The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III (original) (raw)
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1Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
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1Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
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2Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA
3Department of Biology, University of Missouri at St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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4Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
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1Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
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Accepted:
04 September 2009
Published:
19 October 2009
Cite
ELSPETH HASTON, JAMES E. RICHARDSON, PETER F. STEVENS, MARK W. CHASE, DAVID J. HARRIS, The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 161, Issue 2, October 2009, Pages 128–131, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x
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Abstract
The publication of the third Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification (APG III. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society161: 128–131) has resulted in the need for a revised systematic listing of the accepted families. This linear APG III (LAPG III) sequence of families is presented here.
Linear sequences of families are required for herbarium curators who wish to arrange collections systematically rather than alphabetically, and there are currently a wide range of systems in use. Over time, in most herbaria, as the understanding of relationships changed, these classifications have become outdated and no longer represent the best estimate of relationships. Curators have updated these systems, usually by adding suffixes or making composite numbers such as ‘145a’ or ‘145.01’ to incorporate changes in an existing sequence. In many cases, however, these modifications have not been published and have often been herbarium-specific, resulting in herbaria that originally used the same system diverging over time.
The linear sequence of families based on the Angiosperm Phylogengy Group (APG) II classification system (LAPG II; Haston et al., 2007) was founded on the best estimate of family relationships at that time. In revising the linear sequence of families to the new APG III classification (APG III, 2009), we provide a clear and explicit update according to the current best estimate of relationships. In LAPG II, we decided to allocate a family number to each of the families listed in the APG II classification, including the ‘bracketed’ families that were presented as ‘acceptable monophyletic alternatives to the broader circumscription favoured here’ (APG II, 2003). In doing this, we felt that we would be giving herbaria the greatest flexibility in accepting or rejecting the ‘bracketed’ families. The APG III classification has tended to accept the broader circumscription of families and does not allow the option of ‘bracketed’ families. The number of accepted families has therefore significantly declined. In addition, our understanding of relationships in several parts of the phylogenetic tree has improved and these changes have been incorporated here.
In considering linear sequences derived from phylogenetic trees, it is important to remember that the sequence is dependent on the methodology used and that loss of phylogenetic information in the conversion is unavoidable. The choice of methodology is controversial (Hawthorne et al., 2008), and the linear sequence can be misleading if not understood in the context of a tree. Linear sequences systematically ordered are, however, used to arrange most of the large herbaria worldwide and therefore merit some attention. This paper provides, for herbarium curators, a simple linear numbered sequence to the families recognised in APG III (Table 1).
Table 1.
The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (LAPG III) sequence of families
Amborellaceae 1 |
---|
Hydatellaceae 2 |
Cabombaceae 3 |
Nymphaeaceae 4 |
Austrobaileyaceae 5 |
Trimeniaceae 6 |
Schisandraceae 7 |
Chloranthaceae 8 |
Canellaceae 9 |
Winteraceae 10 |
Saururaceae 11 |
Piperaceae 12 |
Lactoridaceae 13 |
Hydnoraceae 14 |
Aristolochiaceae 15 |
Myristicaceae 16 |
Magnoliaceae 17 |
Degeneriaceae 18 |
Himantandraceae 19 |
Eupomatiaceae 20 |
Annonaceae 21 |
Calycanthaceae 22 |
Siparunaceae 23 |
Gomortegaceae 24 |
Atherospermataceae 25 |
Hernandiaceae 26 |
Monimiaceae 27 |
Lauraceae 28 |
Acoraceae 29 |
Araceae 30 |
Tofieldiaceae 31 |
Alismataceae 32 |
Butomaceae 33 |
Hydrocharitaceae 34 |
Scheuchzeriaceae 35 |
Aponogetonaceae 36 |
Juncaginaceae 37 |
Zosteraceae 38 |
Potamogetonaceae 39 |
Posidoniaceae 40 |
Ruppiaceae 41 |
Cymodoceaceae 42 |
Petrosaviaceae 43 |
Nartheciaceae 44 |
Burmanniaceae 45 |
Dioscoreaceae 46 |
Triuridaceae 47 |
Velloziaceae 48 |
Stemonaceae 49 |
Cyclanthaceae 50 |
Pandanaceae 51 |
Campynemataceae 52 |
