Barnaul (original) (raw)

City in Altai Krai, Russia

City in Altai Krai, Russia

Barnaul Барнаул
City[1]
Barnaul as seen from the Nagorny ParkBarnaul as seen from the Nagorny Park
Flag of BarnaulFlagCoat of arms of BarnaulCoat of arms
MapInteractive map of Barnaul
Barnaul is located in RussiaBarnaulBarnaulLocation of BarnaulShow map of RussiaBarnaul is located in Altai KraiBarnaulBarnaulBarnaul (Altai Krai)Show map of Altai Krai
Coordinates: 53°20′55″N 83°46′35″E / 53.34861°N 83.77639°E / 53.34861; 83.77639
Country Russia
Federal subject Altai Krai[1]
Established 1730[2]
City status since 1771[3]
Government
• Body City Duma[4]
• Head[5] Vyacheslav Frank
Area[7]
• Total 940 km2 (360 sq mi)
Elevation 180 m (590 ft)
Population (2010 Census)[6]
• Total 612,401
• Estimate (January 2016)[7] 700,326 (+14.4%)
• Rank 21st in 2010
• Density 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to City of krai significance of Barnaul[1]
• Capital of Altai Krai,[8] City of krai significance of Barnaul[1]
Municipal status
• Urban okrug Barnaul Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of Barnaul Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone UTC+7 (MSK+4 Edit this on Wikidata[10])
Postal codes[11] 656000, 656002–656004, 656006, 656008, 656010–656012, 656015, 656016, 656018, 656019, 656021, 656023–656025, 656031, 656033, 656035–656039, 656043–656045, 656048–656050, 656052–656060, 656062–656068, 656700, 656880, 656890, 656899, 656905, 656960, 656961, 656963–656966, 656998, 656999, 901024, 901213
Dialing code +7 3852
OKTMO ID 01701000001
City Day One of the weekend days in August or September[2]
Website barnaul.org

Barnaul (Russian: Барнау́л, IPA: [bərnɐˈul] ⓘ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 census, its population was 630,877,[12] making it the 20th-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in the Siberian Federal District.[_citation needed_]

Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.

Administrative and municipal status

[edit]

Barnaul is the administrative centre of the krai.[8] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[9]

Barnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Barnaulka.

The border with Kazakhstan is 345 km (210 mi) to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the Altai Mountains. The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian border with Mongolia and the border with China.

The area around the city has been inhabited by modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for Scythian and various Turkic peoples.[13]

While 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724.[2] It was granted city status in 1771.[3] Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy Demidov family.[3] The Demidovs wanted to develop the copper in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the centre of silver production of the Russian Empire.[14]

In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest conscription riot in Russia during World War I. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.[15]

Mary 'Marie' 'Maria' Stepanovna Zudilova Tatuloff Zacharenko Gurdin (1908–1998) was reputedly born in this city.[16] She later became the mother of American actresses Natalie and Lana Wood. Her father Stepan was reputedly killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Mary and her siblings as refugees to Harbin, China. Mary married Alexander Tatuloff there in 1925, and they had a daughter Olga together. Mary eventually immigrated to the United States, where she divorced Alexander in 1936 and later married Nicholas Zacharenko, from Ussuriysk, and had two daughters with him.[_citation needed_]

Over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.[17]

In 2012, when residents of Barnaul were denied a permit for a street protest, they ingeniously circumvented the restriction by staging a demonstration with toys such as teddy bears, Lego figures, and toy soldiers holding signs denouncing electoral corruption. The photos of these rebellious figurines quickly spread across Russia, prompting others to replicate the protest. Faced with an awkward dilemma, Putin's government decided to ban the toy protests, asserting that toys, not being Russian citizens, were ineligible to participate in public gatherings, as explained by a government official.[18]

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%
1897 21,073 —
1926 73,206 +247.4%
1939 148,162 +102.4%
1959 305,046 +105.9%
1970 439,134 +44.0%
1979 533,263 +21.4%
1989 601,811 +12.9%
2002 600,749 −0.2%
2010 612,401 +1.9%
2021 630,877 +3.0%
Source: Russian Census

As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Barnaul was:[19]

Ethnicity Population Percentage
Russians 492,285 95.9%
Tajiks 2,701 0.5%
Germans 2,644 0.5%
Ukrainians 1,759 0.3%
Armenians 1,668 0.3%
Other Ethnicities 12,398 2.4%

Barnaul is an important industrial centre of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.[20] The Barnaul Cartridge Plant, a major manufacturer of small-arms ammunition, is located in the city.

