Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neuropsychological Pathways, Comorbidity and Symptom Domains (original) (raw)

References

• Alderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., & Kofler, M. J. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: a meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 745–758.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: Guilford.
  Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1998). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (2ndnd ed.). New York: Guilford.
  Google Scholar
• Bauermeister, J. J., Shrout, P. E., Ramirez, R., Bravo, M., Alegria, M., Martinez-Taboas, A., et al. (2007). ADHD Correlates, comorbidity, and impairment in community and treated samples of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 883–898. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9141-4.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2002). Response inhibition, hyperactivity and conduct problems among preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 242–251.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Berlin, L., Bohlin, G., Nyberg, L., & Janols, L.-O. (2004). How well do measures of inhibition and other executive functions discriminate between children with ADHD and controls? Child Neuropsychology, 1, 1–13.
  Google Scholar
• Berwid, O. G., Curko Kera, E. A., Marks, D. J., Santra, A., Bender, H. A., & Halperin, J. M. (2005). Sustained attention and response inhibition in young children at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 46, 1219–1229. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.00417.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1215–1220. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Bitsakou, P., Psychogiou, L., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2008). Inhibitory deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are independent of basic processing efficiency and IQ. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 261–268. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0828-z.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2006). Developmental change in the relation between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behaviour problems. Infant and Child Development, 15, 19–40. doi:10.1002/icd.413.
  Article Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007). Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48, 1033–1041. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01811.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3, 617–628.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 117–123. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Chen, L. A., Welsh, A. H., & Chan, W. (2001). Estimators for the linear regression model based on Winsorized observations. Statistica Sinica, 11, 147–172.
  Google Scholar
• Chhabildas, N. A., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the cognitive deficit in the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 28–32.
  Google Scholar
• Clarke, S. D., Kohn, M. R., Hermens, D. F., Rabbinge, M., Clark, C. R., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2007). Distinguishing symptom profiles in adolescent ADHD using an objective cognitive test battery. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 19, 355–367.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2ndnd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  Google Scholar
• Dalen, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Hall, M., & Remington, B. (2004). Inhibitory deficits, delay aversion and preschool AD/HD: implications for the dual pathway model. Neural Plasticity, 11, 1–11. doi:10.1155/NP.2004.1.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating Scale IV. Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford.
  Google Scholar
• Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 543–554. doi:10.1023/A:1025405216339.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Weber, W., & Russell, R. L. (1998). Psychiatric, neuropsychological, and psychosocial features of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a clinically reffered sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 185–193.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Friedman, N. P., Haberstick, B. C., Willcutt, E. G., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. (2007). Greater attention problems during childhood predict poorer executive functioning in late adolescence. Psychological Science, 18, 893–900. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01997.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997). Behavioral characteristics of DSM-IV ADHD subtypes in a school-based population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 103–111. doi:10.1023/A:1025775311259.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2–7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129–153. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90068-X.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 457–477. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Groth-Marnat, G. (1997). Handbook of psychological assessment (3rdrd ed.). New York: Wiley and Sons.
  Google Scholar
• Henricsson, X., & Rydell, A.-M. (2006). Children with behavior problems: Development during the first 6 years of school. Infant and Child Development, 15, 347–366.
  Article Google Scholar
• Huang-Pollock, C. L., Mikami, A. Y., Pfiffner, L., & McBurnett, K. (2007). ADHD subtype differences in motivational respnsivity but not inhibitory control: evidence from a reward-based variation of the stop signal paradigm. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 127–136.
  PubMed Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. A., Kelly, S. P., Bellgrove, M. A., Barry, E., Cox, M., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2007). Response variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for neuropsychological heterogeneity. Neuropsychologia, 45, 630–638. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.034.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kalff, A. C., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., Kroes, M., Feron, F. J. M., Steyaert, J., et al. (2005). Speed, speed variability, and accuracy of information processing in 5 to 6 year-old children at risk of ADHD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 173–183. doi:10.1017/S1355617705050216.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Klein, C., Wendling, K., Huettner, P., Ruder, H., & Peper, M. (2006). Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1088–1097. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.003.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kraemer, H. C., Noda, A., & O’Hara, R. (2004). Categorical versus dimensional approaches to diagnosis: methodological challenges. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 17–25. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00097-9.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001). Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something else? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 42, 199–210. doi:10.1017/S0021963001006709.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Kuntsi, J., Andreou, P., Ma, J., Börger, N. A., & Van der Meere, J. J. (2005). Testing assumptions for endophenotype studies in ADHD: Reliability and validity of tasks in a general population sample. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 40. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-5-40.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Levy, F., Hay, D. A., McStephen, M., Wood, C., & Waldman, I. (1997). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 737–744. doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00009.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Lijffijt, M., Kenemans, J. L., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2005). A meta-analytic review of stopping performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: deficient inhibitory motor control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2, 216–222. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.216.
  Article Google Scholar
• Malmberg, M., Rydell, A.-M., & Smedje, H. (2003). Validity of the Swedish version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ-Swe). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 357–363. doi:10.1080/08039480310002697.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 377–384. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Martell, M., Nikolas, M., & Nigg, J. T. (2007). Executive function in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1437–1444. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31814cf953.
  Article Google Scholar