Melanthiaceae 53 |
Petermanniaceae 54 |
Alstroemeriaceae 55 |
Colchicaceae 56 |
Philesiaceae 57 |
Ripogonaceae 58 |
Smilacaceae 59 |
Corsiaceae 60 |
Liliaceae 61 |
Orchidaceae 62 |
Boryaceae 63 |
Blandfordiaceae 64 |
Asteliaceae 65 |
Lanariaceae 66 |
Hypoxidaceae 67 |
Tecophilaeaceae 68 |
Doryanthaceae 69 |
Ixioliriaceae 70 |
Iridaceae 71 |
Xeronemataceae 72 |
Xanthorrhoeaceae 73 |
Amaryllidaceae* 74 |
Asparagaceae 75 |
Arecaceae/Palmae 76 |
Hanguanaceae 77 |
Commelinaceae 78 |
Philydraceae 79 |
Pontederiaceae 80 |
Haemodoraceae 81 |
Strelitziaceae 82 |
Lowiaceae 83 |
Heliconiaceae 84 |
Musaceae 85 |
Cannaceae 86 |
Marantaceae 87 |
Costaceae 88 |
Zingiberaceae 89 |
Dasypogonaceae 90 |
Typhaceae 91 |
Bromeliaceae 92 |
Rapateaceae 93 |
Xyridaceae 94 |
Eriocaulaceae 95 |
Mayacaceae 96 |
Thurniaceae 97 |
Juncaceae 98 |
Cyperaceae 99 |
Anarthriaceae 100 |
Centrolepidaceae 101 |
Restionaceae 102 |
Flagellariaceae 103 |
Joinvilleaceae 104 |
Ecdeiocoleaceae 105 |
Poaceae/Gramineae 106 |
Ceratophyllaceae 107 |
Eupteleaceae 108 |
Papaveraceae 109 |
Circaeasteraceae 110 |
Lardizabalaceae 111 |
Menispermaceae 112 |
Berberidaceae 113 |
Ranunculaceae 114 |
Sabiaceae 115 |
Nelumbonaceae 116 |
Platanaceae 117 |
Proteaceae 118 |
Trochodendraceae 119 |
Haptanthaceae 120 |
Buxaceae 121 |
Myrothamnaceae 122 |
Gunneraceae 123 |
Dilleniaceae 124 |
Peridiscaceae 125 |
Paeoniaceae 126 |
Altingiaceae 127 |
Hamamelidaceae 128 |
Cercidiphyllaceae 129 |
Daphniphyllaceae 130 |
Iteaceae 131 |
Grossulariaceae 132 |
Saxifragaceae 133 |
Crassulaceae 134 |
Aphanopetalaceae 135 |
Tetracarpaeaceae 136 |
Penthoraceae 137 |
Haloragaceae 138 |
Cynomoriaceae 139 |
Vitaceae 140 |
Krameriaceae 141 |
Zygophyllaceae 142 |
Quillajaceae 143 |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae 144 |
Surianaceae 145 |
Polygalaceae 146 |
Rosaceae 147 |
Barbeyaceae 148 |
Dirachmaceae 149 |
Elaeagnaceae 150 |
Rhamnaceae 151 |
Ulmaceae 152 |
Cannabaceae 153 |
Moraceae 154 |
Urticaceae 155 |
Nothofagaceae 156 |
Fagaceae 157 |
Myricaceae 158 |
Juglandaceae 159 |
Casuarinaceae 160 |
Ticodendraceae 161 |
Betulaceae 162 |
Apodanthaceae 163 |
Anisophylleaceae 164 |
Corynocarpaceae 165 |
Coriariaceae 166 |
Cucurbitaceae 167 |
Tetramelaceae 168 |
Datiscaceae 169 |
Begoniaceae 170 |
Lepidobotryaceae 171 |
Celastraceae 172 |
Huaceae 173 |
Connaraceae 174 |
Oxalidaceae 175 |
Cunoniaceae 176 |
Elaeocarpaceae 177 |
Cephalotaceae 178 |
Brunelliaceae 179 |
Pandaceae 180 |
Rhizophoraceae 181 |
Erythroxylaceae 182 |
Rafflesiaceae 183 |
Euphorbiaceae 184 |
Centroplacaceae 185 |
Ctenolophonaceae 186 |
Ochnaceae 187 |
Picrodendraceae 188 |
Phyllanthaceae 189 |
Elatinaceae 190 |
Malpighiaceae 191 |
Balanopaceae 192 |
Trigoniaceae 193 |
Dichapetalaceae 194 |
Euphroniaceae 195 |
Chrysobalanaceae 196 |
Lophopyxidaceae 197 |
Putranjivaceae 198 |
Passifloraceae 199 |
Lacistemataceae 200 |
Salicaceae 201 |
Violaceae 202 |
Goupiaceae 203 |
Achariaceae 204 |
Caryocaraceae 205 |
Humiriaceae 206 |
Irvingiaceae 207 |
Linaceae 208 |
Ixonanthaceae 209 |
Calophyllaceae 210 |
Clusiaceae/Guttiferae 211 |
Bonnetiaceae 212 |
Podostemaceae 213 |
Hypericaceae 214 |
Geraniaceae 215 |
Vivianiaceae 216 |
Melianthaceae 217 |
Combretaceae 218 |
Lythraceae 219 |
Onagraceae 220 |
Vochysiaceae 221 |
Myrtaceae 222 |
Melastomataceae 223 |
Crypteroniaceae 224 |
Alzateaceae 225 |
Penaeaceae 226 |
Aphloiaceae 227 |
Geissolomataceae 228 |
Strasburgeriaceae 229 |
Staphyleaceae 230 |
Guametalaceae 231 |
Stachyuraceae 232 |
Crossosomataceae 233 |
Picramniaceae 234 |
Biebersteiniaceae 235 |
Nitrariaceae 236 |
Kirkiaceae 237 |
Burseraceae 238 |
Anacardiaceae 239 |
Sapindaceae 240 |
Rutaceae 241 |
Simaroubaceae 242 |
Meliaceae 243 |
Gerrardinaceae 244 |
Tapisciaceae 245 |
Dipentodontaceae 246 |
Cytinaceae 247 |
Muntingiaceae 248 |
Neuradaceae 249 |
Malvaceae 250 |
Sphaerosepalaceae 251 |
Thymelaeaceae 252 |
Bixaceae 253 |
Sarcolaenaceae 254 |
Cistaceae 255 |
Dipterocarpaceae 256 |
Akaniaceae 257 |
Tropaeolaceae 258 |
Moringaceae 259 |
Caricaceae 260 |
Limnanthaceae 261 |
Setchellanthaceae 262 |
Koeberliniaceae 263 |
Bataceae 264 |
Salvadoraceae 265 |
Emblingiaceae 266 |
Tovariaceae 267 |
Pentadiplandraceae 268 |
Gyrostemonaceae 269 |
Resedaceae 270 |
Capparaceae 271 |
Cleomaceae 272 |
Brassicaceae/Cruciferae 273 |
Aextoxicaceae 274 |
Berberidopsidaceae 275 |
Balanophoraceae 276 |
Olacaceae 277 |
Opiliaceae 278 |
Santalaceae 279 |
Loranthaceae 280 |
Misodendraceae 281 |
Schoepfiaceae 282 |
Frankeniaceae 283 |
Tamaricaceae 284 |
Plumbaginaceae 285 |
Polygonaceae 286 |
Droseraceae 287 |
Nepenthaceae 288 |
Drosophyllaceae 289 |
Dioncophyllaceae 290 |
Ancistrocladaceae 291 |
Rhabdodendraceae 292 |
Simmondsiaceae 293 |
Physenaceae 294 |
Asteropeiaceae 295 |
Caryophyllaceae 296 |
Achatocarpaceae 297 |
Amaranthaceae 298 |
Stegnospermataceae 299 |
Limeaceae 300 |
Lophiocarpaceae 301 |
Barbeuiaceae 302 |
Gisekiaceae 303 |
Aizoaceae 304 |
Phytolaccaceae 305 |
Sarcobataceae 306 |
Nyctaginaceae 307 |
Molluginaceae 308 |
Montiaceae 309 |
Didiereaceae 310 |
Basellaceae 311 |
Halophytaceae 312 |
