AJ, Scollan EL, Ehrensing RH, Schally AV, Coy DH (1978) Enkephalin and other peptides reduce passiveness Pharmacol Biochem Behav 9:515–519
Google Scholar - Katz RJ (1981a) Animal models and human depressive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:231–246
Google Scholar - Katz RJ (1981b) Animal model of depression: Effects of electroconvulsive shock therapy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:273–277
Google Scholar - Katz RJ (1982) Animal model of depression: Pharmacological sensitivity of a hedonic deficit. Pharmacol Biochem. Behav 16:965–968
Google Scholar - Katz RJ, Baldrighi G (1982) A further parametric study of imipramine in an animal model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16:969–972
Google Scholar - Katz RJ, Hersh S (1981) Amitriptyline and scopolamine in an animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:265–271
Google Scholar - Katz RJ, Sibel M (1982a) Animal model of depression: tests of three structurally and pharmacologically novel antidepressant compounds. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16:973–977
Google Scholar - Katz RJ, Sibel M (1982b) Further analysis of the specificity of a novel animal model of depression: Effects of an antihistaminic, antipsychotic and anxiolytic compound. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16:979–982
Google Scholar - Katz RJ, Roth KA, Carroll BJ (1981a) Acute and chronic stress effects on open field activity in the rat: implications for a model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:247–251
Google Scholar - Katz RJ, Roth KA, Schmaltz K (1981b) Amphetamine and tranylcypromine in an animal model of depression: pharmacological specificity of the reversal effect. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:259–264
Google Scholar - Kaufman IC, Rosenblum LA (1967) the reaction to separation in infant monkeys: Anaclitic, depression and conservation-withdrawal. Psychosom. Med 29:648–675
Google Scholar - Kaufman IC, Stynes AJ (1978) Depression, can be induced in a bonnet macaque infant. Psychosom Med 40: 71–75
Google Scholar - Kitada Y, Miyauchi T, Satoh A, Satoh S (1981) Effects of antidepressants in the rat forced swimming test. Eur J Pharmacol 72:145–152
Google Scholar - Klein DF (1974) Endogenomorphic depression: A conceptual and terminological revison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31:447–454
Google Scholar - Klinger E (1975) Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychol Rev 82:1–24
Google Scholar - Klinger E, Barta SG, Kemble ED (1974) Cyclic activity changes during extinction in rats: A potential model of depression. Anim Learn Behav 2:313–316
Google Scholar - Knobloch LC, Goldstein JR, Malick JB (1982) Effects of acute and subacute antidepressant treatment on kindled seizures in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17:461–465
Google Scholar - Kokkindis L, Zacharko RM (1980) Response sensitization and depression following long-term amphetamine treatment in a self-stimulation paradigm. Psychopharmacology 68:73–76
Google Scholar - Kokkinidis L, Zacharko RM, Predy PA (1980) Post-amphetamine depression of self-stimulation responding from, the substantia nigra: reversal by tricyclic antidepressants. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:379–383
Google Scholar - Kraemer GW, McKinney WT (1979) Interactions of pharmacological agents which alter biogenic amine metabolism, and depression. J Affect Dis 1:33–54
Google Scholar - Kupfer DJ (1976) REM latency: A psychobiological marker for primary depressive disease. Biol Psychiatry 11:159–174
Google Scholar - Kupfer DJ, Detre TP (1978) Tricyclic and monoamine-oxidase inhibitor antidepressants: Clinical use. In: Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds) Handbook of psychopharmacology Vol 14. Plenum Press, New York, pp 199–232
Google Scholar - Lang W, Gershon S (1962) Effect, of psychoactive drugs on yohimbine-induced responses in conscious dogs. A study of antidepressant drugs. Med Exp (Basel) 7:125–134
Google Scholar - Lang W, Gershon S (1963) Effects of psychoactive drugs on yohimbine-induced responses in conscious dogs. A proposed screening procedure for anti-anxiety agents. Arch. Int Pharmacodyn 142:457–472
