Elementary matrix (original) (raw)

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Matrix which differs from the identity matrix by one elementary row operation

In mathematics, an elementary matrix is a square matrix obtained from the application of a single elementary row operation to the identity matrix. The elementary matrices generate the general linear group GL_n_(F) when F is a field. Left multiplication (pre-multiplication) by an elementary matrix represents the corresponding elementary row operation, while right multiplication (post-multiplication) represents the corresponding elementary column operation.

Elementary row operations are used in Gaussian elimination to reduce a matrix to row echelon form. They are also used in Gauss–Jordan elimination to further reduce the matrix to reduced row echelon form.

Elementary row operations

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There are three types of elementary matrices, which correspond to three types of row operations (respectively, column operations):

Row switching

A row within the matrix can be switched with another row.

R i ↔ R j {\displaystyle R_{i}\leftrightarrow R_{j}}

Row multiplication

Each element in a row can be multiplied by a non-zero constant. It is also known as scaling a row.

k R i → R i , where k ≠ 0 {\displaystyle kR_{i}\rightarrow R_{i},\ {\mbox{where }}k\neq 0}

Row addition

A row can be replaced by the sum of that row and a multiple of another row.

R i + k R j → R i , where i ≠ j {\displaystyle R_{i}+kR_{j}\rightarrow R_{i},{\mbox{where }}i\neq j}

If E is an elementary matrix, as described below, to apply the elementary row operation to a matrix A, one multiplies A by the elementary matrix on the left, EA. The elementary matrix for any row operation is obtained by executing the operation on the identity matrix. This fact can be understood as an instance of the Yoneda lemma applied to the category of matrices.[1]

Row-switching transformations

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The first type of row operation on a matrix A switches all matrix elements on row i with their counterparts on a different row j. The corresponding elementary matrix is obtained by swapping row i and row j of the identity matrix.

T i , j = [ 1 ⋱ 0 1 ⋱ 1 0 ⋱ 1 ] {\displaystyle T_{i,j}={\begin{bmatrix}1&&&&&&\\&\ddots &&&&&\\&&0&&1&&\\&&&\ddots &&&\\&&1&&0&&\\&&&&&\ddots &\\&&&&&&1\end{bmatrix}}}

So Ti,j A is the matrix produced by exchanging row i and row j of A.

Coefficient wise, the matrix Ti,j is defined by :

[ T i , j ] k , l = { 0 k ≠ i , k ≠ j , k ≠ l 1 k ≠ i , k ≠ j , k = l 0 k = i , l ≠ j 1 k = i , l = j 0 k = j , l ≠ i 1 k = j , l = i {\displaystyle [T_{i,j}]_{k,l}={\begin{cases}0&k\neq i,k\neq j,k\neq l\\1&k\neq i,k\neq j,k=l\\0&k=i,l\neq j\\1&k=i,l=j\\0&k=j,l\neq i\\1&k=j,l=i\\\end{cases}}}

• The inverse of this matrix is itself: T i , j − 1 = T i , j . {\displaystyle T_{i,j}^{-1}=T_{i,j}.}
• Since the determinant of the identity matrix is unity, det ( T i , j ) = − 1. {\displaystyle \det(T_{i,j})=-1.} It follows that for any square matrix A (of the correct size), we have det ( T i , j A ) = − det ( A ) . {\displaystyle \det(T_{i,j}A)=-\det(A).}
• For theoretical considerations, the row-switching transformation can be obtained from row-addition and row-multiplication transformations introduced below because T i , j = D i ( − 1 ) L i , j ( − 1 ) L j , i ( 1 ) L i , j ( − 1 ) . {\displaystyle T_{i,j}=D_{i}(-1)\,L_{i,j}(-1)\,L_{j,i}(1)\,L_{i,j}(-1).}

Row-multiplying transformations

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The next type of row operation on a matrix A multiplies all elements on row i by m where m is a non-zero scalar (usually a real number). The corresponding elementary matrix is a diagonal matrix, with diagonal entries 1 everywhere except in the ith position, where it is m.

D i ( m ) = [ 1 ⋱ 1 m 1 ⋱ 1 ] {\displaystyle D_{i}(m)={\begin{bmatrix}1&&&&&&\\&\ddots &&&&&\\&&1&&&&\\&&&m&&&\\&&&&1&&\\&&&&&\ddots &\\&&&&&&1\end{bmatrix}}}

So Di(m)A is the matrix produced from A by multiplying row i by m.

Coefficient wise, the Di(m) matrix is defined by :

[ D i ( m ) ] k , l = { 0 k ≠ l 1 k = l , k ≠ i m k = l , k = i {\displaystyle [D_{i}(m)]_{k,l}={\begin{cases}0&k\neq l\\1&k=l,k\neq i\\m&k=l,k=i\end{cases}}}

Row-addition transformations

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The final type of row operation on a matrix A adds row j multiplied by a scalar m to row i. The corresponding elementary matrix is the identity matrix but with an m in the (i, j) position.

L i j ( m ) = [ 1 ⋱ 1 ⋱ m 1 ⋱ 1 ] {\displaystyle L_{ij}(m)={\begin{bmatrix}1&&&&&&\\&\ddots &&&&&\\&&1&&&&\\&&&\ddots &&&\\&&m&&1&&\\&&&&&\ddots &\\&&&&&&1\end{bmatrix}}}

So Lij(m)A is the matrix produced from A by adding m times row j to row i. And A Lij(m) is the matrix produced from A by adding m times column i to column j.

Coefficient wise, the matrix Li,j(m) is defined by :

[ L i , j ( m ) ] k , l = { 0 k ≠ l , k ≠ i , l ≠ j 1 k = l m k = i , l = j {\displaystyle [L_{i,j}(m)]_{k,l}={\begin{cases}0&k\neq l,k\neq i,l\neq j\\1&k=l\\m&k=i,l=j\end{cases}}}

• Gaussian elimination
• Linear algebra
• System of linear equations
• Matrix (mathematics)
• LU decomposition
• Frobenius matrix

1. ^ Perrone (2024), pp. 119–120

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