Talinaceae 313 |
Portulacaceae 314 |
Anacampserotaceae 315 |
Cactaceae 316 |
Hydrostachyaceae 317 |
Curtisiaceae 318 |
Grubbiaceae 319 |
Cornaceae 320 |
Hydrangeaceae 321 |
Loasaceae 322 |
Balsaminaceae 323 |
Marcgraviaceae 324 |
Tetrameristaceae 325 |
Fouquieriaceae 326 |
Polemoniaceae 327 |
Lecythidaceae 328 |
Sladeniaceae 329 |
Pentaphylacaceae 330 |
Sapotaceae 331 |
Ebenaceae 332 |
Primulaceae 333 |
Theaceae 334 |
Symplocaceae 335 |
Diapensiaceae 336 |
Styracaceae 337 |
Sarraceniaceae 338 |
Roridulaceae 339 |
Actinidiaceae 340 |
Clethraceae 341 |
Cyrillaceae 342 |
Mitrastemonaceae 343 |
Ericaceae 344 |
Oncothecaceae 345 |
Metteniusaceae 346 |
Icacinaceae 347 |
Eucommiaceae 348 |
Garryaceae 349 |
Rubiaceae 350 |
Gentianaceae 351 |
Loganiaceae 352 |
Gelsemiaceae 353 |
Apocynaceae 354 |
Vahliaceae 355 |
Boraginaceae 356 |
Convolvulaceae 357 |
Solanaceae 358 |
Montiniaceae 359 |
Sphenocleaceae 360 |
Hydroleaceae 361 |
Plocospermataceae 362 |
Carlemanniaceae 363 |
Oleaceae 364 |
Tetrachondraceae 365 |
Calceolariaceae 366 |
Gesneriaceae 367 |
Plantaginaceae 368 |
Scrophulariaceae 369 |
Stilbaceae 370 |
Linderniaceae 371 |
Pedaliaceae 372 |
Lamiaceae/Labiatae 373 |
Phrymaceae 374 |
Paulowniaceae 375 |
Orobanchaceae 376 |
Lentibulariaceae 377 |
Acanthaceae 378 |
Bignoniaceae 379 |
Thomandersiaceae 380 |
Schlegeliaceae 381 |
Verbenaceae 382 |
Byblidaceae 383 |
Martyniaceae 384 |
Stemonuraceae 385 |
Cardiopteridaceae 386 |
Phyllonomaceae 387 |
Helwingiaceae 388 |
Aquifoliaceae 389 |
Rousseaceae 390 |
Campanulaceae 391 |
Pentaphragmataceae 392 |
Stylidiaceae 393 |
Alseuosmiaceae 394 |
Phellinaceae 395 |
Argophyllaceae 396 |
Menyanthaceae 397 |
Goodeniaceae 398 |
Calyceraceae 399 |
Asteraceae/Compositae 400 |
Escalloniaceae 401 |
Columelliaceae 402 |
Bruniaceae 403 |
Paracryphiaceae 404 |
Adoxaceae 405 |
Caprifoliaceae 406 |
Pennantiaceae 407 |
Torricelliaceae 408 |
Griseliniaceae 409 |
Pittosporaceae 410 |
Araliaceae 411 |
Myodocarpaceae 412 |
Apiaceae/Umbelliferae 413 |
Amborellaceae 1 |
---|
Hydatellaceae 2 |
Cabombaceae 3 |
Nymphaeaceae 4 |
Austrobaileyaceae 5 |
Trimeniaceae 6 |
Schisandraceae 7 |
Chloranthaceae 8 |
Canellaceae 9 |
Winteraceae 10 |
Saururaceae 11 |
Piperaceae 12 |
Lactoridaceae 13 |
Hydnoraceae 14 |
Aristolochiaceae 15 |
Myristicaceae 16 |
Magnoliaceae 17 |
Degeneriaceae 18 |
Himantandraceae 19 |
Eupomatiaceae 20 |
Annonaceae 21 |
Calycanthaceae 22 |
Siparunaceae 23 |
Gomortegaceae 24 |
Atherospermataceae 25 |
Hernandiaceae 26 |
Monimiaceae 27 |
Lauraceae 28 |
Acoraceae 29 |
Araceae 30 |
Tofieldiaceae 31 |
Alismataceae 32 |
Butomaceae 33 |
Hydrocharitaceae 34 |
Scheuchzeriaceae 35 |
Aponogetonaceae 36 |
Juncaginaceae 37 |
Zosteraceae 38 |
Potamogetonaceae 39 |
Posidoniaceae 40 |
Ruppiaceae 41 |
Cymodoceaceae 42 |
Petrosaviaceae 43 |
Nartheciaceae 44 |
Burmanniaceae 45 |
Dioscoreaceae 46 |
Triuridaceae 47 |
Velloziaceae 48 |
Stemonaceae 49 |
Cyclanthaceae 50 |
Pandanaceae 51 |
Campynemataceae 52 |
Melanthiaceae 53 |
Petermanniaceae 54 |
Alstroemeriaceae 55 |
Colchicaceae 56 |
Philesiaceae 57 |
Ripogonaceae 58 |
Smilacaceae 59 |
Corsiaceae 60 |
Liliaceae 61 |
Orchidaceae 62 |
Boryaceae 63 |
Blandfordiaceae 64 |
Asteliaceae 65 |
Lanariaceae 66 |
Hypoxidaceae 67 |
Tecophilaeaceae 68 |
Doryanthaceae 69 |
Ixioliriaceae 70 |
Iridaceae 71 |
Xeronemataceae 72 |
Xanthorrhoeaceae 73 |
Amaryllidaceae* 74 |
Asparagaceae 75 |
Arecaceae/Palmae 76 |
Hanguanaceae 77 |
Commelinaceae 78 |
Philydraceae 79 |
Pontederiaceae 80 |
Haemodoraceae 81 |
Strelitziaceae 82 |
Lowiaceae 83 |
Heliconiaceae 84 |
Musaceae 85 |
Cannaceae 86 |
Marantaceae 87 |
Costaceae 88 |
Zingiberaceae 89 |
Dasypogonaceae 90 |
Typhaceae 91 |
Bromeliaceae 92 |
Rapateaceae 93 |
Xyridaceae 94 |
Eriocaulaceae 95 |
Mayacaceae 96 |
Thurniaceae 97 |
Juncaceae 98 |
Cyperaceae 99 |
Anarthriaceae 100 |
Centrolepidaceae 101 |
Restionaceae 102 |
Flagellariaceae 103 |
Joinvilleaceae 104 |
Ecdeiocoleaceae 105 |
Poaceae/Gramineae 106 |
Ceratophyllaceae 107 |
Eupteleaceae 108 |
Papaveraceae 109 |
Circaeasteraceae 110 |
Lardizabalaceae 111 |
Menispermaceae 112 |
Berberidaceae 113 |
Ranunculaceae 114 |
Sabiaceae 115 |
Nelumbonaceae 116 |
Platanaceae 117 |
Proteaceae 118 |
Trochodendraceae 119 |
Haptanthaceae 120 |
Buxaceae 121 |
Myrothamnaceae 122 |
Gunneraceae 123 |
Dilleniaceae 124 |
Peridiscaceae 125 |
Paeoniaceae 126 |
Altingiaceae 127 |
Hamamelidaceae 128 |
Cercidiphyllaceae 129 |
Daphniphyllaceae 130 |
Iteaceae 131 |
Grossulariaceae 132 |
Saxifragaceae 133 |
Crassulaceae 134 |
Aphanopetalaceae 135 |
Tetracarpaeaceae 136 |
Penthoraceae 137 |
Haloragaceae 138 |
Cynomoriaceae 139 |
Vitaceae 140 |
Krameriaceae 141 |
Zygophyllaceae 142 |
Quillajaceae 143 |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae 144 |
Surianaceae 145 |
Polygalaceae 146 |
Rosaceae 147 |
Barbeyaceae 148 |
Dirachmaceae 149 |
Elaeagnaceae 150 |
Rhamnaceae 151 |
Ulmaceae 152 |
Cannabaceae 153 |
Moraceae 154 |
Urticaceae 155 |
Nothofagaceae 156 |
Fagaceae 157 |
Myricaceae 158 |
Juglandaceae 159 |
Casuarinaceae 160 |
Ticodendraceae 161 |
Betulaceae 162 |