Google Scholar - Lapin IP (1980), Adrenergic nonspecific potentiation of yohimbine toxicity in mice by antidepressants and related drugs and antiyohimbine action of antiadrenergic and serotonergic drugs. Psychopharmacology 70:179–185
Google Scholar - Leith NJ, Barrett RJ (1976) Amphetamine and the reward system: evidence for tolerance and post-drug depression. Psychopharmacology 46:19–25
Google Scholar - Leith NJ, Barrett RJ (1980) Effects of chronic amphetamine or reserpine on self-stimulation: animal model of depression? Psychopharmacology 72:9–15
Google Scholar - Leonard BE (1982) On the mode of action of mianserin. In: Costa E, Racagni G (eds) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Molecular mechanisms. Raven Press, New York, pp 301–319
Google Scholar - Leshner AI, Remler H, Biegon A, Samuel D (1979) Effects of desmethylimipramine, (DMI) on learned helplessness. Psychopharmacology 66:207–213
Google Scholar - Lewander T (1968) Effects of amphetamine on urinary and tissue catecholamines in rats after inhibition of its metabolism with desmethylimiparamine. Eur J Pharmacol 5:1–9
Google Scholar - Lewinsohn PM (1974) A behavioural approach to depression. In: Friedman RJ, Katz MM (eds) The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. Winston/Wiley, New York, pp 157–185
Google Scholar - Lewinsohn PM, Zeiss AM, Zeiss RA, Haller R (1977) Endogenicity and reactivity as orthogonal dimensions in depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 164:327–332
Google Scholar - Lewinsohn PM, Yougren, MA, Grosscup SJ (1979) Reinforcement and depression. In: Depue RA (ed) The psychobiology of the depressive desorders: Implications for the effects of stress. Academic Press, New York, pp 291–316
Google Scholar - Lewis JK, McKinney WT (1976) Effects of electroconvulsive shock on the behaviour of normal and abnormal rhesus monkeys. Behav Psychiatr 37:687–693
Google Scholar - Lewis JK, McKinney WT, Young LD, Kraemer GW (1976) Motherinfant separation in rhesus monkeys as a model of human depression: A reconsideration. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33:699–705
Google Scholar - Liebman J (1983) Discriminating between reward and performance: A critical review of intracranial self-stimulation methodology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 7:45–72
Google Scholar - Lishman WA (1972) Selective factors, in memory. Psychol Med 2:248–253
Google Scholar - Lloyd C (1980a) Life events and depressive disorder reviewed. I. Events as predisposing factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:529–535
Google Scholar - Lloyd C (1980b) Life events and depressive disorders reviewed. II. Events as precipitating factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:541–548
Google Scholar - Lloyd KG, Garrigou D, Broekkamp CLE (1982) The action of monoaminergic, cholinergic and gabaergic compounds in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa T, Briley M (eds) New vistas in depression. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 179–186
Google Scholar - Maier SF, Seligman MEP (1976) Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. J Exp Psychol (Gen) 1:3–46
Google Scholar - Maier SF, Anderson C, Lieberman DA (1972) Influence of control of shock on subsequent shock-elicited aggression. J Comp Physiol Psychol 81:94–100
Google Scholar - Malick JB (1981) Yohimbine potentiation as a predictor of antidepressant action. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: Neurochemical, behavioural and clinical perspectives. Raven Press, New York, pp 141–155
Google Scholar - Martorana PA, Nitz RE (1979) The new antidepressant pirlindone: A comparison with imipramine and tranylcypromine. Arzneim Forsch 29:946–949
Google Scholar - Maxwell DR, Palmer HT (1961) Demonstration of anti-depressant or stimulant properties of imipramine in experimental animals. Nature 191:84–85
Google Scholar - McKinney WT, Bunney WE (1969) Animal model of depression: Review of evidence and implications for research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 21:240–248
Google Scholar - McKinney WT, Young LD, Suomi SJ (1973) Chlorpromazine treatment of disturbed monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 29:490–494
Google Scholar - McKnew DH, Cytryn L (1973) Historical background in children with affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 130:1278–1280
