Adger WN, Brooks N, Bentham G, Agnew M, Eriksen S (2004) New indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Technical Report, 7, Norwich, UK, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
Allen TFH, Starr TB (1982) Hierarchy: perspectives for ecological complexity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Google Scholar
Bierkens MFP, Finke PA, de Willigen P (2000) Upscaling and downscaling methods for environmental research. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Google Scholar
Birkmann J (2006a) Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: conceptual frameworks and definitions. In: Birkmann J (ed) Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: towards disaster resilient societies. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, pp 9–54 Google Scholar
Birkmann J (2006b) Indicators and criteria for measuring vulnerability: theoretical bases and requirements. In: Birkmann J (ed) Measuring vulnerability to natural hazards: towards disaster resilient societies. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, pp 55–77 Google Scholar
Birkmann J (2007) Risk and vulnerability indicators at different scales: applicability, usefulness and policy implications. Environ Hazards 7(1):20–31 Article Google Scholar
Birkmann J, von Teichman K (2010) Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: key challenges—scales, knowledge, and norms. Sustain Sci 5(2):171–184 Article Google Scholar
Blaschke T (2006) The role of the spatial dimension within the framework of sustainable landscapes and natural capital. Landsc Urban Plan 75(3–4):198–226 Article Google Scholar
Blaschke T (2010) Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 65(1):2–16 Article Google Scholar
Brenner N (2001) The limits to scale? Methodological reflections on scalar structuration. Prog Hum Geogr 25(4):591–614 Article Google Scholar
Burnett C, Blaschke T (2003) A multi-scale segmentation/object relationship modelling methodology for landscape analysis. Ecol Model 168:233–249 Article Google Scholar
Cannon T (1994) Vulnerability analysis and the explanation of “natural” disasters. In: Varley A (ed) Disasters development and environment. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, pp 13–30 Google Scholar
Cardona OD, Hurtado JE, Moreno AM, Chardon AC, Cardona GJ (2004) Results of the system of indicators, applications on twelve countries of the Americas. Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Colombia, Manizales, Colombia
Cardona OD (2005a) Indicators of disaster risk and risk management. Summary Report, July 2005. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington DC
Cardona OD (2005b) System of indicators for disaster risk management. Main Technical Report, August 2005. Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington DC
Cardona OD, van Aalst MK, Birkmann J, Fordham M, McGregor G, Perez R, Pulwarty RS, Schipper ELF, Sinh BT (2012) Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability. In: Field CB, Barros V, Stocker TF, Qin D, Dokken DJ, Ebi KL, Mastrandrea MD, Mach KJ, Plattner GK, Allen SK, Tignor M, Midgley PM (eds) Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of working groups I and II of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 65–108 Google Scholar
Clark GE, Moser SC, Ratick SJ, Dow K, Meyer WB, Emani S, Jin W, Kasperson JX, Kasperson RE, Schwarz HE (1998) Assessing the vulnerability of coastal communities to extreme storms: the case of Revere, MA., USA. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 3:59–82 Article Google Scholar
Cox KR (1998) Spaces of dependence, spaces of engagement and the politics of scale, or: looking for local politics. Polit Geogr 17(1):1–23 Article Google Scholar
Cutter SL (1996) Living with risk. Edward Arnold, London Google Scholar
Cutter SL (2003) GIScience, disasters, and emergency management. Trans GIS 7(4):439–445 Article Google Scholar
Cutter SL, Finch C (2008) Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards. PNAS 105(7):2301–2306 Article Google Scholar
Cutter SL, Mitchell JT, Scott MS (2000) Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: a case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Ann As Am Geogr 90(4):713–737 Article Google Scholar
Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2003) Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 84(2):242–261 Article Google Scholar
Cutter SL, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C, Evans E, Tate J, Webb J (2008) A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Glob Environ Change 18:598–606 Article Google Scholar
DFID (2001) Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. Department for International Development (UK), London Google Scholar
Dilley M, Chen RS, Deichmann U, Lerner-Lam AL, Arnold M (2005) Natural disaster hotspots. A global risk analysis. World Bank, Washington, DC Book Google Scholar
Dow K (1992) Exploring differences in our common future(s): the meaning of vulnerability to global environmental change. Geoforum 23(3):417–436 Article Google Scholar
Dungan JL, Perry JN, Dale MRT, Legendre P, Citron-Pousty S, Fortin J, Jakomulska A, Miriti M, Rosenberg MS (2002) A balanced view of scale in spatial statistical analysis. Ecography 25:626–640 Article Google Scholar