Apodanthaceae 163 |
Anisophylleaceae 164 |
Corynocarpaceae 165 |
Coriariaceae 166 |
Cucurbitaceae 167 |
Tetramelaceae 168 |
Datiscaceae 169 |
Begoniaceae 170 |
Lepidobotryaceae 171 |
Celastraceae 172 |
Huaceae 173 |
Connaraceae 174 |
Oxalidaceae 175 |
Cunoniaceae 176 |
Elaeocarpaceae 177 |
Cephalotaceae 178 |
Brunelliaceae 179 |
Pandaceae 180 |
Rhizophoraceae 181 |
Erythroxylaceae 182 |
Rafflesiaceae 183 |
Euphorbiaceae 184 |
Centroplacaceae 185 |
Ctenolophonaceae 186 |
Ochnaceae 187 |
Picrodendraceae 188 |
Phyllanthaceae 189 |
Elatinaceae 190 |
Malpighiaceae 191 |
Balanopaceae 192 |
Trigoniaceae 193 |
Dichapetalaceae 194 |
Euphroniaceae 195 |
Chrysobalanaceae 196 |
Lophopyxidaceae 197 |
Putranjivaceae 198 |
Passifloraceae 199 |
Lacistemataceae 200 |
Salicaceae 201 |
Violaceae 202 |
Goupiaceae 203 |
Achariaceae 204 |
Caryocaraceae 205 |
Humiriaceae 206 |
Irvingiaceae 207 |
Linaceae 208 |
Ixonanthaceae 209 |
Calophyllaceae 210 |
Clusiaceae/Guttiferae 211 |
Bonnetiaceae 212 |
Podostemaceae 213 |
Hypericaceae 214 |
Geraniaceae 215 |
Vivianiaceae 216 |
Melianthaceae 217 |
Combretaceae 218 |
Lythraceae 219 |
Onagraceae 220 |
Vochysiaceae 221 |
Myrtaceae 222 |
Melastomataceae 223 |
Crypteroniaceae 224 |
Alzateaceae 225 |
Penaeaceae 226 |
Aphloiaceae 227 |
Geissolomataceae 228 |
Strasburgeriaceae 229 |
Staphyleaceae 230 |
Guametalaceae 231 |
Stachyuraceae 232 |
Crossosomataceae 233 |
Picramniaceae 234 |
Biebersteiniaceae 235 |
Nitrariaceae 236 |
Kirkiaceae 237 |
Burseraceae 238 |
Anacardiaceae 239 |
Sapindaceae 240 |
Rutaceae 241 |
Simaroubaceae 242 |
Meliaceae 243 |
Gerrardinaceae 244 |
Tapisciaceae 245 |
Dipentodontaceae 246 |
Cytinaceae 247 |
Muntingiaceae 248 |
Neuradaceae 249 |
Malvaceae 250 |
Sphaerosepalaceae 251 |
Thymelaeaceae 252 |
Bixaceae 253 |
Sarcolaenaceae 254 |
Cistaceae 255 |
Dipterocarpaceae 256 |
Akaniaceae 257 |
Tropaeolaceae 258 |
Moringaceae 259 |
Caricaceae 260 |
Limnanthaceae 261 |
Setchellanthaceae 262 |
Koeberliniaceae 263 |
Bataceae 264 |
Salvadoraceae 265 |
Emblingiaceae 266 |
Tovariaceae 267 |
Pentadiplandraceae 268 |
Gyrostemonaceae 269 |
Resedaceae 270 |
Capparaceae 271 |
Cleomaceae 272 |
Brassicaceae/Cruciferae 273 |
Aextoxicaceae 274 |
Berberidopsidaceae 275 |
Balanophoraceae 276 |
Olacaceae 277 |
Opiliaceae 278 |
Santalaceae 279 |
Loranthaceae 280 |
Misodendraceae 281 |
Schoepfiaceae 282 |
Frankeniaceae 283 |
Tamaricaceae 284 |
Plumbaginaceae 285 |
Polygonaceae 286 |
Droseraceae 287 |
Nepenthaceae 288 |
Drosophyllaceae 289 |
Dioncophyllaceae 290 |
Ancistrocladaceae 291 |
Rhabdodendraceae 292 |
Simmondsiaceae 293 |
Physenaceae 294 |
Asteropeiaceae 295 |
Caryophyllaceae 296 |
Achatocarpaceae 297 |
Amaranthaceae 298 |
Stegnospermataceae 299 |
Limeaceae 300 |
Lophiocarpaceae 301 |
Barbeuiaceae 302 |
Gisekiaceae 303 |
Aizoaceae 304 |
Phytolaccaceae 305 |
Sarcobataceae 306 |
Nyctaginaceae 307 |
Molluginaceae 308 |
Montiaceae 309 |
Didiereaceae 310 |
Basellaceae 311 |
Halophytaceae 312 |
Talinaceae 313 |
Portulacaceae 314 |
Anacampserotaceae 315 |
Cactaceae 316 |
Hydrostachyaceae 317 |
Curtisiaceae 318 |
Grubbiaceae 319 |
Cornaceae 320 |
Hydrangeaceae 321 |
Loasaceae 322 |
Balsaminaceae 323 |
Marcgraviaceae 324 |
Tetrameristaceae 325 |
Fouquieriaceae 326 |
Polemoniaceae 327 |
Lecythidaceae 328 |
Sladeniaceae 329 |
Pentaphylacaceae 330 |
Sapotaceae 331 |
Ebenaceae 332 |
Primulaceae 333 |
Theaceae 334 |
Symplocaceae 335 |
Diapensiaceae 336 |
Styracaceae 337 |
Sarraceniaceae 338 |
Roridulaceae 339 |
Actinidiaceae 340 |
Clethraceae 341 |
Cyrillaceae 342 |
Mitrastemonaceae 343 |
Ericaceae 344 |
Oncothecaceae 345 |
Metteniusaceae 346 |
Icacinaceae 347 |
Eucommiaceae 348 |
Garryaceae 349 |
Rubiaceae 350 |
Gentianaceae 351 |
Loganiaceae 352 |
Gelsemiaceae 353 |
Apocynaceae 354 |
Vahliaceae 355 |
Boraginaceae 356 |
Convolvulaceae 357 |
Solanaceae 358 |
Montiniaceae 359 |
Sphenocleaceae 360 |
Hydroleaceae 361 |
Plocospermataceae 362 |
Carlemanniaceae 363 |
Oleaceae 364 |
Tetrachondraceae 365 |
Calceolariaceae 366 |
Gesneriaceae 367 |
Plantaginaceae 368 |
Scrophulariaceae 369 |
Stilbaceae 370 |
Linderniaceae 371 |
Pedaliaceae 372 |
Lamiaceae/Labiatae 373 |
Phrymaceae 374 |
Paulowniaceae 375 |
Orobanchaceae 376 |
Lentibulariaceae 377 |
Acanthaceae 378 |
Bignoniaceae 379 |
Thomandersiaceae 380 |
Schlegeliaceae 381 |
Verbenaceae 382 |
Byblidaceae 383 |
Martyniaceae 384 |
Stemonuraceae 385 |
Cardiopteridaceae 386 |
Phyllonomaceae 387 |
Helwingiaceae 388 |
Aquifoliaceae 389 |
Rousseaceae 390 |
Campanulaceae 391 |
Pentaphragmataceae 392 |
Stylidiaceae 393 |
Alseuosmiaceae 394 |
Phellinaceae 395 |
Argophyllaceae 396 |
Menyanthaceae 397 |
Goodeniaceae 398 |
Calyceraceae 399 |
Asteraceae/Compositae 400 |
Escalloniaceae 401 |
Columelliaceae 402 |
Bruniaceae 403 |
Paracryphiaceae 404 |
Adoxaceae 405 |
Caprifoliaceae 406 |
Pennantiaceae 407 |
Torricelliaceae 408 |
Griseliniaceae 409 |
Pittosporaceae 410 |
Araliaceae 411 |
Myodocarpaceae 412 |
Apiaceae/Umbelliferae 413 |
*
[Correction added after online publication, 14 October 2009: ‘Alliaceae’ corrected to ‘Amaryllidaceae’]
Table 1.