Google Scholar - Menzel EW Dvenport RK, rogers CM (1963) Effects of environmental restriction upon the chimpanzee's responsiveness to objects. J Comp Physiol Psychol 56:78–85
Google Scholar - Miller W, Rosellini RA, Seligman MEP (1977) Learned helplessness and depression. In: Maser JD, Seligman MEP (eds) Psychopathology: Experimental models. Freeman, San Francisco, pp 104–130
Google Scholar - Morgan MJ, Einon DF, Nicholas D (1975) The effects of isolation rearing on behavioural inhibition in the rat. Q J Exp Psychol 27:615–634
Google Scholar - Morpurgo C, Theobald W (1965) Effect of imipramine-like compounds and chlorpromazine on reserpine-hypothermia in mice and amphetamine-hyperthermia in rats. Med Pharmacol Exp 2:226–232
Google Scholar - Nagayama H, Hintgen, JN, Aprison MH (1980) Pre- and postsynaptic serotonergic manipulations in an animal of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13:575–579
Google Scholar - Nagayama H, Hintgen JN, Aprison MH (1981) Postsynpatic action by four antidepressive drugs in an animal model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:125–130
Google Scholar - Nagy A (1977) Blood and brain concentrations of imipramine, clomipramine and their monomethylated metabolites, after oral and intramuscular administration in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 29:104–107
Google Scholar - Nelson JC, Charney DS (1981) The symptoms of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 138:1–13
Google Scholar - Nomura A, Shimizu J, Kamateni H, Kinjo M, Watanabe M, Nakazawa T (1982) Swimming mice: In search, of an animal model for human depression. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa T, Briley M (eds) New vistas in depression. Pergamon Press, New York, pp 203–210
Google Scholar - Noreika L, Pastor G, Liebman J (1981) Delayed emergence of antidepressant efficacy following withdrawal in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:393–398
Google Scholar - Olds J (1958) Effects of hunger and male sex hormone on selfstimulation of the brain. J Comp Physiol Psychol 51:320–324
Google Scholar - O'Neill KA, Valentino D (1982) Escapability and generalization: Effect on behavioural despair. Eur J Pharmacol 78:379–380
Google Scholar - Parkes CM (1972) Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. International University Press, New York
Google Scholar - Paykel ES (1971) Classification of depressed patients: A cluster analysis derived grouping. Br J Psychiatry 118:275–288
Google Scholar - Paykel ES (1979) Recent life events in the development of the depressive disorders. In: Depue RA (ed) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. Academic Press, New York, pp 245–262
Google Scholar - Paykel ES, Coppen A (1979) Psychopharmacology of depression. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Google Scholar - Pearce JB (1981) Drug treatment of depression in children. Acta Paedopsychiatr 46:317–328
Google Scholar - Peterfy G, Pinter EJ, Pattee CJ (1976) Psychosomatic aspects of catecholamine depletion: Comparative aspects of metabolic, endocrine and affective changes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1:243–253
Google Scholar - Petty F, Sherman AD (1980) Reversal of learned helplessness by imipramine. Commun Psychopharmacol 3:371–373
Google Scholar - Physicians Desk Reference, 36th edition (1982) Medical Economics Co., Oradell New Jersey
- Porsolt RD (1981) Behavioural despair. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: Neurochemical, behavioural and clinical perspectives Raven Press, New York, pp 121–139
Google Scholar - Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M (1977a) Behavioural, despair in mice: A primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn 229:327–336
Google Scholar - Porsolt RD, LePichon M, Jalfre M (1977b) Depression: A new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatment. Nature 266:730–732
Google Scholar - Porsolt RD, Anton G, Blavet N, Jalfre M (1978a) Behavioural despair in rats, a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47:379–391
Google Scholar - Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M (1978b) Behavioural despair in rats and mice: Strain differences and the effects of imipramine. Eur J Pharmacol 51:291–294
