Demographics of Cuba (original) (raw)

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Demographics of Cuba
Cuba population pyramid (2020)
Population	10 055 968 (2023)
Density	237 hab./sq mi91.5 hab./sq km (2023)
Growth rate	−0.79% (2002-2022)
Birth rate	8.6/1,000 inhabitants (2022 est.)
Death rate	10.8 deaths/1,000 inhabitants (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	78.0 years (2013 est.)
• male	75.8 years (2013 est.)
• female	80.4 years (2013 est.)
Fertility rate	1.41 children/women (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate	4.76 deaths/1000 live births (2013 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	15.74% (2021 est.)
15–64 years	68.53% (2021 est.)
65 and over	15.73% (2021 est.)
Sex ratio
Total	0.99 (2013 est.)
At birth	1.06 (2013 est.)
Under 15	1.06 (2013 est.)
15–64 years	1.01 (2013 est.)
65 and over	0.82 (2013 est.)
Nationality
Nationality	Cuban
Major ethnic	White (64.12%)[1] Spanish (N/D) Others (N/D)
Minor ethnic	Mixed (26.62%) Black (9.26%)
Language
Official	Spanish
Spoken	Lucumí

The demographic characteristics of Cuba are known through census which have been conducted and analyzed by different bureaus since 1774. The National Office of Statistics of and Information of Cuba (ONEI) is doing it since 1953. The most recent census was conducted in September 2012. The population of Cuba at the 2012 census was nearly 11.2 million.

Nevertheless, in July 2024, Juan Carlos Alfonso Fraga, deputy head of the ONEI, presented data on Cuba's effective population to the deputies. According to ONEI data, as of December 31, 2023, the effective Cuban population was 10,055,968 people.[2]

According to the 2012 census, the population density at that time was 101 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Cuba was 78.0 years. The population has always increased from one census to the next in the 20th century, with the exception of the 2012 census, when the count decreased by 10,000. The 2024 data by ONEI seems to corroborate that trend.

Since 1740, Cuba's birth rate has surpassed its death rate; the natural growth rate of the country is positive. Cuba is in the fourth stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated (71.1%) by the 15- to 64-year-old segment. The median age of the population is 39.5, making it the oldest in the Americas, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.99 males per female.

Population size and structure

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Historical population

According to the 2002 census, Cuba's population was 11,177,743, whereas the 2012 census numbered the population at 11,167,325.[4] There was a drop between the 2002 and 2012 censuses which was the first drop in Cuba's population since Cuba's war of independence. This drop was due to low fertility and emigration, as during this time (fiscal years 2003 to 2012), 42,028 Cubans received legal permanent residence in the United States.[5] Consequently, Cuba is also the oldest country in the Americas in terms of median age,[6] due to a high amount of emigration by younger Cubans to the U.S.[7] In the last few years before the end of the wet feet, dry feet policy on January 12, 2017, the number of Cubans moving to the United States significantly outnumbered the natural increase during those years.

Population by subdivisions

[edit]

Structure of the population

[edit]