Barnaul is located on the South Siberian, Turk–Sib and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines.[21]

Barnaul has public transport of buses, minibuses, trolleybuses, trams and taxies. Intercity bus routes are operate to Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Biysk, Rubtsovsk and other cities. Also there are bus routes to Kazakhstan cities Oskemen, Pavlodar.

Barnaul International Airport is located 16 kilometres west of the city center. It is served by airlines such as Aeroflot, S7, Nordwind, Iraero and Ural Airlines. It has regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Surgut etc.

The humid continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian forest steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.

The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 mm (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.

Climate data for Barnaul (1991–2020, extremes 1838–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.3(41.5) 7.4(45.3) 16.4(61.5) 32.3(90.1) 37.4(99.3) 38.5(101.3) 37.9(100.2) 38.3(100.9) 34.4(93.9) 27.4(81.3) 16.6(61.9) 7.2(45.0) 38.5(101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −11.4(11.5) −7.8(18.0) 0.2(32.4) 11.5(52.7) 20.2(68.4) 24.8(76.6) 26.3(79.3) 24.5(76.1) 17.6(63.7) 9.6(49.3) −2.2(28.0) −8.8(16.2) 8.7(47.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −16.2(2.8) −13.6(7.5) −5.7(21.7) 5.0(41.0) 12.9(55.2) 18.2(64.8) 19.9(67.8) 17.6(63.7) 11.0(51.8) 4.0(39.2) −6.2(20.8) −13.1(8.4) 2.8(37.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −20.7(−5.3) −18.7(−1.7) −10.9(12.4) −0.3(31.5) 6.4(43.5) 12.0(53.6) 14.2(57.6) 11.8(53.2) 5.6(42.1) −0.2(31.6) −9.9(14.2) −17.6(0.3) −2.4(27.7)
Record low °C (°F) −48.2(−54.8) −46.1(−51.0) −38.9(−38.0) −27.6(−17.7) −8.8(16.2) −1.2(29.8) 2.9(37.2) 0.0(32.0) −7.8(18.0) −27.0(−16.6) −42.8(−45.0) −43.9(−47.0) −48.2(−54.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23(0.9) 18(0.7) 19(0.7) 28(1.1) 41(1.6) 54(2.1) 72(2.8) 45(1.8) 36(1.4) 35(1.4) 40(1.6) 32(1.3) 443(17.4)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 38(15) 47(19) 45(18) 6(2.4) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0.4) 8(3.1) 23(9.1) 47(19)
Average rainy days 0.4 1 3 12 17 16 17 15 16 14 6 1 118
Average snowy days 22 20 16 9 2 0.1 0 0 1 10 18 24 122
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 74 63 55 64 70 70 69 73 79 79 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77 112 178 218 272 315 320 265 199 109 75 64 2,204
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[22]
Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961–1990)[23]

A historical wooden house in Barnaul on the Socialisticheskiy Prospect

A historical wooden house used to be as the Imperator Restaurant (former Russian Tea Restaurant), now under reconstruction

View of central Barnaul in the summer of 2007

Modern apartment building, built in 2010

Park in Barnaul

The Ob River in Barnaul

Twin towns – sister cities

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Barnaul is twinned with:[25][26]

  1. ^ a b c d e Law #28-ZS
  2. ^ a b c Charter of Barnaul, Article 4
  3. ^ a b c Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. 36–38. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  4. ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 37
  5. ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 46
  6. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ a b Official website of Barnaul. Geography Archived 2 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  8. ^ a b Charter of Altai Krai, Article 6
  9. ^ a b c Law #144-ZS
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  11. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  13. ^ Minns, Ellis Hovell (13 January 2011). Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02487-7. Retrieved 1 January 2018 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ "Пятые Бородавкинские чтения". new.hist.asu.ru. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  15. ^ Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.
  16. ^ Tatuloff, Alexander (17 September 1934). Declaration of Intention, no. 89199. U.S. District Court Naturalization Index, 1852–1989.
  17. ^ "Барнаульские патроны". Archived from the original on 15 January 2000.
  18. ^ VanHise, James L. (21 September 2021). "Dilemma Actions: The Power of Putting your Opponent in a Bind". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  19. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Rosstat. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  20. ^ "Власть". Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  21. ^ "Barnaul". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  22. ^ "Weather And Climate – Climate Barnaul" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  23. ^ "Climate Normals for Barnaul". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Сергей Шубенков выиграл "золото" на Чемпионате мира по лёгкой атлетике в Пекине". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  25. ^ "США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?". tolknews.ru (in Russian). Tolk. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  26. ^ "Град Шумен – Как да ни намерите". tourism-shumen.com (in Bulgarian). Tourism Shumen. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2020.