Google Scholar - Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Blavet M, Deniel M, Jalfre M (1979) Immobility induced by forced swimming in rats: Effects of agents which modify central catecholamine and serotonin activity. Eur J Pharmacol 57:201–210
Google Scholar - Poznanski EO (1982) The clinical phenomenology of childhood depression. Am J Orthopsychiatry 52:308–313
Google Scholar - Quinton RM (1963) The increase in the toxicity of yohimbine induced by imipramine and other drugs in mice. Br J Pharmacol 21:51–66
Google Scholar - Reite M, Short R, Seiler C, Pauley JD (1981) Attachment, loss and depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 22:141–169
Google Scholar - Robertson J, Bowlby J, (1952) Responses, of young children to separation from their mothers. Cour du Centre Internationale de L'Enfance 2:131–142
Google Scholar - Rosellini, RA (1978) Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of a free appetitive operant. Anim Learn Behav 6:155–159
Google Scholar - Rosellini RA, DeCola JP (1981) Inescabable shock interferes with the acquisition of a low-activity response in an appetitive context. Anim Learn Behav 9:487–490
Google Scholar - Roth KA, Katz RJ (1981) Further studies on a novel animal model of depression: therapeutic effects of a tricyclic antidepressant. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 5:253–258
Google Scholar - Sachar EJ, Hellman L, Roffwarg H, Halpern F, Fukushima D, Gallagher T (1973) Disrupted, 24-hour patterns of cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Arch Gen Psychatry 28:19–24
Google Scholar - Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Morgan MJ, Iversen SD (1975) The effects of psychomotor stimulants on stereotypy and locomotor activity in socially deprived and control rats. Brain Res 84:195–205
Google Scholar - Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Iversen SD (1977) The effects of isolation rearing on exploration in the rat. Anim Learn Behav 5:193–198
Google Scholar - Sanghvi I, Gershon S (1969) The evaluation of central nervous system stimulants in a new laboratory test for antidepressants. Life Sci 8:449–457
Google Scholar - Sanghvi I, Bindler E, Gershon S (1969) The evaluation of a new animal method for the prediction of clinical antidepressant activity. Life Sci 8:99–106
Google Scholar - Sanghvi I, Geyer H Gershon S (1976) Exploration of the antidepressant potential of iprindole. Life Sci 18:569–574
Google Scholar - Schechter MD, Chance WT (1979) Non-specificity of “behavioural despair” as an animal model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 60:139–142
Google Scholar - Scheckel CL, Boff E (1964) Behavioural effects of interacting imipramine and other drugs with _d_-amphetamine, cocaine and tetrabenazine. Psychopharmacology 5:198–208
Google Scholar - Schershlicht R, Polc P, Schneeberger J, Steiner M, Haefely W (1982) Selective supression of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in cats by typical and atypical antidepressants. In: Costa E, Racagni G (eds) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Molecular mechanisms Raven Press, New York, pp 359–364
Google Scholar - Schick JFE, Smith DE, Wesson DR (1973) An analysis of amphetamine toxicity and patterns of use. In: Smith DE, Wesson DR (eds) Uppers and downers. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp 23–61
Google Scholar - Schmale AH (1973) Adaptive role role of depression in health and disease. In: Scott JP Senay E (eds) Separation and depression. Am Assoc Adv Sci, Washington, pp 187–214
Google Scholar - Schulterband JG, Raskin A (1977) Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models. Raven Press, New York
Google Scholar - Segal DS, Kuczenski R, Mandell AJ (1974) Theoretical implications of drug-induced adaptive regulation for a biogenic amine hypothesis of affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 9:147–159
Google Scholar - Seligman MEP (1975) Helplessness: On depression, development and death. Freeman, San Francisco
Google Scholar - Seligman MEP, Beagley G (1975) Learned helplessness in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88:534–541
Google Scholar - Seligman MEP, Rossellini RA, Kozak M (1975) Learned helplessness in the rat: Reversibility, time course and immunization. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88:542–547
