Gallurese (original) (raw)
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Romance language spoken in northeastern Sardinia
| Gallurese | |
|---|---|
| gadduresu | |
| Pronunciation | [ɡaɖːuˈrezu] |
| Native to | Italy |
| Region | Gallura (northern Sardinia) |
| Ethnicity | CorsicansSardinians |
| Native speakers | (100,000 cited 1999)[1] |
| Language family | Indo-European ItalicLatino-FaliscanLatinRomanceItalo-WesternItalo-DalmatianItalo-RomanceTuscanCorsican[a]Gallurese |
| Official status | |
| Recognised minoritylanguage in |  Sardinia ( Italy)[3][4] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sdn |
| Glottolog | gall1276 |
| ELP | Gallurese Sardinian |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-pd |
 Languages and dialects of Sardinia |
Gallurese (gadduresu) is a Romance dialect of the Italo-Dalmatian family spoken in the region of Gallura, northeastern Sardinia. Gallurese is variously described as a distinct southern dialect of Corsican or transitional language of the dialect continuum between Corsican and Sardinian. "Gallurese International Day" (Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa) takes place each year in Palau (Sardinia) with the participation of orators from other areas, including Corsica.[5][6][7]
Gallurese is generally considered a southern Corsican dialect,[2] sharing close resemblance in morphology and vocabulary with the dialects of Sartene and Porto-Vecchio on Corsica, whereas its phonology and syntax are similar to those of Sardinian.[8] One third of Gallurese vocabulary is also influenced by Logudorese Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish.[8]
The Sassarese language, spoken in the area of Sassari, shares similar transitional traits between Tuscan, Corsican and Sardinian but, in comparison with Gallurese, is definitely closer to the Logudorese dialects of Sardinian.
The most ancient literary sources in Gallurese date back to the early 17th century, mainly as poetry and religious odes. Some late Middle Age fragments suggest that the formation of the language could be dated to the early 15th century. The origin and the development of Gallurese are debated. Max Leopold Wagner and Maurice Le Lannou argued that successive migration waves from Southern Corsica, promoted under the Aragonese rule to repopulate an area devastated by famine and pandemics, were crucial in the formation of a transitional language.
Typical constitutional elements of Gallurese
[edit]
Corsican dialects, including Gallurese.
- the plural form of nouns in -i (ghjanni or polti 'doors') are like in Corsican and Italian, and not as in -s like in Sardinian (jannas, portas), French, Spanish, Catalan, etc.
- Latin 'll' has become -dd- (like casteddu, coraddu 'castle', 'coral'), the same as in Sardinian, southern Corsican and Sicilian (but castellu, corallu in northern Corsican);
- -r- modified to -l- (poltu 'port', while portu in Corsican and Sardinian);
- -chj- and -ghj- sounds (ghjesgia 'church', occhji 'eyes'), like in Corsican, while Sardinian is cresia, ogros.
- articles lu, la, li, like in ancient Corsican dialects (u, a, i in modern Corsican, su, sa, sos, sas in Sardinian);
Relation to Corsican
[edit]
Gallurese is classified by some linguists as a dialect of Corsican,[9][10][11] and by others as a dialect of Sardinian.[12] In any case, a great deal of similarity exists between Southern Corsican dialects and Gallurese, while there is relatively more distance from the neighbouring Sardinian varieties.
Concluding the debate speech, the Sardinian linguist Mauro Maxia stated as follows:
From a historical and geographic point of view, Gallurese might be classed either under Corsican or Sardinian, in light of its presence specific to Sardinia for the last six-seven centuries. From a linguistic point of view, Gallurese might be defined as:
- Predominantly Corsican on a phono-morphological level;
- Predominantly Sardinian on a syntactic level;
- Predominantly Corsican on a lexical level, with a lot of Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish words, making up around 1/3 of the total vocabulary.
Gallurese is less Corsican than many scholars make it out to be. What makes Gallurese a different language from Corsican, rather than a Corsican dialect, are many grammatical features, especially related to syntax, and the significant number of Sardinian, Catalan and Spanish loanwords.
It can be therefore claimed that, from a grammatical and lexical point of view, Gallurese is a transitional language between Corsican and Sardinian.