• Massetti, G. M., Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Ehrhardt, A., Lee, S. S., & Kipp, H. (2008). Academic achievement over 8 years among children who met modified criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 4-6 years of age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 399–410. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9186-4.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• McInerney, R. J., Hrabok, M., & Kerns, K. A. (2005). The children’s size-ordering task: a new measure of nonverbal working memory. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 735–745. doi:10.1081/13803390490918633.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Nassauer, K. W., & Halperin, J. M. (2003). Dissociation of perceptual and motor inhibition processes through the use of novel computerized conflict tasks. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 25–30. doi:10.1017/S1355617703910034.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2006). What Causes ADHD? Understanding What Goes Wrong and Why. New York: Guilford.
  Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T., Willcut, E. G., Doyle, A. E., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57, 224–1230. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025.
  Google Scholar
• Nyberg, L., Bohlin, G., Berlin, L., & Janols, L.-O. (2003). Differentiating type a behaviour and hyperactivity using observed motivation during a reaction time task. Infant and Child Development, 12, 145–158. doi:10.1002/icd.270.
  Article Google Scholar
• Nyberg, L., Bohlin, G., & Hagekull, B. (2004). Assessing type A behavior in children: a longitudinal exploration of the overlap between type A behavior and hyperactivity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 145–156. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00389.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Pasini, A., Paloscia, C., Alessandrelli, R., Porfirio, M. C., & Curatolo, P. (2007). Attention and executive functions profile in drug naive ADHD subtypes. Brain & Development, 29, 400–408. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.11.010.
  Article Google Scholar
• Power, T. J., Costigan, T. E., Eiraldi, R. B., & Stephen, S. L. (2004). Variations in anxiety and depression as a function of ADHD subtypes defined by DSM-IV: do subtype differences exist or not? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 27–37. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000007578.30863.93.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Rabiner, D., & Coie, J. D. (2000). Early attention problems and children’s reading achievement: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 859–867. doi:10.1097/00004583-200007000-00014.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Schatz, D. B., & Rostain, A. L. (2006). ADHD with comorbid anxiety a review of the current litterature. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 141–149. doi:10.1177/1087054706286698.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Scheres, A., Dijkstra, M., Ainslie, E., Balkan, J., Reynolds, B., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006). Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: effects of age and ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2092–2103. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.012.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Scheres, A., & Sumiya, L. M. (2008). Temporal reward discounting and ADHD: task and symptom specific effects. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 221–226. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0813-6.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sergeant, J. (2000). The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 7–12. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00060-3.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sergeant, J. A. (2005). Modeling attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1248–1255. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.010.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., Huijbregts, S., Scheres, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2003). The top and the bottom of ADHD: a neuropsychological perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. J. (2005). Factors responsible for performance on the day-night task: response set or semantics? Developmental Science, 8(4), 360–371. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00424.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Solanto, M. V., Abikoff, H., Sonuga-Barke, E., Schachar, R., Logan, G. D., Wigal, T., et al. (2001). The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: a supplement to the nimh multimodal treatment study of AD/HD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 215–228. doi:10.1023/A:1010329714819.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Solanto, M. V., Gilbert, S. N., Raj, A., Zhu, J., Pope-Boyd, S., Stepak, B., Vail, L., & Newcorn, J. H. (2007). Neurocognitive functioning in AD/HD, Predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 729–744. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9123-6.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 593–604. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2005). Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1231–1238. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.008.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Taylor, E., Sembi, S., & Smith, J. (1992). Hyperactivity and delay aversion I: The effect of delay on choice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 33, 387–398. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00874.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Dalen, L., & Remington, B. (2003). Do executive deficits and delay aversion make independent contributions to preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1335–1342. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000087564.34977.21.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Sergeant, J. A., Nigg, J., & Willcutt, E. (2008). Executive dysfunction and delay aversion in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: nosologic and diagnostic implications. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 367–384. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.008.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651.
  Article Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using ANOVA. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole, cop.
  Google Scholar
• Thorell, L. B. (2007). Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48, 1061–1070. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01777.x.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Thorell, L. B., & Wåhlstedt, C. (2006). Executive functioning deficits in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children. Infant and Child Development, 15, 503–518. doi:10.1002/icd.475.
  Article Google Scholar
• Trommer, B. L., Hoeppner, J.-A. B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K. (1988). The go/no-go paradigm in attention deficit disorder. Annals of Neurology, 24, 610–614. doi:10.1002/ana.410240504.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Tucha, L., Tucha, O., Laufkötter, R., Walitza, S., Klein, H. E., & Lange, K. W. (2008). Neuropsychological assessment of attention in adults with different subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 269–278. doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0836-z.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Van der Meere, J., Marzocchi, G. M., & De Meo, T. (2005). Response inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without oppositional defiant disorder screened from a community sample. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 459–472. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2801_1.
  Article PubMed Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (3rd ed.) (Psykologiförlaget AB, Stockholm, Trans.) New York: Psychological Corporation.
• Welsh, M. C. (2002). Developmental and clinical variations in executive functions. In D. L. Molfese, & V. J. Molfese (Ed.), Developmental variations in learning: Applications to social, executive function, language, and reading skills (pp. 139–185). Mahawah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  Google Scholar
• Willcut, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005a). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336–1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006.
  Article Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Brodsky, K., Chhabildas, N., Shanahan, M., Yerys, B., Scott, A., & Pennington, B. F. (2005b). The neuropsychology of ADHD: validity of the executive function hypothesis. In Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: From Genes to Patients (pp. 185–213). Totowa, NJ: Human.
  Google Scholar

Download references