Google Scholar - Sem-Jacobsen CW (1976) Electrical stimulation and self-stimulation in man with chronic implanted electrodes. Interpretation and pitfalls of results. In: Wauquier A, Rolls E (eds) Brain-stimulation reward. North Holland/American Elsevier, New York, pp 508–520
Google Scholar - Sherman AD, Sacquitne JL, Petty F (1982) Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16:449–454
Google Scholar - Shopsin B, Cassano GB, Conti L (1981) An overview of new “second generation” antidepressant compounds: Research and treatment implications. In: Enna SJ, Malick JB, Richelson E (eds) Antidepressants: Neurochemical, behavioural and clinical perspectives. Raven Press, New York, pp 219–251
Google Scholar - Sigg EB, Hill RT (1967) The effect of imipramine on central adrenergic mechanisms. In: Brill H (ed) Neuro-psycho-pharmacology. Excerpta Medica. Amsterdam, pp 367–372
Google Scholar - Sigg EB, Gyermek L, Hill RT (1965) Antagonism to reserpine induced depression by imipramine, releated psychoactive drugs and some autonomic agents. Psychopharmacology 7:144–149
Google Scholar - Silvestrini B (1982) Trazodone—A new type of antidepressant: A discussion of pharmacological data and their clinical implications. In: Costa E, Racagni G (eds) Typical and atypical antidepressants: Molecular mechanisms. Raven Press New York pp 327–340
Google Scholar - Simpson DM, Annau Z (1977) Behavioural withdrawal following several psychoactive drugs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7:59–64
Google Scholar - Soblosky JS, Thurmond JB (1982) Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin manipulations in an animal model of depression utilizing chronic intermittent stress. Soc Neurosci Abstr 8:464
Google Scholar - Sofia RD (1969a) Effects of centrally active drugs on experimentally-induced aggression in rodents. Life Sci 8:705–716
Google Scholar - Sofia RD (1969b) Structural relationship and potency of agents which selectively block mouse killing (muricide) behaviour in rats. Life Sci 8:1201–1210
Google Scholar - Spitz R (1946) Anaclitic depression. Psychoanal Stud Child 2:113–117
Google Scholar - Stein L (1962) New methods for evaluating stimulants and antidepressants. In: Nodine JH, Moyer JH (eds), The first Hahnemenn symposium on psychosomatic medicine. Lea and Fibiger, Philadelphia, pp 297–301
Google Scholar - Stein L, Seifter J (1961) Possible mode of antidepressive action of imipramine. Science 134:286–287
Google Scholar - Stille G, Lauener H, Eichenberger E, Matussek N, Poldinger W (1968) Observations concerning adrenergic functions and antidepressant activity. Pharmakopychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1:123–135
Google Scholar - Sulser F, Bickel MH, Brodie BB (1964) The action of desmethylimipramine in counteracting sedation and cholinergic effects of reserpine-like drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 144:321–330
Google Scholar - Sulser F, Owens ML, Dingell JV (1966) On the mechanism of amphetamine potentiation by desipramine. Life Sci 5:2005–2010
Google Scholar - Sulser F, Vetulani J, Mobley PL (1978) Mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 27:257–261
Google Scholar - Suomi SJ (1976) Factors affecting responses to social separation in rhesus monkeys. In: Serban G, Kling A (eds) Animal models in human psychobiology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 9–26
Google Scholar - Suomi SJ, Harlow HF, Domek CJ (1970) Effect of repetitive infantinfant separation of young monkeys. J Abnorm Psychol 76:161–172
Google Scholar - Suomi SJ, Collins ML, Harlow HF (1976) Effect of maternal and peer separations on young monkeys J Child Psychol Psychiatr 17:101–112
Google Scholar - Suomi SJ, Seaman SF, Lewis JK, DeLizio RB, McKinney WT (1978) Effects of impramine treatment on separation-induced social disorders in rhesus monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34:321–325
Google Scholar - Szewczak MR, Fielding S, Cornfeldt M (1982) Rat internal capsule lesion: further characterization of antidepressant screening potential. Soc Neurosci Abstr 8:465
Google Scholar - Tennant C, Bebbington P, Hurry J (1981) The role of life events in depressive illness: is there a substantial causal connection? Psychol Med 11:379–389
Google Scholar - Theobald W, Buch O, Kunz H, Morpurgo C, Stenger EG, Wilhelmi G (1964) Comparative pharmacological studies with Tofranil, Pertofran and Ensidon. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 148:560–569
