Bethylidae (original) (raw)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Family of wasps
| BethylidaeTemporal range: Barremian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
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| Sierola gilbertae | |
Scientific classification  |
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Chrysidoidea |
| Family: | BethylidaeFörster, 1856 |
| Subgroups | |
| See text |
The Bethylidae are a family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. As a family, their biology ranges between parasitoid wasps and hunting wasps.
Like most of the Chrysidoidea, the Bethylidae are stinging Hymenoptera and most are parasitoids. Some of them, however, have developed their parasitoidal biology along predatory lines and they sting and malaxate their victims into paralysis. Then they hide the prey and lay their eggs on them.
Sierola gilbertae dorsal
According to Azevedo et al. (2018) eight subfamilies of the Bethylidae are recognized:[1][2]
- Pristocerinae
- Epyrinae
- Mesitiinae
- Bethylinae
- Scleroderminae
- †Lancepyrinae
- †Protopristocerinae
- †Holopsenellinae
According to Azevedo et al. (2018)[2] there are 96 genera belong to the family Bethylidae. Some are listed here:
- Afrobethylus Ramos & Azevedo g
- Afrocera Benoit, 1983 g
- Allepyris Kieffer, 1905 g
- Allobethylus Kieffer, 1905 g
- Anaylax Moczar, 1970 g
- Anisepyris Kieffer, 1906 g b
- Anisobrachium Kieffer, 1905 g
- Apenesia Westwood, 1874 g b
- †_Archaeopristocera_ Terayama, 2004 g
- †_Archaepyris_ Evans, 1973 g
- Aspidepyris Evans, 1964 g
- Ateleopterus Förster, 1856 g
- Australomesitius Barbosa & Azevedo g
- †_Bethylitella_ Cockerell, 1917 g
- Bethylopsis Fouts, 1939 g
- †_Bethylopteron_ Brues, 1933 g
- Bethylus Latreille, 1802 g b
- Caloapenesia Terayama, 1995 g
- Calobrachium Gobbi & Azevedo, 2016 g
- Calyozina Enderlein, 1912 g
- †_Celonophamia_ Evans, 1973 g
- Cephalonomia Westwood, 1833 i c g b
- Chilepyris Evans, 1964 c g
- Clytrovorus Nagy, 1972 g
- Codorcas Nagy, 1972 g
- †_Cretabythus_ Evans, 1973 g
- †_Cretepyris_ Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 g
- †_Cretobethylellus_ Rasnitsyn, 1990 g
- Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 g b
- †_Elektroepyris_ Perrichot & Nel, 2008 g
- Epyris Westwood, 1832[3] g b
- Eupsenella Westwood, 1874 g b
- Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 g
- Formosiepyris Terayama, 2004 g
- Glenosema Kieffer, 1905 g
- Goniozus Förster, 1856 c g b
- Heterocoelia Dahlbom, 1854 g
- Holepyris Kieffer, 1904 g b
- Israelius Richards, 1952 g
- Itapayos Argaman, 2003 g
- Laelius Ashmead, 1893 g b
- †_Lancepyris_ Azevedo & Azar, 2012 g
- Lithobiocerus Bridwell, 1919 g
- †_Liztor_ Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 g
- Lytopsenella Kieffer, 1911 g
- Megaprosternum Azevedo, 2006 g
- Mesitius Spinola, 1851 g
- Metrionotus Moczar, 1970 g
- Moczariella Barbosa & Azevedo, 2014 g
- Odontepyris Kieffer, 1904 g
- †_Parapristocera_ Brues, 1933 g
- Pararhabdepyris Gorbatovsky, 1995 g
- Parascleroderma Kieffer, 1904 g
- Pilomesitius Moczar, 1970 g
- Plastanoxus Kieffer, 1905 g
- Pristocera Klug, 1808 g b
- Pristepyris Kieffer, 1905 g b
- Prorops Waterston, 1923 g
- Prosierola Kieffer, 1905 g
- †_Protopristocera_ Brues, 1923 g
- Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 g b
- Psilobethylus Kieffer, 1906 g
- Pycnomesitius Moczar, 1971 g
- Rhabdepyris Kieffer, 1904 g
- Sclerodermus Latreille, 1809 g b
- Sierola Cameron, 1881 g
- Sulcomesitius Moczar, 1970 g
- Trichiscus Benoit, 1956 g
- Tuberepyris Lanes & Azevedo, 2008 g
- Zimankos Argaman, 2003 g
Data sources: i = ITIS,[4] c = Catalogue of Life,[5] g = GBIF,[6] b = Bugguide.net[7]
The oldest known records of the group are from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber.[8][9]
Sclerodermus
- ^ Alencar, I.D.; Azevedo, C.O. (2013). "Reclassification of Epyrini (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a tribal approach with commentary on their genera". Systematic Entomology. 38 (1): 45–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00648.x. S2CID 84529518.
Azevedo, C.O.; Azar, D. (2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–8. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702012000300004. - ^ a b Azevedo, Celso O.; Alencar, Isabel D.C.C.; Ramos, Magno S.; Barbosa, Diego N.; Colombo, Wesley D.; Vargas, Juan M. R.; Lim, Jongok (2018-10-01). "Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)". Zootaxa. 4489 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4489.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Bethylidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "Browse Bethylidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-06.[_permanent dead link_]
- ^ "Bethylidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "Bethylidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ M. S. Engel, J. Ortega-Blanco, and C. O. Ozevedo. 2016. A new bethylid wasp in Lebanese Early Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with comments on other Mesozoic taxa. American Museum Novitates 3855:1-14
- ^ Azevedo, Celso O.; Azar, Dany (June 2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–218. doi:10.1590/s1984-46702012000300004. ISSN 1984-4689.