Cecil Beaton (original) (raw)

British photographer and designer (1904–1980)

SirCecil BeatonCBE
Beaton in 1928
Born Cecil Walter Hardy Beaton(1904-01-14)14 January 1904Hampstead, London
Died 18 January 1980(1980-01-18) (aged 76)Reddish House, Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England
Resting place All Saints' church graveyard, Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England
Education Heath Mount SchoolSt Cyprian's SchoolHarrow SchoolSt John's College, Cambridge
Occupations Photographerinterior designersocialitewritercostume designer
Relatives Baba Beaton (sister)Nancy Beaton (sister)

Sir Cecil Walter Hardy Beaton CBE (14 January 1904 – 18 January 1980) was a British fashion, portrait and war photographer, diarist, painter, and interior designer, as well as costume designer and set designer for films and the theatre. His work earned him three Academy Awards and four Tony Awards.

Early life and education

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Beaton was born on 14 January 1904 in Hampstead, north London,[1] the son of Ernest Walter Hardy Beaton (1867–1936), a prosperous timber merchant, and his wife, Esther "Etty" Sisson (1872–1962). His grandfather, Walter Hardy Beaton (1841–1904), had founded the family business of "Beaton Brothers Timber Merchants and Agents", and his father followed into the business. Ernest Beaton was an amateur actor and met his wife, Cecil's mother Esther ("Etty") when playing the lead in a play. She was the daughter of a Cumbrian blacksmith named Joseph Sisson and had come to London to visit her married sister.[2]

Ernest and Etty Beaton had four children – Cecil; two daughters, Nancy Elizabeth Louise Hardy Beaton (1909–99, who married Sir Hugh Smiley) and Barbara Jessica Hardy Beaton (1912–73, known as Baba, who married Alec Hambro); and son Reginald Ernest Hardy Beaton (1905–33).

A 1932 Standard Rolleiflex, a type of camera used by Beaton

Cecil Beaton was educated at Heath Mount School (where he was bullied by Evelyn Waugh) and St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, where his artistic talent was quickly recognised. Both Cyril Connolly and Henry Longhurst report in their autobiographies being overwhelmed by the beauty of Beaton's singing at the St Cyprian's school concerts.[3][4]

When Beaton was growing up, his nanny had a Kodak 3A Camera, a popular model which was renowned for being an ideal piece of equipment to learn on. Beaton's nanny began teaching him the basics of photography and developing film. He would often get his sisters and mother to sit for him. When he was sufficiently proficient, he would send the photos off to London society magazines, often writing under a pen name and "recommending" the work of Beaton.[5]

Beaton attended Harrow School, and then, despite having little or no interest in academia, moved on to St John's College, Cambridge, and studied history, art and architecture. Beaton continued his photography and, through his university contacts, got a portrait depicting the Duchess of Malfi published in Vogue. It was actually George "Dadie" Rylands – "a slightly out-of-focus snapshot of him as Webster's Duchess of Malfi standing in the sub-aqueous light outside the men's lavatory of the ADC Theatre at Cambridge."[6] Beaton left Cambridge without a degree in 1925.

After a short time in the family timber business, he worked with a cement merchant in Holborn. This resulted in "an orgy of photography at weekends" so he decided to strike out on his own.[7] Under the patronage of Osbert Sitwell he put on his first exhibition in the Cooling Gallery, London. It caused quite a stir.

Believing that he would meet with greater success on the other side of the Atlantic, he left for New York and slowly built up a reputation there. By the time he left, he had "a contract with Condé Nast Publications to take photographs exclusively for them for several thousand pounds a year for several years to come."[8]

From 1930 to 1945, Beaton leased Ashcombe House in Wiltshire,[9] where he entertained many notable figures.[_citation needed_]

In 1947, he bought Reddish House, set in 2.5 acres of gardens, approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) to the east in Broad Chalke. Here he transformed the interior, adding rooms on the eastern side, extending the parlour southwards, and introducing many new fittings. Greta Garbo was a visitor.[10] He remained at the house until his death in 1980 and is buried in the parish church graveyard.[11][12][13]

Cecil Beaton self portraits: Cecil Beaton (in civilian suit) and his Rolleiflex reflected in a mirror of the Jain temple, Calcutta, India.

Beaton designed book jackets (see Catherine Ives), and costumes for charity matinees, learning the craft of photography at the studio of Paul Tanqueray, until Vogue took him on regularly in 1927.[14] He set up his own studio, and one of his earliest clients and, later, best friends was Stephen Tennant. Beaton's photographs of Tennant and his circle are considered some of the best representations of the Bright Young People of the twenties and thirties.