| | Average population[11][12] | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | Infant mortality rate | | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------- | ------- | -------------- | --------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------- | ---- | | 1948 | | 157,364 | 40,190 | 117,174 | | — | — | | | | | 1949 | | 160,628 | 40,538 | 120,090 | | — | — | | | | | 1950 | 5,920,000 | 163,122 | 39,190 | 123,932 | 27.9 | 6.7 | 21.2 | | — | — | | 1951 | 6,051,000 | 142,693 | 40,939 | 101,754 | 23.9 | 6.9 | 17.0 | 4.9 | — | — | | 1952 | 6,180,000 | 143,750 | 37,221 | 106,529 | 23.6 | 6.1 | 17.5 | 3.7 | — | — | | 1953 | 6,305,000 | 150,000 | 37,161 | 112,839 | 24.2 | 6.0 | 18.2 | 2.0 | — | — | | 1954 | 6,424,000 | 160,000 | 35,712 | 124,288 | 25.4 | 5.7 | 19.7 | -0.8 | — | — | | 1955 | 6,539,000 | 170,000 | 37,264 | 132,736 | 26.5 | 5.8 | 20.7 | -2.8 | — | — | | 1956 | 6,652,000 | 170,607 | 42,811 | 127,796 | 27.6 | 5.6 | 22.0 | -2.3 | — | — | | 1957 | 6,765,000 | 170,946 | 46,857 | 124,089 | 28.4 | 6.1 | 22.3 | -1.7 | — | — | | 1958 | 6,881,000 | 176,510 | 49,093 | 127,417 | 29.7 | 6.3 | 23.4 | -1.7 | — | — | | 1959 | 7,005,000 | 191,207 | 50,865 | 140,342 | 29.8 | 6.4 | 23.4 | -2.4 | — | — | | 1960 | 7,141,000 | 211,620 | 42,670 | 168,950 | 30.8 | 6.2 | 24.6 | -4.7 | — | — | | 1961 | 7,290,000 | 231,811 | 46,066 | 185,745 | 32.9 | 6.4 | 26.5 | -5.1 | — | — | | 1962 | 7,450,000 | 249,113 | 50,621 | 198,492 | 35.9 | 7.1 | 28.8 | -5.3 | — | — | | 1963 | 7,618,000 | 260,224 | 49,188 | 211,036 | 34.6 | 6.7 | 27.9 | -5.8 | — | — | | 1964 | 7,787,000 | 266,554 | 47,996 | 218,558 | 34.8 | 6.3 | 28.5 | -6.5 | — | — | | 1965 | 7,952,000 | 263,975 | 50,027 | 213,948 | 34.0 | 6.5 | 27.6 | -6.3 | — | — | | 1966 | 8,110,000 | 255,413 | 50,846 | 204,567 | 32.3 | 6.4 | 25.9 | -5.9 | — | — | | 1967 | 8,264,000 | 255,311 | 51,030 | 204,281 | 31.7 | 6.3 | 25.3 | -6.2 | — | — | | 1968 | 8,413,000 | 246,807 | 53,920 | 192,887 | 30.1 | 6.6 | 23.5 | -5.3 | — | — | | 1969 | 8,563,000 | 238,095 | 55,654 | 182,441 | 28.5 | 6.7 | 21.8 | -3.9 | — | — | | 1970 | 8,715,000 | 237,019 | 53,761 | 183,258 | 27.8 | 6.3 | 21.5 | -3.7 | — | 38.7 | | 1971 | 8,870,000 | 256,014 | 54,109 | 201,905 | 29.5 | 6.2 | 23.2 | -5.4 | — | 36.1 | | 1972 | 9,025,000 | 247,997 | 48,534 | 199,463 | 28.0 | 5.5 | 22.5 | -5.0 | — | 28.7 | | 1973 | 9,176,000 | 226,005 | 51,238 | 174,767 | 25.1 | 5.7 | 19.4 | -2.6 | — | 29.6 | | 1974 | 9,315,000 | 203,066 | 51,724 | 151,342 | 22.1 | 5.6 | 16.5 | -1.3 | — | 29.3 | | 1975 | 9,438,000 | 192,941 | 50,961 | 142,958 | 20.7 | 5.5 | 15.4 | -.2.1 | — | 27.5 | | 1976 | 9,544,000 | 187,555 | 53,080 | 134,475 | 19.9 | 5.6 | 14.3 | -3.0 | — | 23.3 | | 1977 | 9,634,000 | 168,960 | 56,084 | 112,876 | 17.8 | 5.9 | 11.9 | -2.4 | — | 24.9 | | 1978 | 9,710,000 | 148,249 | 55,100 | 93,149 | 15.5 | 5.8 | 9.7 | -1.8 | — | 22.4 | | 1979 | 9,776,000 | 143,551 | 54,838 | 88,713 | 14.9 | 5.7 | 9.2 | -2.3 | — | 19.4 | | 1980 | 9,835,000 | 136,900 | 55,707 | 81,193 | 14.1 | 5.7 | 8.4 | -2.3 | — | 19.6 | | 1981 | 9,886,000 | 136,211 | 57,941 | 78,397 | 13.9 | 5.9 | 8.0 | -2.8 | — | 18.5 | | 1982 | 9,931,000 | 159,759 | 56,224 | 103,274 | 16.2 | 5.7 | 10.5 | -5.9 | — | 17.3 | | 1983 | 9,975,000 | 165,284 | 58,348 | 106,938 | 16.6 | 5.9 | 10.8 | -6.3 | — | 16.8 | | 1984 | 10,029,000 | 166,281 | 59,801 | 106,386 | 16.6 | 6.0 | 10.6 | -5.3 | — | 15.0 | | 1985 | 10,097,000 | 182,067 | 64,415 | 117,637 | 18.0 | 6.4 | 11.6 | -4.9 | — | 16.5 | | 1986 | 10,184,000 | 166,049 | 63,145 | 102,904 | 16.3 | 6.2 | 10.1 | -1.6 | — | 13.6 | | 1987 | 10,286,000 | 179,477 | 65,079 | 114,398 | 17.4 | 6.3 | 11.1 | -1.2 | — | 13.3 | | 1988 | 10,396,000 | 187,911 | 67,944 | 119,967 | 18.0 | 6.5 | 11.5 | -1.0 | — | 11.9 | | 1989 | 10,504,000 | 184,891 | 67,356 | 117,535 | 17.6 | 6.4 | 11.2 | -0.9 | — | 11.1 | | 1990 | 10,662,000 | 186,658 | 72,144 | 114,514 | 17.6 | 6.8 | 10.8 | 4.1 | — | 10.7 | | 1991 | 10,756,000 | 173,896 | 71,709 | 102,187 | 16.3 | 6.7 | 9.6 | -0.8 | — | 10.7 | | 1992 | 10,829,000 | 157,349 | 75,457 | 81,892 | 14.6 | 7.0 | 7.6 | -0.8 | — | 10.2 | | 1993 | 10,895,000 | 152,226 | 78,531 | 73,695 | 14.1 | 7.3 | 6.8 | -0.7 | — | 9.4 | | 1994 | 10,912,000 | 147,265 | 78,648 | 68,617 | 13.5 | 7.2 | 6.3 | -4.7 | — | 9.9 | | 1995 | 10,947,000 | 147,170 | 77,937 | 69,233 | 13.5 | 7.1 | 6.3 | -3.1 | — | 9.4 | | 1996 | 10,983,000 | 148,276 | 79,662 | 68,614 | 13.5 | 7.3 | 6.2 | -3.0 | — | 7.9 | | 1997 | 11,033,000 | 152,681 | 77,316 | 75,365 | 13.8 | 7.0 | 6.8 | -2.3 | — | 7.2 | | 1998 | 11,076,000 | 151,080 | 77,565 | 73,515 | 13.7 | 7.0 | 6.6 | -2.8 | — | 7.1 | | 1999 | 11,113,000 | 150,871 | 79,499 | 71,372 | 13.6 | 7.2 | 6.4 | -3.1 | — | 6.5 | | 2000 | 11,146,000 | 143,528 | 76,463 | 67,065 | 12.9 | 6.9 | 6.0 | -3.1 | — | 7.2 | | 2001 | 11,168,000 | 138,718 | 79,395 | 59,323 | 12.4 | 7.1 | 5.3 | -3.3 | — | 6.2 | | 2002 | 11,200,000 | 141,276 | 73,882 | 67,394 | 12.6 | 6.6 | 6.0 | -3.2 | — | 6.5 | | 2003 | 11,215,000 | 136,795 | 78,434 | 58,361 | 12.2 | 7.0 | 5.2 | -3.9 | — | 6.3 | | 2004 | 11,217,000 | 127,192 | 81,110 | 46,082 | 11.3 | 7.2 | 4.1 | -3.9 | — | 5.8 | | 2005 | 11,218,000 | 120,716 | 84,824 | 35,892 | 10.7 | 7.5 | 3.2 | -3.1 | | 6.2 | | 2006 | 11,202,000 | 111,323 | 80,831 | 30,492 | 9.9 | 7.2 | 2.7 | -4.1 | | 5.3 | | 2007 | 11,188,000 | 112,472 | 81,927 | 30,545 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 2.7 | -4.0 | | 5.3 | | 2008 | 11,173,000 | 122,569 | 86,423 | 36,146 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 3.2 | -4.6 | 1.60 | 4.7 | | 2009 | 11,174,000 | 130,036 | 86,943 | 43,093 | 11.6 | 7.7 | 3.8 | -3.8 | 1.70 | 4.8 | | 2010 | 11,167,934 | 127,746 | 91,065 | 36,681 | 11.4 | 8.1 | 3.3 | -3.8 | 1.69 | 4.5 | | 2011 | 11,175,423 | 133,067 | 87,044 | 46,023 | 11.8 | 7.7 | 4.1 | -3.5 | 1.77 | 4.9 | | 2012 | 11,173,151 | 125,674 | 89,372 | 36,302 | 11.3 | 8.0 | 3.3 | -3.5 | 1.69 | 4.6 | | 2013 | 11,210,064 | 125,880 | 92,273 | 33,607 | 11.2 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1.71 | 4.2 | | 2014 | 11,238,317 | 122,643 | 96,330 | 26,313 | 10.9 | 8.6 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 1.68 | 4.2 | | 2015 | 11,239,004 | 125,064 | 99,693 | 25,371 | 11.1 | 8.9 | 2.2 | -2.2 | 1.72 | 4.3 | | 2016 | 11,239,224 | 116,872 | 99,399 | 17,473 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 1.6 | -1.5 | 1.63 | 4.3 | | 2017 | 11,221,060 | 114,971 | 106,941 | 8,030 | 10.2 | 9.5 | 0.7 | -1.7 | 1.61 | 4.0 | | 2018 | 11,209,628 | 116,333 | 106,201 | 10,132 | 10.4 | 9.5 | 0.9 | -1.9 | 1.65 | 4.0 | | 2019 | 11,193,470 | 109,716 | 109,080 | 636 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 0.1 | -1.5 | 1.57 | 5.0 | | 2020 | 11,181,595 | 105,038 | 112,439 | -7,401 | 9.4 | 10.1 | -0.7 | -0.4 | 1.52 | 4.9 | | 2021 | 11,113,215 | 99,096 | 167,645 | -68,549 | 8.9 | 15.0 | -6.1 | 0 | 1.45 | 7.5 | | 2022 | 11,089,511 | 95,403 | 120,098 | -24,695 | 8.6 | 10.8 | -2.2 | 0.1 | 1.41 | 7.5 | | 2023 | 10,055,968 | 90,392 | 111,739 | -21,347 | 9.0 | 11.1 | -2.1 | | | 7.1 |