Dwyer A, Zoppou C, Nielsen O, Day S, Roberts S (2004) Quantifying social vulnerability: a methodology for identifying those at risk to natural hazards, Record 2004/14, Geoscience Australia 92
Evans T, Ostrom E, Gibson C (2002) Scaling issues with social data in integrated assessment modelling. Integr Assess 3(2):135–150 Article Google Scholar
Fuchs S (2009) Susceptibility versus resilience to mountain hazards in Austria—paradigms of vulnerability revisited. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9(2):337–352 Article Google Scholar
Gall M (2007) Indices of social vulnerability to natural hazards: a comparative evaluation. Dissertation at the Department of Geography, University of South Carolina
Gallopín GC (2006) Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Glob Environ Change 16(3):293–303 Article Google Scholar
Geipel R (1982) Disaster and reconstruction: the Friuli (Italy) earthquakes of 1976. Allen & Unwin, London Google Scholar
Gillespie S (2004) Scaling up community-driven development: a synthesis of experience. FCND Discussion paper 1810
Goodchild MF (1992) Geographical information science. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 6(1):31–45 Article Google Scholar
Guttman L (1944) A basis for scaling qualitative data. Am Sociol Rev 9:139–150 Article Google Scholar
Hahn H (2003) Indicators and other instruments for local risk management for communities and local governments. Document prepared as part of the documents related to the project: local risk management for communities and local governments. The German Technical Cooperation Agency, GTZ, for IADB
Hewitt K, Burton I (1971) The hazardousness of a place: a regional ecology of damaging events. Department of Geography Research publication 6, University of Toronto, Toronto Google Scholar
Howitt R (2002) Scale and the other: levinas and geography. Geoforum 33:299–313 Article Google Scholar
IFRC (2007) How to do a VCA. A practical step-by-step guide for Red Cross Red Crescent staff
IPCC (2012) Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of working groups I and II of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Field CB, Barros V, Stocker TF, Qin D, Dokken DJ, Ebi KL, Mastrandrea MD, Mach KJ, Plattner GK, Allen SK, Tignor M, Midgley PM (eds) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp
Jonas AEG (2006) Pro scale: further reflections on the ‘scale debate’ in human geography. Trans Inst Br Geogr 31:399–406 Article Google Scholar
Kappes M, Papathoma-Köhle M, Keiler M (2012) Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology. Appl Geogr 32(2):577–590 Article Google Scholar
Kienberger S (2007) Assessing the vulnerability to natural hazards on the provincial/community level in Mozambique: the contribution of GIScience and remote sensing. The 3rd international symposium on geo-information for disaster management, joint CIG/ISPRS conference, Toronto, Canada, 23–25 May 2007, online available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.2539
Kienberger S (2012) Spatial modelling of social and economic vulnerability to floods at the district level in Búzi, Mozambique. Nat Hazards (online). doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0174-9 Google Scholar
Kienberger S, Lang S, Zeil P (2009) Spatial vulnerability units—expert-based spatial modelling of socioeconomic vulnerability in the Salzach catchment, Austria. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:767–778 Article Google Scholar
Lang S, Tiede D, Hofer F (2006) Modeling ephemeral settlements using VHSR image data and 3D visualisation—the example of Goz Amer refugee camp in Chad. PFG—Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung, Geoinformatik, Special Issue: Urban Remote Sensing 4:327–337
Lang S, Zeil P, Kienberger S, Tiede D (2008) Geons—policy relevant geo-objects for monitoring high-level indicators. In: Car A, Griesebner G, Strobl J (eds) Geospatial Crossroads @ GI Forum’08, pp 180–185
Leichenko RM, O’Brien KL (2002) The dynamics of rural vulnerability to global change: the case of southern Africa. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 7(1):1–18 Article Google Scholar
Levin SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943–1967 Article Google Scholar
Marceau DJ (1999) The scale issue in the social and natural sciences. Can J Remote Sens 25:347–356 Google Scholar
Marston SA (2000) The social construction of scale. Prog Hum Geogr 24:219–242 Article Google Scholar
Marston SA, Jones JP III, Woodward K (2005) Human geography without scale. Trans Inst Br Geogr 30:416–432 Article Google Scholar
Meentemeyer V (1989) Geographical perspectives of space, time, and scale. Landscape Ecol 3(3–4):163–173 Article Google Scholar
Meentemeyer V, Box EO (1987) Scale effects in landscape studies. In: Turner MG (ed) Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Springer, New York, pp 15–34 Chapter Google Scholar
MOVE (2010) Generic conceptual framework for vulnerability measurement. Seven framework programme, methods for the improvement of vulnerability assessment in Europe. European Commission, Brussels Google Scholar
Munich Re Group (2003) TOPICS—annual review: natural catastrophes 2002. Munich
Myer R (1984) Going to scale. Paper prepared for UNICEF for the Second Inter-Agency Meeting on Community-based Child Development, New York