Google Scholar - Turner C, Davenport R, Rogers C (1969) The effect of early deprivation on the social behaviour of adolescent chimpanzees. Am J Psychiatry 125:1531–1536
Google Scholar - Tyrer P (1979) Clinical use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In: Paykel ES, Coppen A (eds) Psychopharmacology of affective disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 159–178
Google Scholar - Ueki S (1982) Mouse-killing behaviour (muricide) in the rat and the effect of antidepressants. In: Langer SZ, Takahashi R, Segawa T, Briley M (eds) New vistas in depression Pergamon Press, New York, pp 187–194
Google Scholar - Valenstein ES (1973) Brain control: A critical examination of brain stimulation and psychosurgery. Wiley, New York
Google Scholar - Valzelli L, Bernasconi S (1971) Psychoactive drug effects on behavioural changes induced by prolonged socio-environmental deprivation in rats. Psychol Med 6:271–276
Google Scholar - Valzelli L, Consolo S, Morpurgo C (1967) Influence of imipraminelike drugs on the metabolism of amphetamine. In: Garattini S, Dukes MNG (eds) Antidepressant drugs. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 61–69
Google Scholar - Van Riezen H (1972) Different central effects of the 5-HT antagonists mianserin and cyproheptadine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 198:256–269
Google Scholar - Van Riezen H, Behagel H, Chafik M (1975) Development of psychotropic drugs. Psychopharmacol Bull 11:10–15
Google Scholar - Van Riezen H Schnieden H, Wren AF (1977) Olfactory bulb ablation in the rat: Behavioural changes and their reversal by antidepressant drugs. Br J Pharmacol 60:521–528
Google Scholar - Vogel JR, Hambrich DR (1973) Chronic administration of electroconvulsive shock: Effects on mouse killing activity and brain monoamines in rats. Physiol. Behav 11:725–728
Google Scholar - Wagner HR, Hall TL, Cote IL (1977) The applicability of inescapable shock as a source of animal depression. J Gen Psychol 96:313–318
Google Scholar - Wallach MD, Hedley LR (1979) The effects of antihistamines in a modified behavioural despair test. Commun Psychopharmacol 3:35–39
Google Scholar - Watanabe S, Inoue M, Ueki S (1979) Effects of psychotropic drugs injected into the limbic structures on mouse-killing behaviour in the rat with olfactory bulb ablation. Jpn J Pharmacol 29:493–496
Google Scholar - Watson R, Hartman E, Schildkraut JJ (1972) Amphetamine withdrawal: Affective state, sleep patterns and MHPG excretion. Am J Psychiatry 129:263–269
Google Scholar - Wauquier A (1980) The influence of psychoactive drugs on brain self-stimulation in rats: A review. In: Wauquier A, Rolls ET (eds) Brain stimulation reward. North Holland Amsterdam, pp 123–171
Google Scholar - Wehr TA, Wirz-Justice A (1982) Circadian rhythm mechanisms in affective illness and in antidepressant drug action. Pharmacopsychiatry 15:31–39
Google Scholar - Weingartner H, Silberman E (1982) Models of cognitive impairment: Cognitive changes in depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 18:27–42
Google Scholar - Weinstock M, Speiser A, Ashkenazi R (1976) Biochemical and pharmacological studies on an animal model of hyperactivity states. In: Gershon ES, Belmaker RH, Kety SS, Rosenbaum M (eds) The impact of biology on modern psychiatry Plenum. New York, pp 149–161
Google Scholar - Weinstock M, Speiser Z, Ashkenazi R (1978) Changes in brain catecholamine turnover and receptor sensitivity induced by social deprivation in rats. Psychopharmacology 56:205–209
Google Scholar - Weiss JM (1968) Effects of coping responses on stress. J Comp Physiol Psychol 65:251–260
Google Scholar - Weiss JM, Goodman PA, Losito BG, Corrigan S, Charry JM, Bailey WH (1981) Behavioural depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: relationship to noreprinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain. Brain Res Rev 3:167–205
Google Scholar - Willner P, Clark D (1978) A reappraisal of the interaction between tricyclic antidepressants and reserpine-like drugs. Psychopharmacology 58:55–62
Google Scholar - Zacharko RM, Bowers WJ, Kokkinidis L, Anisman H (1982) Alteration of intracranial self-stimulation in mice following inescapable stress. Soc Neurosci Abstr 8:898
Google Scholar