1645 Luzon earthquake (original) (raw)

1645 Luzon Earthquake

1645 Luzon earthquake is located in LuzonGabaldon, Nueva EcijaGabaldon, Nueva EcijaShow map of Luzon1645 Luzon earthquake is located in Philippines1645 Luzon earthquakeShow map of Philippines
Local date November 30, 1645 (1645-11-30)
Local time 8:00 PM
Magnitude 7.5
Depth 13 km (8 mi)
Fault Philippine Fault
Type Strike-slip
Areas affected Philippines, Central Luzon
Total damage Unknown
Max. intensity MMI X (Extreme)
Tsunami No
Landslides Yes
Casualties 600 dead – 3,000+ injured

The 1645 Luzon earthquake was one of the most destructive earthquakes to hit the Philippines. It occurred on November 30 at about 08:00 PM local time on Luzon Island in the northern part of the country. The island was struck by a 7.5 tremor produced by the San Manuel and Gabaldon Faults (Nueva Ecija) in the central section of the island.[1]

Aftershocks continued a few days, then on December 4 at 11:00 pm, another event (allegedly equal or stronger than November 30) hit the area, causing further death and destruction.[2]

In Manila, damage was entirely severe: it almost "crumbled" ten newly constructed cathedrals in the capital, residential villas and other buildings. An estimated number of 600 Spanish people were killed, and about 3,000 Spanish were injured.[3][4]

Epicenter and effects

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The most terrible earthquake recorded in the annals of the Archipelago. It might almost be said that from Manila to Cagayan and Ilocos Norte it left no stone upon the other. In the capital, where during the preceding fifty years a great number of stone buildings had been erected, magnificent churches, palaces, and public buildings, as well as private residences and villas, the destruction was frightful. Ten churches were wrecked entirely, to wit: the Royal Chapel, Cathedral, Santo Domingo, those of the Recollects and Franciscans, Santiago, San Antonio, Nuestra Señora de Guia, and the parish churches of Binondo and San Miguel; only San Agustin and the Jesuit Church remained standing. Twelve monasteries, colleges, and hospitals were likewise converted into ruins. No better fared the palace of the Governor-General, the Real Audiencia and up to 150 of the finest residences which, as one author puts it, "in other cities would have been considerable palaces." The rest of the private houses were damaged to so great an extent that the majority had to be demolished. The number of persons killed exceeded 600 and the total of killed and injured is stated to have been 3,000.[5]

Outside of Manila there was a general destruction of villas and other buildings which had been erected on both banks of the Pasig River. Throughout the neighboring provinces the masonry structures built by the missionaries suffered the same fate as those in Manila. From the farthest provinces in the north were reported great alterations of the surface with almost complete disappearance of some native villages, changes in the courses of rivers, subsidences of plains, eruptions of sand, etc. All the writers of the time qualify this disturbance as the most disastrous earthquake not only in Luzon, but likewise in Mindoro, Marinduque, and the other islands south of Luzon. On the other hand, the provinces of Camarines and Albay appear to have suffered little or nothing.[5]

  1. ^ Tsutsumi, H., Daligdig, J.A., Goto, H., Tungol, N.M., Kondo, H., Nakata, T., Okuno, M., and Sugito, N. (2006). Timing of surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Philippine fault zone in central Luzon Island, Philippines. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 87, Supplement.
  2. ^ Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson, James Alexander (1906). "The Philippine Islands 1493–1898, Vol. XXXV". The Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland, OH. p. 226
  3. ^ Bautista, Maria Leonila; Bartolome Bautista (April–June 2004). "The Philippine historical earthquake catalog: its development, current state and future directions". Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2–3). Retrieved October 12, 2010. One example is after an earthquake in 1645, when only the Spaniards who perished during the earthquake were counted, while persons of <> were disregarded.
  4. ^ Wong, Ivan. "Evaluating Seismic Hazards in Metro Manila, Philippines" (PDF). Timothy Dawson, Mark Dober. Oakland: URS Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  5. ^ a b Miguel Saderra Masó (1910). Catalogue of violent and destructive earthquakes in the Philippines. Manila: Bureau of Printing.

16°44′29″N 121°45′02″E / 16.741428°N 121.750488°E / 16.741428; 121.750488