Portrait of Sir Roy Strong, Director and Secretary of the Victoria and Albert Museum

Beaton's first camera was a Kodak 3A folding camera. Over the course of his career, he employed both large format cameras, and smaller Rolleiflex cameras. Beaton was never known as a highly skilled technical photographer, and instead focused on staging a compelling model or scene and looking for the perfect shutter-release moment.

He was a photographer for the British edition of Vogue in 1931 when George Hoyningen-Huene, photographer for the French Vogue travelled to England with his new friend Horst. Horst himself would begin to work for French Vogue in November of that year. The exchange and cross pollination of ideas between this collegial circle of artists across the Channel and the Atlantic gave rise to the look of style and sophistication for which the 1930s are known.[15]

Beaton is known for his fashion photographs and society portraits. He worked as a staff photographer for Vanity Fair and Vogue in addition to photographing celebrities in Hollywood. In 1938, he inserted some tiny-but-still-legible anti-Semitic phrases (including the word 'kike') into American Vogue at the side of an illustration about New York society. The issue was recalled and reprinted, and Beaton was fired.[16]

Beaton returned to England, where the Queen recommended him to the Ministry of Information (MoI). He became a leading war photographer, best known for his images of the damage done by the German Blitz. His style sharpened and his range broadened, Beaton's career was restored by the war.[17]

Beaton often photographed the Royal Family for official publication.[18] Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was his favourite royal sitter, and he once pocketed her scented hankie as a keepsake from a highly successful shoot. Beaton took the famous wedding pictures of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor (wearing an haute couture ensemble by the noted American fashion designer Mainbocher). He photographed Princess Margaret in a cream Dior dress for her 21st birthday in 1951, which became one of the most iconic royal portraits of the 20th century.[19][20][21][22]

Queen Fawzia Fuad Chirine with Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi and their daughter, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi in Tehran during the Second World War. Photo by Cecil Beaton.

During the Second World War, Beaton was first posted to the Ministry of Information and given the task of recording images from the home front. During this assignment he captured one of the most enduring images of British suffering during the war, that of 3-year-old Blitz victim Eileen Dunne recovering in hospital, clutching her beloved teddy bear. When the image was published, America had not yet officially joined the war, but images such as Beaton's helped push the Americans to put pressure on their government to help Britain in its hour of need.[5]

Beaton had a major influence on and relationship with Angus McBean and David Bailey. McBean was a well-known portrait photographer of his era. Later in his career, his work is influenced by Beaton. Bailey was influenced by Beaton when they met while working for British Vogue in the early 1960s. Bailey's use of square format (6x6) images is similar to Beaton's own working patterns.[_citation needed_]

In 1968, the National Portrait Gallery in London mounted its inaugural photographic exhibition Beaton Portraits 1928-68.[23] Furthermore, it was the first time a retrospective for living photographer's work was shown at a British national museum. The exhibition, which was viewed by over 80,000 people, featured themed rooms with photographs of the royal family, war heros, authors, composers, and celebrities.[24][25] The exhibition traveled to the United States and was displayed as 600 Faces by Beaton 1928-69 at the Museum of the City of New York in 1969.[25] A week before the New York opening, Beaton photographed Andy Warhol and members of his Factory as a last minute addition to the show.[26]

Stage and film design

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A Cecil Beaton design for Audrey Hepburn in the film My Fair Lady (1964), for which he won an Academy Award.

After the war, Beaton tackled the Broadway stage, designing sets, costumes, and lighting for a 1946 revival of Lady Windermere's Fan, in which he also acted.[_citation needed_]

His costumes for Lerner and Loewe's My Fair Lady (1956) were highly praised. This led to two Lerner and Loewe film musicals, Gigi (1958) and My Fair Lady (1964), each of which earned Beaton the Academy Award for Best Costume Design. He also designed the period costumes for the 1970 film On a Clear Day You Can See Forever.

His additional Broadway credits include The Grass Harp (1952), The Chalk Garden (1955), Saratoga (1959), Tenderloin (1960), and Coco (1969). He was the recipient of four Tony Awards.[_citation needed_]

He designed the sets and costumes for a production of Puccini's last opera Turandot, first used at the Metropolitan Opera in New York and then at Covent Garden.[_citation needed_]

Beaton designed the academic dress of the University of East Anglia.[27]

Cecil Beaton was a published and well-known diarist. In his lifetime, six volumes of diaries were published, spanning the years 1922–1974. Recently some unexpurgated material has been published. "In the published diaries, opinions are softened, celebrated figures are hailed as wonders and triumphs, whereas in the originals, Cecil can be as venomous as anyone I have ever read or heard in the most shocking of conversation" wrote their editor, Hugo Vickers.[28]