Neumann RP (2009) Political ecology: theorizing scale. Prog Hum Geogr 33(3):398–406 Article Google Scholar
November V (2008) Spatiality of risk. Environ Plan A 40:1523–1527 Article Google Scholar
OECD (2008) Handbook on constructing composite indicators: methodology and user guide. OECD Publishing, Paris Google Scholar
O’Neill RV, Johnson AR, King AW (1989) A hierarchical framework for the analysis of scale. Landscape Ecol 3(3–4):193–205 Article Google Scholar
Papathoma-Köhle M, Kappes MS, Keiler M, Glade T (2011) Physical vulnerability assessment for alpine hazards: state of the art and future needs future needs. Nat Hazards 58(2):645–680 Article Google Scholar
Pelling M, Uitto J (2001) Small island developing states: natural disaster vulnerability and global change. Environ Hazards 3:49–62 Article Google Scholar
Preston BL, Yuen EJ, Westaway RM (2011) Putting vulnerability to climate change on the map: a review of approaches, benefits, and risks. Sustain Sci 6(2):177–202. doi:10.1007/s11625-011-0129-1 Article Google Scholar
Purcell M, Brown C (2005) Against the local trap: scale and the study of environment and development. Prog Dev Stud 5(4):279–297 Article Google Scholar
Rieken B (2010) Schatten über Galtür? Gespräche mit Einheimischen über die Lawine von 1999—Ein Beitrag zur Katastrophenforschung. Waxmann, Münster/New York/München/Berlin, 215p
Sayre NF (2005) Ecological and geographical scale: parallels and potential for integration. Prog Hum Geogr 29(3):276–290 Article Google Scholar
Schmidt-Thomé P, Kallio H, Jarva J, Tarvainen T, Greiving S, Fleischhauer M, Peltonen L, Kumpulainen S, Olfert A, Schanze J, Bärring L, Persson G, Relvão AM, Batista MJ (2006) The spatial effects and management of natural and technological hazards in europe—ESPON 1.3.1. Geological Survey of Finland. ESPON—European Spatial Planning Observation Network
Schneiderbauer S (2007) Risk and vulnerability to natural disasters—from broad view to focused perspective: theoretical background and applied methods for the identification of the most endangered populations in two case studies at different scales. Dissertation at the Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin
Simon HA, Ando A (1961) Aggregation of variables in dynamic systems. Econometrica 29:111–138 Article Google Scholar
Smith N (1992) Contours of a spatialized politics: homeless vehicles and the production of geographical scale. Soc Text 33:55–81 Google Scholar
Smith N (2006) There’s no such thing as a natural disaster. Understanding Katrina: perspectives from the social science. Available online at http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Smith/
Stevens S (1946) On the theory of scales of measurement. Science 103:677–680 Article Google Scholar
Tiede D, Lang S, Füreder P, Hölbling D, Hoffmann C, Zeil P (2011) Automated damage indication for rapid geospatial reporting. An operational object-based approach to damage density mapping following the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing 77(9):933–942 Google Scholar
Torgerson WS (ed) (1958) Theory and methods of scaling. John Wiley, New York Google Scholar
Totschnig R, Sedlacek W, Fuchs S (2011) A quantitative vulnerability function for fluvial sediment transport. Nat Hazards 58(2):681–703 Article Google Scholar
Turner BL, Kasperson RE, Matson PA, McCarthy JJ, Corell RW, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson JX, Luers A, Martello ML, Polsky C, Pulsipher A, Schiller A (2003) A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(14):8074–8079 Article Google Scholar
UN/ISDR (2009) Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction. United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
UNDP (2004) Reducing disaster risk: a challenge for development. A global report. In: Pelling M, Maskrey A, Ruiz P, Hall L (eds) John S. Swift Co., USA
Villagrán de León JC (2004) Manual para la Estimación de Riesgos Asociados a Varias Amenazas. Acción Contra el Hambre, ACH. Guatemala
Villagrán de León JC (2005) Quantitative vulnerability and risk assessment in communities on the Foothills of Pacaya Volcano in Guatemala. J Hum Secur Dev 1(1):1–25 Google Scholar
Villagrán de León JC (2006) Vulnerability: a conceptual and methodological review. ‘Studies of the University: Research, Counsel, Education’—Publication Series of UNU-EHS (SOURCE), No. 4/2006
Vincent K (2004) Creating an index of social vulnerability to climate change in Africa. Working Paper No. 56, Tyndall Centre for Climate Research
Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters. Routledge, London, New York Google Scholar
Wu J (1999) Hierarchy and scaling: extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Can J Remote Sens 25(4):367–380 Google Scholar
Wu J, Marceau D (2002) Modeling complex ecological systems: an introduction. Ecol Model 153:1–6 Google Scholar
Wu J, Harbin L (2006) Concepts of scale and scaling. In: Wu J, Jones KB, Li H, Loucks OL (eds) Scaling and uncertainty analysis in ecology: methods and applications. Springer, Berlin Chapter Google Scholar
Zaidi RZ, Pelling M (forthcoming) Urban resilience and disaster risk reduction: institutional learning in London’s heat wave risk management regime. Urban Studies