The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (LAPG III) sequence of families
Amborellaceae 1 |
---|
Hydatellaceae 2 |
Cabombaceae 3 |
Nymphaeaceae 4 |
Austrobaileyaceae 5 |
Trimeniaceae 6 |
Schisandraceae 7 |
Chloranthaceae 8 |
Canellaceae 9 |
Winteraceae 10 |
Saururaceae 11 |
Piperaceae 12 |
Lactoridaceae 13 |
Hydnoraceae 14 |
Aristolochiaceae 15 |
Myristicaceae 16 |
Magnoliaceae 17 |
Degeneriaceae 18 |
Himantandraceae 19 |
Eupomatiaceae 20 |
Annonaceae 21 |
Calycanthaceae 22 |
Siparunaceae 23 |
Gomortegaceae 24 |
Atherospermataceae 25 |
Hernandiaceae 26 |
Monimiaceae 27 |
Lauraceae 28 |
Acoraceae 29 |
Araceae 30 |
Tofieldiaceae 31 |
Alismataceae 32 |
Butomaceae 33 |
Hydrocharitaceae 34 |
Scheuchzeriaceae 35 |
Aponogetonaceae 36 |
Juncaginaceae 37 |
Zosteraceae 38 |
Potamogetonaceae 39 |
Posidoniaceae 40 |
Ruppiaceae 41 |
Cymodoceaceae 42 |
Petrosaviaceae 43 |
Nartheciaceae 44 |
Burmanniaceae 45 |
Dioscoreaceae 46 |
Triuridaceae 47 |
Velloziaceae 48 |
Stemonaceae 49 |
Cyclanthaceae 50 |
Pandanaceae 51 |
Campynemataceae 52 |
Melanthiaceae 53 |
Petermanniaceae 54 |
Alstroemeriaceae 55 |
Colchicaceae 56 |
Philesiaceae 57 |
Ripogonaceae 58 |
Smilacaceae 59 |
Corsiaceae 60 |
Liliaceae 61 |
Orchidaceae 62 |
Boryaceae 63 |
Blandfordiaceae 64 |
Asteliaceae 65 |
Lanariaceae 66 |
Hypoxidaceae 67 |
Tecophilaeaceae 68 |
Doryanthaceae 69 |
Ixioliriaceae 70 |
Iridaceae 71 |
Xeronemataceae 72 |
Xanthorrhoeaceae 73 |
Amaryllidaceae* 74 |
Asparagaceae 75 |
Arecaceae/Palmae 76 |
Hanguanaceae 77 |
Commelinaceae 78 |
Philydraceae 79 |
Pontederiaceae 80 |
Haemodoraceae 81 |
Strelitziaceae 82 |
Lowiaceae 83 |
Heliconiaceae 84 |
Musaceae 85 |
Cannaceae 86 |
Marantaceae 87 |
Costaceae 88 |
Zingiberaceae 89 |
Dasypogonaceae 90 |
Typhaceae 91 |
Bromeliaceae 92 |
Rapateaceae 93 |
Xyridaceae 94 |
Eriocaulaceae 95 |
Mayacaceae 96 |
Thurniaceae 97 |
Juncaceae 98 |
Cyperaceae 99 |
Anarthriaceae 100 |
Centrolepidaceae 101 |
Restionaceae 102 |
Flagellariaceae 103 |
Joinvilleaceae 104 |
Ecdeiocoleaceae 105 |
Poaceae/Gramineae 106 |
Ceratophyllaceae 107 |
Eupteleaceae 108 |
Papaveraceae 109 |
Circaeasteraceae 110 |
Lardizabalaceae 111 |
Menispermaceae 112 |
Berberidaceae 113 |
Ranunculaceae 114 |
Sabiaceae 115 |
Nelumbonaceae 116 |
Platanaceae 117 |
Proteaceae 118 |
Trochodendraceae 119 |
Haptanthaceae 120 |
Buxaceae 121 |
Myrothamnaceae 122 |
Gunneraceae 123 |
Dilleniaceae 124 |
Peridiscaceae 125 |
Paeoniaceae 126 |
Altingiaceae 127 |
Hamamelidaceae 128 |
Cercidiphyllaceae 129 |
Daphniphyllaceae 130 |
Iteaceae 131 |
Grossulariaceae 132 |
Saxifragaceae 133 |
Crassulaceae 134 |
Aphanopetalaceae 135 |
Tetracarpaeaceae 136 |
Penthoraceae 137 |
Haloragaceae 138 |
Cynomoriaceae 139 |
Vitaceae 140 |
Krameriaceae 141 |
Zygophyllaceae 142 |
Quillajaceae 143 |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae 144 |
Surianaceae 145 |
Polygalaceae 146 |
Rosaceae 147 |
Barbeyaceae 148 |
Dirachmaceae 149 |
Elaeagnaceae 150 |
Rhamnaceae 151 |
Ulmaceae 152 |
Cannabaceae 153 |
Moraceae 154 |
Urticaceae 155 |
Nothofagaceae 156 |
Fagaceae 157 |
Myricaceae 158 |
Juglandaceae 159 |
Casuarinaceae 160 |
Ticodendraceae 161 |
Betulaceae 162 |
Apodanthaceae 163 |
Anisophylleaceae 164 |
Corynocarpaceae 165 |
Coriariaceae 166 |
Cucurbitaceae 167 |
Tetramelaceae 168 |
Datiscaceae 169 |
Begoniaceae 170 |
Lepidobotryaceae 171 |
Celastraceae 172 |
Huaceae 173 |
Connaraceae 174 |
Oxalidaceae 175 |
Cunoniaceae 176 |
Elaeocarpaceae 177 |
Cephalotaceae 178 |
Brunelliaceae 179 |
Pandaceae 180 |
Rhizophoraceae 181 |
Erythroxylaceae 182 |
Rafflesiaceae 183 |
Euphorbiaceae 184 |
Centroplacaceae 185 |
Ctenolophonaceae 186 |
Ochnaceae 187 |
Picrodendraceae 188 |
Phyllanthaceae 189 |
Elatinaceae 190 |
Malpighiaceae 191 |
Balanopaceae 192 |
Trigoniaceae 193 |
Dichapetalaceae 194 |
Euphroniaceae 195 |
Chrysobalanaceae 196 |
Lophopyxidaceae 197 |
Putranjivaceae 198 |
Passifloraceae 199 |
Lacistemataceae 200 |
Salicaceae 201 |
Violaceae 202 |
Goupiaceae 203 |
Achariaceae 204 |
Caryocaraceae 205 |
Humiriaceae 206 |
Irvingiaceae 207 |
Linaceae 208 |
Ixonanthaceae 209 |
Calophyllaceae 210 |
Clusiaceae/Guttiferae 211 |
Bonnetiaceae 212 |
Podostemaceae 213 |
Hypericaceae 214 |
Geraniaceae 215 |
Vivianiaceae 216 |
Melianthaceae 217 |
Combretaceae 218 |
Lythraceae 219 |
Onagraceae 220 |
Vochysiaceae 221 |
Myrtaceae 222 |
Melastomataceae 223 |
Crypteroniaceae 224 |
Alzateaceae 225 |
Penaeaceae 226 |
Aphloiaceae 227 |
Geissolomataceae 228 |
Strasburgeriaceae 229 |
Staphyleaceae 230 |
Guametalaceae 231 |
Stachyuraceae 232 |
Crossosomataceae 233 |
Picramniaceae 234 |
Biebersteiniaceae 235 |
Nitrariaceae 236 |
Kirkiaceae 237 |
Burseraceae 238 |
Anacardiaceae 239 |
Sapindaceae 240 |
Rutaceae 241 |
Simaroubaceae 242 |