Last public interview

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The last public interview given by Sir Cecil Beaton was in January 1980 for an edition of the BBC's radio programme Desert Island Discs. The interviewer was Roy Plomley. The recording was broadcast on Friday 1 February 1980 following the Beaton family's permission. Owing to Beaton's frailty, the interview was recorded at Beaton's 17th-century home of Reddish House in Broad Chalke in Wiltshire (near Salisbury).[_citation needed_]

Beaton, though frail, recalled events in his life, particularly from the 1930s and 1940s (the Blitz). Among the recollections were his associations with stars of Hollywood and British Royalty notably The Duke and Duchess of Windsor (whose official wedding photographs Beaton took on 3 June 1937 at relatively short notice); and official portraits of Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) and Queen Elizabeth II on her Coronation day on 2 June 1953. The interview also alluded to a lifelong passion for performing arts and in particular ballet and operetta.[_citation needed_]

The Beaton programme is considered to be almost the final words on an era of "Bright Young Things" whose sunset had taken place by the time of the abdication of Edward VIII. Beaton commented specifically on Wallis Simpson (later titled The Duchess of Windsor after her marriage to the former King Edward VIII). The Duchess of Windsor was still alive at the time of the original Beaton interview and broadcast.[_citation needed_]

Beaton said that the one record that he would retain on the desert island should the others get washed away would be Beethoven's Symphony No 1, and his chosen book was a compendium of photographs he had taken down the years of "...people known and unknown; people known but now forgotten".[29]

Personal life and death

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Beaton had relationships with various men and women, including former Olympic fencer and teacher Kinmont Hoitsma (his last lover),[30] actresses Greta Garbo and Coral Browne, dancer Adele Astaire, Greek socialite Madame Jean Ralli (Julie Marie 'Lilia' Pringo),[31] and British socialite Doris Castlerosse.

He was knighted in the 1972 New Year Honours.[32]

Reddish House in Broad Chalke

Two years later, he suffered a stroke that left him permanently paralysed on the right side of his body. Although he learnt to write and draw with his left hand, and had cameras adapted, Beaton became frustrated by the limitations the stroke had put upon his work. As a result of his stroke, Beaton became anxious about financial security for his old age and, in 1976, entered into negotiations with Philippe Garner, expert-in-charge of photographs at Sotheby's.

On behalf of the auction house, Garner acquired Beaton's archive – excluding all portraits of the Royal Family, and the five decades of prints held by Vogue in London, Paris and New York. Garner, who had almost single-handedly invented the photographic auction, oversaw the archive's preservation and partial dispersal, so that Beaton's only tangible assets, and what he considered his life's work, would ensure him an annual income. The first of five auctions was held in 1977, the last in 1980.[_citation needed_]

By the end of the 1970s, Beaton's health had faded. He died on 18 January 1980 at Reddish House, his home in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, four days after his 76th birthday.[5]

Sir Cecil Beaton's grave at Broad Chalke Churchyard

Prime Minister of Manipur (1944) as his outfit is prepared before the coronation of the new Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh

An exhibition of his works, curated by David Alan Mellor, opened on May 16, 1986, at the Barbican Centre in London, and was scheduled to travel to Barcelona and New York by 1988.[34] The New York exhibition was held from March to April 1988 and was divided between the Fashion Institute of Technology, whose exhibit focused on Beaton's fashion photography, and the Grey Art Gallery, whose exhibit focused on photographs of his personal life and celebrities.[35]

Major exhibitions have been held at the National Portrait Gallery in London in 1968 and in 2004.[24][36]

The first international exhibition in thirty years, and first exhibition of his works to be held in Australia was held in Bendigo, Victoria from 10 December 2005 to 26 March 2006.[_citation needed_]

In October 2011, the BBC's Antiques Roadshow featured an oil portrait by Beaton of rock star Mick Jagger, whom Beaton met in the 1960s. The painting, originally sold at the Le Fevre Gallery in 1966, was valued for insurance purposes at £30,000.[37]

The Museum of the City of New York dedicated an exhibition to Cecil Beaton from October 2011 to April 2012.[38]

An exhibition celebrating The Queen's Diamond Jubilee and showing portraits of Her Majesty by Cecil Beaton, opened in October 2011 at the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.[_citation needed_]

Cecil Beaton: Theatre of War at the Imperial War Museum, London: major retrospective of Beaton's war photography, held from 6 September 2012 – 1 January 2013.[39]

Cecil Beaton at Home: Ashcombe & Reddish at The Salisbury Museum, Wiltshire, from 23 May- 19 September 2014, a biographical retrospective focussing on Beaton's two Wiltshire houses, brought together for the first time many art works and possessions from both eras of Beaton's life. The exhibition included a full-size reproduction of the murals and four-poster bed from the Circus Bedroom at Ashcombe, as well as a section of the drawing room at Reddish House.[_citation needed_]