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]

Life expectancy in Cuba since 1899

Life expectancy in Cuba since 1960 by gender

total population: 79.64 years. Country comparison to the world: 59th

male: 77.29 years

female: 82.14 years (2022 est.)

According to the previous censuses, the Chinese were counted as white.[15]The ancestry of Cubans comes from many sources:

• Spanish

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Spanish immigrants from Canary Islands, Catalonia, Andalusia, Galicia, and Asturias emigrated to Cuba. Between 1820 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left for Cuba between 1899 and 1930, with many returning to Spain.[16] There are 139,851 Spanish citizens living in Cuba as of 1 January 2018.

The Slave trade brought Africans to Cuba during its early history: Between 1842 and 1873, 221,000 African slaves entered Cuba.[16]

• Africans

People of the Americas:

Other European people that have contributed include:

People from Asia:

Between 1842 and 1873, 124,800 Chinese arrived.[16]

An autosomal study from 2014 has found out the genetic average ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black):[17]

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Rio, found that 50% of the Mt-DNA lineages (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 4% to Native Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it.[18]

According to another study in 2008, the Native American contribution to present-day Cubans accounted for 33% of the maternal lineages, whereas Africa and Eurasia contributed 45% and 22% of the lineages, respectively. Haplogroup A2 is the main Native American haplogroup in Cuba (21.9% of the total sample), accounting for 67% of the Native American mtDNA gene pool. Regarding Y-chromosome haplogroups (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups E1, E2, E1b1a) and Northern (E1b1b-M81) African origin. The "Berber" haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.[19]

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.[20]

Spanish is the official language of Cuba. Of all the regional variations of Spanish, Cuban Spanish is most similar to, and originates largely from, the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. This is a consequence of Canarian migration, which in the 19th and early 20th century was heavy and continuous. There were also migrations of Galicians and Asturians as well, but they did not impact Cuban Spanish to the same degree.

Much of the typical Cuban replacements for standard Spanish vocabulary stems from Canarian lexicon. For example, _guagua (bus) differs from standard Spanish _autobús the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeia stemming from the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah!). An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse[22] ("to fight"). In standard Spanish the verb would be _pelearse, while fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt.

The second most spoken language of Cuba is Haitian Creole, used mainly by Haitian immigrants and its descendants going back since the late 18th century, of whom fled the Haitian Revolution.

Other languages of Cuba are Cuban Sign Language, and English is commonly studied as a foreign language.

There are also reports of Lucumi, "Lengua Conga" (Kongo-based liturgical language of the Palo religion) and Bozal Spanish (an "African" socio-dialect of Spanish; now used only in folk religion).[23] Historically, the Ciboney and Classic dialects of Taino and the unattested Guanahatabey were spoken.