Meliaceae 243 |
Gerrardinaceae 244 |
Tapisciaceae 245 |
Dipentodontaceae 246 |
Cytinaceae 247 |
Muntingiaceae 248 |
Neuradaceae 249 |
Malvaceae 250 |
Sphaerosepalaceae 251 |
Thymelaeaceae 252 |
Bixaceae 253 |
Sarcolaenaceae 254 |
Cistaceae 255 |
Dipterocarpaceae 256 |
Akaniaceae 257 |
Tropaeolaceae 258 |
Moringaceae 259 |
Caricaceae 260 |
Limnanthaceae 261 |
Setchellanthaceae 262 |
Koeberliniaceae 263 |
Bataceae 264 |
Salvadoraceae 265 |
Emblingiaceae 266 |
Tovariaceae 267 |
Pentadiplandraceae 268 |
Gyrostemonaceae 269 |
Resedaceae 270 |
Capparaceae 271 |
Cleomaceae 272 |
Brassicaceae/Cruciferae 273 |
Aextoxicaceae 274 |
Berberidopsidaceae 275 |
Balanophoraceae 276 |
Olacaceae 277 |
Opiliaceae 278 |
Santalaceae 279 |
Loranthaceae 280 |
Misodendraceae 281 |
Schoepfiaceae 282 |
Frankeniaceae 283 |
Tamaricaceae 284 |
Plumbaginaceae 285 |
Polygonaceae 286 |
Droseraceae 287 |
Nepenthaceae 288 |
Drosophyllaceae 289 |
Dioncophyllaceae 290 |
Ancistrocladaceae 291 |
Rhabdodendraceae 292 |
Simmondsiaceae 293 |
Physenaceae 294 |
Asteropeiaceae 295 |
Caryophyllaceae 296 |
Achatocarpaceae 297 |
Amaranthaceae 298 |
Stegnospermataceae 299 |
Limeaceae 300 |
Lophiocarpaceae 301 |
Barbeuiaceae 302 |
Gisekiaceae 303 |
Aizoaceae 304 |
Phytolaccaceae 305 |
Sarcobataceae 306 |
Nyctaginaceae 307 |
Molluginaceae 308 |
Montiaceae 309 |
Didiereaceae 310 |
Basellaceae 311 |
Halophytaceae 312 |
Talinaceae 313 |
Portulacaceae 314 |
Anacampserotaceae 315 |
Cactaceae 316 |
Hydrostachyaceae 317 |
Curtisiaceae 318 |
Grubbiaceae 319 |
Cornaceae 320 |
Hydrangeaceae 321 |
Loasaceae 322 |
Balsaminaceae 323 |
Marcgraviaceae 324 |
Tetrameristaceae 325 |
Fouquieriaceae 326 |
Polemoniaceae 327 |
Lecythidaceae 328 |
Sladeniaceae 329 |
Pentaphylacaceae 330 |
Sapotaceae 331 |
Ebenaceae 332 |
Primulaceae 333 |
Theaceae 334 |
Symplocaceae 335 |
Diapensiaceae 336 |
Styracaceae 337 |
Sarraceniaceae 338 |
Roridulaceae 339 |
Actinidiaceae 340 |
Clethraceae 341 |
Cyrillaceae 342 |
Mitrastemonaceae 343 |
Ericaceae 344 |
Oncothecaceae 345 |
Metteniusaceae 346 |
Icacinaceae 347 |
Eucommiaceae 348 |
Garryaceae 349 |
Rubiaceae 350 |
Gentianaceae 351 |
Loganiaceae 352 |
Gelsemiaceae 353 |
Apocynaceae 354 |
Vahliaceae 355 |
Boraginaceae 356 |
Convolvulaceae 357 |
Solanaceae 358 |
Montiniaceae 359 |
Sphenocleaceae 360 |
Hydroleaceae 361 |
Plocospermataceae 362 |
Carlemanniaceae 363 |
Oleaceae 364 |
Tetrachondraceae 365 |
Calceolariaceae 366 |
Gesneriaceae 367 |
Plantaginaceae 368 |
Scrophulariaceae 369 |
Stilbaceae 370 |
Linderniaceae 371 |
Pedaliaceae 372 |
Lamiaceae/Labiatae 373 |
Phrymaceae 374 |
Paulowniaceae 375 |
Orobanchaceae 376 |
Lentibulariaceae 377 |
Acanthaceae 378 |
Bignoniaceae 379 |
Thomandersiaceae 380 |
Schlegeliaceae 381 |
Verbenaceae 382 |
Byblidaceae 383 |
Martyniaceae 384 |
Stemonuraceae 385 |
Cardiopteridaceae 386 |
Phyllonomaceae 387 |
Helwingiaceae 388 |
Aquifoliaceae 389 |
Rousseaceae 390 |
Campanulaceae 391 |
Pentaphragmataceae 392 |
Stylidiaceae 393 |
Alseuosmiaceae 394 |
Phellinaceae 395 |
Argophyllaceae 396 |
Menyanthaceae 397 |
Goodeniaceae 398 |
Calyceraceae 399 |
Asteraceae/Compositae 400 |
Escalloniaceae 401 |
Columelliaceae 402 |
Bruniaceae 403 |
Paracryphiaceae 404 |
Adoxaceae 405 |
Caprifoliaceae 406 |
Pennantiaceae 407 |
Torricelliaceae 408 |
Griseliniaceae 409 |
Pittosporaceae 410 |
Araliaceae 411 |
Myodocarpaceae 412 |
Apiaceae/Umbelliferae 413 |
Amborellaceae 1 |
---|
Hydatellaceae 2 |
Cabombaceae 3 |
Nymphaeaceae 4 |
Austrobaileyaceae 5 |
Trimeniaceae 6 |
Schisandraceae 7 |
Chloranthaceae 8 |
Canellaceae 9 |
Winteraceae 10 |
Saururaceae 11 |
Piperaceae 12 |
Lactoridaceae 13 |
Hydnoraceae 14 |
Aristolochiaceae 15 |
Myristicaceae 16 |
Magnoliaceae 17 |
Degeneriaceae 18 |
Himantandraceae 19 |
Eupomatiaceae 20 |
Annonaceae 21 |
Calycanthaceae 22 |
Siparunaceae 23 |
Gomortegaceae 24 |
Atherospermataceae 25 |
Hernandiaceae 26 |
Monimiaceae 27 |
Lauraceae 28 |
Acoraceae 29 |
Araceae 30 |
Tofieldiaceae 31 |
Alismataceae 32 |
Butomaceae 33 |
Hydrocharitaceae 34 |
Scheuchzeriaceae 35 |
Aponogetonaceae 36 |
Juncaginaceae 37 |
Zosteraceae 38 |
Potamogetonaceae 39 |
Posidoniaceae 40 |
Ruppiaceae 41 |
Cymodoceaceae 42 |
Petrosaviaceae 43 |
Nartheciaceae 44 |
Burmanniaceae 45 |
Dioscoreaceae 46 |
Triuridaceae 47 |
Velloziaceae 48 |
Stemonaceae 49 |
Cyclanthaceae 50 |
Pandanaceae 51 |
Campynemataceae 52 |
Melanthiaceae 53 |
Petermanniaceae 54 |
Alstroemeriaceae 55 |
Colchicaceae 56 |
Philesiaceae 57 |
Ripogonaceae 58 |
Smilacaceae 59 |
Corsiaceae 60 |
Liliaceae 61 |
Orchidaceae 62 |
Boryaceae 63 |
Blandfordiaceae 64 |
Asteliaceae 65 |
Lanariaceae 66 |
Hypoxidaceae 67 |
Tecophilaeaceae 68 |
Doryanthaceae 69 |
Ixioliriaceae 70 |
Iridaceae 71 |
Xeronemataceae 72 |
Xanthorrhoeaceae 73 |