In film and television

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In the 1989 Australian film Darlings of the Gods, Beaton was portrayed by Shane Briant. In the 2010 series Upstairs Downstairs (series 1, episode 3), Beaton was portrayed by Christopher Harper. In Netflix's 2016 series The Crown, Beaton was portrayed by Mark Tandy.[_citation needed_]. In the 2023 film Lee, Beaton was portrayed by Samuel Barnett.[40]

Bengali women fetching well water with earthenware pots (1944)

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  2. ^ Vickers, Hugo (1985), Cecil Beaton: The Authorised Biography, Phoenix Press.
  3. ^ Connolly, Cyril (1938). Enemies of Promise. London: G Routledge & sons. OCLC 123103671.
  4. ^ Longhurst, Henry (1971). My Life and Soft Times. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-93849-1.
  5. ^ a b c "Cecil Beaton". Fyne Times. 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  6. ^ Beaton, Cecil (1951). Photobiography. London: Odhams Press, p.34.
  7. ^ Beaton, Cecil (1951). Photobiography. London: Odhams Press, p.40.
  8. ^ Beaton, Cecil (1951). Photobiography. London: Odhams Press, p.56.
  9. ^ Hirst, Arlene (22 May 2014). "In the Houses Where He Lived". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  10. ^ Broad Chalke, UK: British History.
  11. ^ Vickers, Hugo (2003). The Unexpurgated Beaton: The Cecil Beaton Diaries as He Wrote Them, 1970–1980. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 1400041120.
  12. ^ Broad Chalke, A History of a South Wiltshire Village, its Land & People Over 2,000 years, The People of the Village, 1999
  13. ^ "Broad Chalke". Wiltshire Community History. Wiltshire Council. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  14. ^ Muir, Robin (1 February 2004). "The Beaton Generation". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  15. ^ "Too, Too Vomitous". Time. 2 February 1931. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  16. ^ Simon Doonan, "Cecil Beaton Stateside" Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph, 6 November 2011, retrieved 28 August 2012
  17. ^ Richard Holledge, "A Career Restored by War" Wall Street Journal, 29 Nov 2012, p D5
  18. ^ "V&A Exploring Photography: Sir Cecil Beaton". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
  19. ^ Storochuck, Jessica (21 August 2021). "Fashion Favourite: Princess Margaret and Christian Dior". Royal Central. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  20. ^ Trotter, Katie (20 April 2020). "10 Most Important Fashion Moments in History". Vogue Arabia. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  21. ^ Frost, Karie (30 January 2019). "Princess Margaret's iconic 21st birthday gown goes on display at the V&A's Dior exhibition". Harper's Bazaar.
  22. ^ Behlen, Beatrice. "Christian Dior, Princess Margaret & Cinderella". Museum of London. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  23. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II". National Portrait Gallery.
  24. ^ a b Ling, Joanna (1 June 2018). "Cecil Beaton and the Exhibition that Changed Photography Forever". Sothebys.com. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  25. ^ a b Suzt (1 May 1969). "Suzy Says: Tonight Is for Cecil". Daily News. p. 12. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  26. ^ Beaton, Cecil; Albrecht, Donald; York, Museum of the City of New (2011). Cecil Beaton: The New York Years. Rizzoli International Publications, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8478-3565-2.
  27. ^ Groves, Nicholas (2005), The Academical Dress of the University of East Anglia, North Walsham: The Burgon Society.
  28. ^ Beaton, Cecil (2003), Vickers, Hugo (ed.), The Unexpurgated Beaton Diaries, Orion Publishing Group, Limited, ISBN 0-7538-1702-0.
  29. ^ "Desert Island Discs – Sir Cecil Beaton – BBC Sounds". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  30. ^ Vickers, Hugo (2002). Cecil Beaton. Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1842126134.
  31. ^ Madame Jean Ralli (1901-1978). Born in Athens. A childhood friend of Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark and of Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. Later she worked for Christian Dior.
  32. ^ "Supplement to the London Gazette". The London Gazette. 31 December 1971.
  33. ^ Zilkha, Bettina (2004). Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List. Assouline. p. 116. ISBN 2-84323-513-8.
  34. ^ Shepard, Richard F. (27 May 1986). "Cecil Beaton's World Of Fame and Fashion". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  35. ^ Alexander, Ron (15 March 1988). "A Life Con Brio: Celebrating Cecil Beaton". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  36. ^ Merl, Christina (4 October 2004). "Cecil Beaton "Portraits"". SHIFT. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  37. ^ "BBC One – Antiques Roadshow, Series 34, Hever Castle 1". BBC.
  38. ^ "Cecil Beaton". Museum of the City of New York. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Cecil Beaton: Theatre of War". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.
  40. ^ "Samuel Barnett | Actor, Music Department, Soundtrack". IMDb. Retrieved 24 September 2024.