Empress dowager (original) (raw)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mother or widow of an emperor in the Chinese cultural sphere

Empress dowager (also dowager empress or empress mother) (Chinese and Japanese: 皇太后; pinyin: huángtàihòu; rōmaji: Kōtaigō; Korean: 황태후 (皇太后); romaja: Hwang Tae Hu; Vietnamese: Hoàng Thái Hậu (皇太后)) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese monarch in the Chinese cultural sphere.

The title was also given occasionally to another woman of the same generation, while a woman from the previous generation was sometimes given the title of grand empress dowager (Chinese and Japanese: 太皇太后; pinyin: tàihúangtàihòu; rōmaji: Taikōtaigō; Korean: 태황태후 (太皇太后); romaja: Tae Hwang Tae Hu; Vietnamese: Thái Hoàng Thái Hậu (太皇太后)). An empress dowager wielded power over the harem and imperial family. Numerous empress dowagers held regency during the reign of underage emperors. Many of the most prominent empress dowagers also extended their control for long periods after the emperor was old enough to govern. This was a source of political turmoil according to the traditional view of Chinese history.

In Europe, the title dowager empress was given to the wife of a deceased Emperor of Russia or Holy Roman Emperor.

For grand empresses dowager, visit grand empress dowager.

Chinese empresses dowager

[edit]

Han dynasty

Jin dynasty

Northern Wei dynasty

Liu Song dynasty

Tang dynasty

Liao dynasty

Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Qing dynasty

Japanese empress dowager

[edit]

Standard of the Japanese Empress Dowager

In the complex organization of the Japanese Imperial Court, the title of "empress dowager" does not automatically devolve to the principal consort of an Emperor who has died. The title "Kōtaigō" can only be bestowed or granted by the Emperor who will have acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne.

The following were among the individuals who were granted this imperial title:

Korean empress dowager

[edit]

[[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki%5Fletter%5Fw%5Fcropped.svg) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024)

Holy Roman dowager empresses

[edit]

[[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki%5Fletter%5Fw%5Fcropped.svg) This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024)

Adelaide of Italy was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Emperor Otto the Great and was crowned alongside him in 962. After her husbands death, her son Otto II succeeded as Emperor, and on his death he was succeeded by Adelaide's grandson Otto III. She served as regent until he reached his majority.[5]

Although never referred to as a dowager, Empress Matilda was the Holy Roman Empress from 1114 by her marriage to Emperor Henry V. She continued to be referred to as "Empress" long after the death of her first husband in 1125, and her subsequent remarriage to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou in 1128.[6]

Despite having abandoned the throne of Sicily for her son Frederick II, Empress Constance of Sicily, widow of Henry VI, retained her title as Empress Dowager until her death in 1198.[7]

Eleonora Gonzaga, was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Emperor Ferdinand III, and after his death was Empress Dowager from 1657–1686.[8]

Russian dowager empresses

[edit]

Dowager empresses of Russia held precedence over the Empress consort. This was occasionally a source of tension. For example, when Paul I was assassinated, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg), for whom this tradition was started, often took the arm of her son Tsar Alexander I at court functions and ceremonies while his wife Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden) walked behind, which caused resentment on the part of the young empress. The same thing happened decades later when Emperor Alexander III died, and the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) held precedence over Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna (Alix of Hesse), which put an enormous strain on their already tense relationship. The power struggle culminated when the Dowager Empress refused to hand over certain jewels traditionally associated with the Empress Consort.[_citation needed_]

There have been four dowager empresses in Russia:

Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna was briefly and concurrently, along with her mother in-law Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, a Dowager empress. She is therefore often forgotten as a Dowager Empress.

Indian empresses dowager

[edit]

Queen-Empress Victoria (1819–1901, r. 1837–1901) was widowed in 1861, before her accession as Queen-Empress of India. Her son, her grandson and her great-grandson all died before their wives, and their widows were known as Empresses dowager in this Indian context. Had George VI, the last Emperor of India, died before the independence of India was proclaimed in 1947, his widow would have been known as the dowager empress of India. However, George VI did not die until 1952, some years after India's formal independence and the renunciation of the title Emperor of India by the British monarch (which took place formally in 1948).

Vietnamese empresses dowager

[edit]

Notes: The parentheses show the dates of birth and the dates of death.

Đinh-Early Lê dynasties

Lý dynasty

Trần dynasty

Nguyễn dynasty

  1. ^ Indian Independence Act 1947

  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 333–334.

  3. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 334–335.

  4. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 335–337.

  5. ^ Ponsonby-Fane (1959), pp. 337–338.

  6. ^ Müller-Mertens, E. (2000) ‘The Ottonians as kings and emperors’, in T. Reuter (ed.) The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (The New Cambridge Medieval History), pp. 231–266.

  7. ^ Chibnall, Marjorie (1993). The Empress Matilda : queen consort, queen mother and lady of the English. Internet Archive. Oxford : Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19028-8.

  8. ^ Lomax, John (18 October 2013). "Constance (1154–1198)". In Emmerson, Richard K. (ed.). Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 153, 154. ISBN 978-1-136-77519-2. Retrieved 15 September 2024.

  9. ^ "Souborný katalog AV ČR - Zápas o funkci nejvyššího štolmistra na dvoře císařovny vdovy Eleonory Gonzagové : Edice důvěrné korespondence bratří Ditrichštejnů z roku 1683 = Struggle for the stallmeister's position on the court of the empress dowager Eleonora Gonzaga. : Edition of private correspondence between the Dietrichstein brothers dated 1683 / Jiří Kubeš". www.lib.cas.cz. Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2014-09-25.

  10. ^ VnExpress. "Chuyện về 'hoàng hậu hai triều' Dương Vân Nga - VnExpress".

  11. ^ "Vietnampackagetour.com". vietnampackagetour.com.

Books