Amaryllidaceae* 74 |
Asparagaceae 75 |
Arecaceae/Palmae 76 |
Hanguanaceae 77 |
Commelinaceae 78 |
Philydraceae 79 |
Pontederiaceae 80 |
Haemodoraceae 81 |
Strelitziaceae 82 |
Lowiaceae 83 |
Heliconiaceae 84 |
Musaceae 85 |
Cannaceae 86 |
Marantaceae 87 |
Costaceae 88 |
Zingiberaceae 89 |
Dasypogonaceae 90 |
Typhaceae 91 |
Bromeliaceae 92 |
Rapateaceae 93 |
Xyridaceae 94 |
Eriocaulaceae 95 |
Mayacaceae 96 |
Thurniaceae 97 |
Juncaceae 98 |
Cyperaceae 99 |
Anarthriaceae 100 |
Centrolepidaceae 101 |
Restionaceae 102 |
Flagellariaceae 103 |
Joinvilleaceae 104 |
Ecdeiocoleaceae 105 |
Poaceae/Gramineae 106 |
Ceratophyllaceae 107 |
Eupteleaceae 108 |
Papaveraceae 109 |
Circaeasteraceae 110 |
Lardizabalaceae 111 |
Menispermaceae 112 |
Berberidaceae 113 |
Ranunculaceae 114 |
Sabiaceae 115 |
Nelumbonaceae 116 |
Platanaceae 117 |
Proteaceae 118 |
Trochodendraceae 119 |
Haptanthaceae 120 |
Buxaceae 121 |
Myrothamnaceae 122 |
Gunneraceae 123 |
Dilleniaceae 124 |
Peridiscaceae 125 |
Paeoniaceae 126 |
Altingiaceae 127 |
Hamamelidaceae 128 |
Cercidiphyllaceae 129 |
Daphniphyllaceae 130 |
Iteaceae 131 |
Grossulariaceae 132 |
Saxifragaceae 133 |
Crassulaceae 134 |
Aphanopetalaceae 135 |
Tetracarpaeaceae 136 |
Penthoraceae 137 |
Haloragaceae 138 |
Cynomoriaceae 139 |
Vitaceae 140 |
Krameriaceae 141 |
Zygophyllaceae 142 |
Quillajaceae 143 |
Fabaceae/Leguminosae 144 |
Surianaceae 145 |
Polygalaceae 146 |
Rosaceae 147 |
Barbeyaceae 148 |
Dirachmaceae 149 |
Elaeagnaceae 150 |
Rhamnaceae 151 |
Ulmaceae 152 |
Cannabaceae 153 |
Moraceae 154 |
Urticaceae 155 |
Nothofagaceae 156 |
Fagaceae 157 |
Myricaceae 158 |
Juglandaceae 159 |
Casuarinaceae 160 |
Ticodendraceae 161 |
Betulaceae 162 |
Apodanthaceae 163 |
Anisophylleaceae 164 |
Corynocarpaceae 165 |
Coriariaceae 166 |
Cucurbitaceae 167 |
Tetramelaceae 168 |
Datiscaceae 169 |
Begoniaceae 170 |
Lepidobotryaceae 171 |
Celastraceae 172 |
Huaceae 173 |
Connaraceae 174 |
Oxalidaceae 175 |
Cunoniaceae 176 |
Elaeocarpaceae 177 |
Cephalotaceae 178 |
Brunelliaceae 179 |
Pandaceae 180 |
Rhizophoraceae 181 |
Erythroxylaceae 182 |
Rafflesiaceae 183 |
Euphorbiaceae 184 |
Centroplacaceae 185 |
Ctenolophonaceae 186 |
Ochnaceae 187 |
Picrodendraceae 188 |
Phyllanthaceae 189 |
Elatinaceae 190 |
Malpighiaceae 191 |
Balanopaceae 192 |
Trigoniaceae 193 |
Dichapetalaceae 194 |
Euphroniaceae 195 |
Chrysobalanaceae 196 |
Lophopyxidaceae 197 |
Putranjivaceae 198 |
Passifloraceae 199 |
Lacistemataceae 200 |
Salicaceae 201 |
Violaceae 202 |
Goupiaceae 203 |
Achariaceae 204 |
Caryocaraceae 205 |
Humiriaceae 206 |
Irvingiaceae 207 |
Linaceae 208 |
Ixonanthaceae 209 |
Calophyllaceae 210 |
Clusiaceae/Guttiferae 211 |
Bonnetiaceae 212 |
Podostemaceae 213 |
Hypericaceae 214 |
Geraniaceae 215 |
Vivianiaceae 216 |
Melianthaceae 217 |
Combretaceae 218 |
Lythraceae 219 |
Onagraceae 220 |
Vochysiaceae 221 |
Myrtaceae 222 |
Melastomataceae 223 |
Crypteroniaceae 224 |
Alzateaceae 225 |
Penaeaceae 226 |
Aphloiaceae 227 |
Geissolomataceae 228 |
Strasburgeriaceae 229 |
Staphyleaceae 230 |
Guametalaceae 231 |
Stachyuraceae 232 |
Crossosomataceae 233 |
Picramniaceae 234 |
Biebersteiniaceae 235 |
Nitrariaceae 236 |
Kirkiaceae 237 |
Burseraceae 238 |
Anacardiaceae 239 |
Sapindaceae 240 |
Rutaceae 241 |
Simaroubaceae 242 |
Meliaceae 243 |
Gerrardinaceae 244 |
Tapisciaceae 245 |
Dipentodontaceae 246 |
Cytinaceae 247 |
Muntingiaceae 248 |
Neuradaceae 249 |
Malvaceae 250 |
Sphaerosepalaceae 251 |
Thymelaeaceae 252 |
Bixaceae 253 |
Sarcolaenaceae 254 |
Cistaceae 255 |
Dipterocarpaceae 256 |
Akaniaceae 257 |
Tropaeolaceae 258 |
Moringaceae 259 |
Caricaceae 260 |
Limnanthaceae 261 |
Setchellanthaceae 262 |
Koeberliniaceae 263 |
Bataceae 264 |
Salvadoraceae 265 |
Emblingiaceae 266 |
Tovariaceae 267 |
Pentadiplandraceae 268 |
Gyrostemonaceae 269 |
Resedaceae 270 |
Capparaceae 271 |
Cleomaceae 272 |
Brassicaceae/Cruciferae 273 |
Aextoxicaceae 274 |
Berberidopsidaceae 275 |
Balanophoraceae 276 |
Olacaceae 277 |
Opiliaceae 278 |
Santalaceae 279 |
Loranthaceae 280 |
Misodendraceae 281 |
Schoepfiaceae 282 |
Frankeniaceae 283 |
Tamaricaceae 284 |
Plumbaginaceae 285 |
Polygonaceae 286 |
Droseraceae 287 |
Nepenthaceae 288 |
Drosophyllaceae 289 |
Dioncophyllaceae 290 |
Ancistrocladaceae 291 |
Rhabdodendraceae 292 |
Simmondsiaceae 293 |
Physenaceae 294 |
Asteropeiaceae 295 |
Caryophyllaceae 296 |
Achatocarpaceae 297 |
Amaranthaceae 298 |
Stegnospermataceae 299 |
Limeaceae 300 |
Lophiocarpaceae 301 |
Barbeuiaceae 302 |
Gisekiaceae 303 |
Aizoaceae 304 |
Phytolaccaceae 305 |
Sarcobataceae 306 |
Nyctaginaceae 307 |
Molluginaceae 308 |
Montiaceae 309 |
Didiereaceae 310 |
Basellaceae 311 |
Halophytaceae 312 |
Talinaceae 313 |
Portulacaceae 314 |
Anacampserotaceae 315 |
Cactaceae 316 |
Hydrostachyaceae 317 |