Cuba has a multitude of faiths reflecting the island's diverse cultural elements. Catholicism, which was brought to the island by Spanish colonialists at the beginning of the 16th century, is the most prevalent professed faith. After the revolution, Cuba became an officially atheistic state and restricted religious practice. Since the Fourth Cuban Communist Party Congress in 1991, restrictions have been eased and, according to the National Catholic Observer, direct challenges by state institutions to the right to religion have all but disappeared,[24] though the Church still faces restrictions of written and electronic communication, and can only accept donations from state-approved funding sources.[24] The Roman Catholic Church is made up of the Cuban Catholic Bishops' Conference (COCC), led by Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cardinal Archbishop of Havana.[_citation needed_] It has eleven dioceses, 56 orders of nuns and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by the Cuban government and Catholic Church.

Afro-Cuban religions, a blend of native African religions and Roman Catholicism, are widely practiced in Cuba. This diversity derives from West and Central Africans who were transported to Cuba, and in effect reinvented their African religions. They did so by combining them with elements of the Catholic belief system, with a result very similar to Brazil. One of these Afro-Cuban religions is Santeria.

Protestantism, introduced from the United States in the 18th century, has seen a steady increase in popularity. 300,000 Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 167 000 people. The Episcopal Church of Cuba claims 10,000 adherents. Cuba has small communities of Jews, Muslims, Buddhists and members of the Baháʼí Faith.

• Cuban American
• Afro-Cuban
• Haitian Cuban
• Isleños
• Chinese Cuban
• Jewish Cuban
• Women in Cuba
• Provinces of Cuba

1. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{[cite web](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fweb "Template:Cite web")}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. ^ "Cuba en datos: Hoy somos menos de 10 millones de cubanos residentes". Cubadebate. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
3. ^ "Censos en Cuba" [Census in Cuba] (PDF) (in Spanish). National Office of Statistics of Cuba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
4. ^ "Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Cuba". One.cu. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
5. ^ "PERSONS OBTAINING LEGAL PERMANENT RESIDENT STATUS BY REGION AND COUNTRY OF BIRTH: FISCAL YEARS 2003 TO 2012" (XLS). Dhs.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
6. ^ "Average age by country". Worlddata.info.
7. ^ "An American Reporter from Cuba, Talking about Cuba". Q & A, Hosted by Jay Nordlinger. July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
8. ^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2017.{{[cite web](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fweb "Template:Cite web")}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
9. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
10. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
11. ^ [1] United nations. Demographic Yearbooks
12. ^ Estadísticas, Oficina Nacional de (28 April 2006). "Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Cuba". One.cu. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
13. ^ "El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas" (PDF). Cuba Statistics and Information. pp. 17–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022.
14. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899 :: Census of Cuba 1899". Digital.tcl.sc.edu. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
15. ^ "Report on the Census of Cuba, Census of Cuba 1899". Digital.tcl.sc.edu. p. 81. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
16. ^ a b c "EIAL IV2 - La inmigración a Cuba: 1902-1933". www.tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017.
17. ^ Marcheco-Teruel et al. 2014, Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers
18. ^ Torroni, Antonio; Brown, Michael D.; Lott, Marie T.; Newman, Nancy J.; Wallace, Douglas C. (1995). "African, Native American, and European mitochondrial DNAs in Cubans from Pinar del Rio Province and implications for the recent epidemic neuropathy in Cuba". Human Mutation. 5 (4): 310–7. doi:10.1002/humu.1380050407. PMID 7627185. S2CID 24434505.
19. ^ Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies found in Cuba (132 individuals) grouped according to their phylogeographic origin Mendizabal, I; Sandoval, K; Berniell-Lee, G; et al. (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evol. Biol. 8 (1): 213. Bibcode:2008BMCEE...8..213M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877. PMID 18644108.
20. ^ Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M; et al. (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 181. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..181F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.
21. ^ a b Mendizabal et al (2008).Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba
22. ^ fajar at Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
23. ^ Wirtz, Kristina. 2014. Performing Afro-Cuba: Image, Voice, Spectacle in the Making of Race and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-11905-2
24. ^ a b Catholic church in Cuba strives to reestablish the faith Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine National Catholic Observer

This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2006 edition.)

• Statoids (July 2003). "Municipios of Cuba". Retrieved 15 February 2007.

• Matanzas Portal (2004). "Population growth by municipality and province". Archived from the original on 14 July 2006. Retrieved 21 February 2007.

• The Peninsular (May 2007). Population, birth rate falling in Cuba: Official

• Cuba statistics and related publications Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine

• Institut National D'Études Démographiques Population pyramids until 2100