— Mauro Maxia, Seminar on the Gallurese language, Palau 2014
The Regional Government of Sardinia has recognized Gallurese, along with Sassarese as separate languages, distinct from Sardinian.[13]
An excerpt from a hymn dedicated to the Virgin Mary.[14]
| Standard Italian | Southern Corsican | Gallurese | Sassarese | Logudorese Sardinian | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tu sei nata per incantodeliziosa bellezzala migliore di Luogosantola più bella di Gallura.Sei tanto bella che ogni cuores'innamora di teper gli occhi miei un fioreed è la migliore che c’è.Io sono vecchio e canutoe il mio tempo sta passandoperò sempre burlandocome m'avevi conosciuto.Per quanta strada devo faresempre onore a Luogosantoche è la terra dell'incantoper chiunque chi viene a visitarla.La patrona di Galluraabbiamo noi in Luogosantoincoronata di canticosì bella creatura. | Tù sè nata par incantudiliziosa biddezzaa meddu di Locusantua più bedda di Gaddura.Sè bedda chì ugni coris’innamurighja di tèpà l’ochja mei un fioried hè a meddu chì ci hè.Ié socu vechju canutuè socu à tempu passenduparò sempri burlenducomu m’eti cunnisciutuQuantu campu devu fàsempri anori a Locusantuch’hè a tarra di l’incantudi quà veni à sughjurnà.A Patrona di Gaddural’emu no' in Locusantuincurunata da u cantucusì bedda criatura. | Tu sei nata par incantudiliziosa elmosùrala meddu di Locusantula più bedda di Gaddura.Sei bedda chi dugna coris’innammurigghja di tepa l’occhj mei un fioried è la meddu chi c’è.E socu vecchju canutue socu a tempu passendiparò sempri burrulendicomu m’eti cunnisciutuCantu campu decu fàsempri onori a Locusantuch’è la tarra di l’incantudi ca veni a istragnà.La Patrona di Gaddural’emu noi in Locusantuincurunata da lu cantucussì bedda criatura. | Tu sei nadda pà incantudiriziosa ermosurala megliu di Loggusantula più bedda di Gaddura.Sei bedda chi dugna coris'innamureggia di tepà l'occi mei un fiorie sei la megliu chi v'è.E soggu vecciu canuddue soggu a tempu passendiparò sempri buffunendicumenti m'abeddi cunnisciddu.Cantu campu aggiu da fàsempri onori a Loggusantuchi è la terra di l'incantudi ca veni a visità.La Patrona di Gaddural'abemmu noi in Loggusantuincurunadda da lu cantucussì bedda criaddura. | Tue ses naschida pro incantudelitziosa ermosurasa menzus de Logusantusa prus bella de Gallura.Ses bella gai chi dontzi coros'innamorat de tenepro sos ogros meos unu froree ses sa menzus chi b'est.E soe betzu e pilicanue su tempus meu est colendepero soe semper brullendecomente m'azis connotu.Pro cantu bivo apo a fàgheresemper onore a Logusantuchi est sa terra de s'incantude chie benit a la bisitare.Sa patrona de Gallurala tenimus nois in Logusantucoronada de su cantugai bella criadura. | You were born of enchantmentDelightful beautyThe best of LuogosantoThe most beautiful in Gallura.You are so beautiful that every heartFalls in love with youA flower to my eyesThe best one that there is.I am old and greyAnd my time is passing byBut I am always cheering upThe same way as when you met me.No matter how many fields I must tillI will always honor LuogosantoFor it is a land of enchantmentFor whoever comes to visit it.The Patron of GalluraIs here for us in LuogosantoCrowned by hymnsSuch a splendid creature. |
^ The grouping of Gallurese is disputed, although it is most commonly considered a dialect of Corsican[2] that is also similar or heavily influenced by Sardinian, Tuscan or standard Italian.
^ Gallurese at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
^ a b Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). The Romance Languages. London, England: Routledge. p. 314. ISBN 0-415-16417-6. Also the dialects of Gallura and Sassari (spoken along the northern coast) can be classified as varieties of Italian, though they show some affinities with Sardinian. Gallurese is a variety of Southern Corsican whereas Sassarese is a hybrid dialect which evolved during the Middle Ages as a result of the close contact between the native Sardinian population of Sassari and the maritime powers of Pisa and Genoa.
^ "Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26". Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ "Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22". Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
^ "Ciurrati Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2014" (PDF). (in Gallurese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
^ "Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2015" (PDF). (in Gallurese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-25.
^ "Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2017". Archived from the original on 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
^ a b "Atti Convegno Lingua Gallurese, Palau 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
^ Blasco Ferrer 1984: 180–186, 200
^ Contini 1987: 1°, 500–503
^ Dettori 2002
^ Loporcaro 2009: 159–167
^ Autonomous Region of Sardinia (1997-10-15). "Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26" (in Italian). pp. Art. 2, paragraph 4. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
^ "Accademia della lingua gallurese". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
- Maxia, Mauro. Studi sardo-corsi: Dialettologia e storia della lingua tra le due isole. Accademia della Lingua Gallurese; Istituto di Filologia (2010).
- Elementi di grammatica gallurese, Antoninu Rubattu
- Von Wartburg, Walther. La fragmentation linguistique de la Romania. Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1967.