Curtisiaceae 318 |
Grubbiaceae 319 |
Cornaceae 320 |
Hydrangeaceae 321 |
Loasaceae 322 |
Balsaminaceae 323 |
Marcgraviaceae 324 |
Tetrameristaceae 325 |
Fouquieriaceae 326 |
Polemoniaceae 327 |
Lecythidaceae 328 |
Sladeniaceae 329 |
Pentaphylacaceae 330 |
Sapotaceae 331 |
Ebenaceae 332 |
Primulaceae 333 |
Theaceae 334 |
Symplocaceae 335 |
Diapensiaceae 336 |
Styracaceae 337 |
Sarraceniaceae 338 |
Roridulaceae 339 |
Actinidiaceae 340 |
Clethraceae 341 |
Cyrillaceae 342 |
Mitrastemonaceae 343 |
Ericaceae 344 |
Oncothecaceae 345 |
Metteniusaceae 346 |
Icacinaceae 347 |
Eucommiaceae 348 |
Garryaceae 349 |
Rubiaceae 350 |
Gentianaceae 351 |
Loganiaceae 352 |
Gelsemiaceae 353 |
Apocynaceae 354 |
Vahliaceae 355 |
Boraginaceae 356 |
Convolvulaceae 357 |
Solanaceae 358 |
Montiniaceae 359 |
Sphenocleaceae 360 |
Hydroleaceae 361 |
Plocospermataceae 362 |
Carlemanniaceae 363 |
Oleaceae 364 |
Tetrachondraceae 365 |
Calceolariaceae 366 |
Gesneriaceae 367 |
Plantaginaceae 368 |
Scrophulariaceae 369 |
Stilbaceae 370 |
Linderniaceae 371 |
Pedaliaceae 372 |
Lamiaceae/Labiatae 373 |
Phrymaceae 374 |
Paulowniaceae 375 |
Orobanchaceae 376 |
Lentibulariaceae 377 |
Acanthaceae 378 |
Bignoniaceae 379 |
Thomandersiaceae 380 |
Schlegeliaceae 381 |
Verbenaceae 382 |
Byblidaceae 383 |
Martyniaceae 384 |
Stemonuraceae 385 |
Cardiopteridaceae 386 |
Phyllonomaceae 387 |
Helwingiaceae 388 |
Aquifoliaceae 389 |
Rousseaceae 390 |
Campanulaceae 391 |
Pentaphragmataceae 392 |
Stylidiaceae 393 |
Alseuosmiaceae 394 |
Phellinaceae 395 |
Argophyllaceae 396 |
Menyanthaceae 397 |
Goodeniaceae 398 |
Calyceraceae 399 |
Asteraceae/Compositae 400 |
Escalloniaceae 401 |
Columelliaceae 402 |
Bruniaceae 403 |
Paracryphiaceae 404 |
Adoxaceae 405 |
Caprifoliaceae 406 |
Pennantiaceae 407 |
Torricelliaceae 408 |
Griseliniaceae 409 |
Pittosporaceae 410 |
Araliaceae 411 |
Myodocarpaceae 412 |
Apiaceae/Umbelliferae 413 |
*
[Correction added after online publication, 14 October 2009: ‘Alliaceae’ corrected to ‘Amaryllidaceae’]
The methodology used to translate the phylogenetic tree into a linear sequence was described in detail in Haston et al. (2007). This methodology was questioned by Hawthorne et al. (2008), but in the absence of any obviously better way of generating a linear sequence from a phylogenetic tree we have retained the same method. We agree that there is potential to modify this method in the future, especially to ensure stability.
The main changes in the order of families in the sequence are within the rosid clade. Additional resolution has clarified the circumscription of the fabid (rosid I) and malvid (rosid II) clades. Of these changes, the following have had the greatest impact on the linear sequence: Geraniales are now sister to Myrtales in the malvid clade; Crossosomatales are sister to the remaining malvid families; Malvales are now sister to Brassicales (Wang et al., 2009); and Huerteales are now sister to the Malvales/Brassicales clade (Worberg et al., 2009).
Elsewhere in the sequence there have been more minor changes, the more significant of which are listed here. Ceratophyllaceae have moved from within magnoliids and are now sister to the eudicots (Jansen et al., 2007; Moore et al., 2007). Aextoxicaceae and Berberidopsidaceae are now sister to the Santalales/Caryophyllales/asterid clade (Moore et al., 2009). Dilleniaceae are probably now sister to the Saxifragales/rosids clade (Moore et al., 2009), but this is not well supported at present. In addition, there were changes to the sequence when clades were rotated as a result of changes in the number of terminals caused by the sinking of families or, more rarely, the recognition of new families.
The individual trees on which this sequence is based are mostly published (Stevens, 2001; Jansen et al., 2007; Moore et al., 2007 onwards; and papers referenced in Haston et al., 2007), but see also Wang et al. (2009), Tank & Donoghue (in press), Moore et al. (2008, 2009); Refulio-Rodriguez & Olmstead (2008); Wurdack & Davis (2009) and papers in Stevens (2001 onwards). For justification of family limits adopted, see APG III (2009).
In LAPG III, we suggested that composite numbers be used for minor changes such as new families (Haston et al., 2007). We would continue to recommend the use of composite numbers for families that are added or moved and would add that they may be useful to enable herbaria to change systems in a more gradual process. We would also reiterate that amendments that involve major changes in relationships will require a revised linear sequence. However, we anticipate that changes in the future will be infrequent and less disruptive to the linear sequence.
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