Gilbert Mackereth (original) (raw)

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British Army officer and diplomat

Sir Gilbert Mackereth KCMG MC (19 October 1892 – 11 January 1962) was a decorated British Army officer of the First World War who subsequently served as a British diplomat, most notably as Ambassador to Colombia from 1947 to 1953. His is described as 'the real James Bond' in a book about other aspects of his career.[1]

He began his army service in the ranks in 1914 but after being commissioned in 1916 rapidly rose through the ranks and became a battalion commander. As a subaltern he was decorated for the rescue of a group of soldiers under heavy fire in 1917.

He left the army on 24 April 1919 and joined the diplomatic service. He held several consular positions in northern Africa and the Middle East before and during the Second World War. Post-war he was posted to the newly liberated Dutch East Indies, before being posted to Bogotá in 1947.

In retirement he lived in Spain, where he died and was buried. Although his grave was saved from disturbance following threats from Spanish authorities in May 2010, in November 2011 his remains were reburied in a garden of remembrance at the Fusilier Museum in Bury, Greater Manchester. Mackereth is believed to be the first soldier from World War I to be repatriated to England since the burial of the Unknown Soldier at Westminster Abbey in 1920.

Gilbert Mackereth was born an only child in Salford, Lancashire, on 19 October 1892. His father, Thomas, was a bank manager born Eccles in 1st Qr 1864. His mother Annie was born at Bolton,[2] and his paternal grandfather, Thomas, was minister of the New Jerusalem Church, Higher Bridge Street, Bolton.[3]

Queue to join army, Epsom 1914

Mackereth's medal index card

21st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers

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Mackereth enlisted shortly after the outbreak of war on 19 November 1914 as a private with the Royal Fusiliers and he gave his occupation as "Insurance Surveyor". He joined the 21st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, also known as 4th Public Schools Battalion which was a rather unusual unit, raised at Epsom on 11 September 1914 as one of the battalions of Kitchener's Army from the "Public Schools and University Mens Force". It served in France in the 98th Brigade, which formed part of 33rd Division. It was transferred under the direct authority of Haig's General Headquarters on 27 February 1916, and disbanded on 24 April 1916, with a high proportion of the men (like Mackereth) going on to take commissions in other units.[4][5]

17th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers

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Mackereth was commissioned on 6 July 1916 as a second lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers. He was promoted lieutenant on 4 February 1917.[6] In April 1917 during the capture of Gricourt following the German's withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, he rescued a stranded group of soldiers in no man's land. As a result, on 18 June 1917 he was awarded the Military Cross, the citation read:[7]

2nd Lt. Gilbert Mackereth, Lan. Fus., Spec. Res. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He went 100 yards over the open under heavy fire to the assistance of a patrol which had become isolated. Later he made personal reconnaissances and moved about fearlessly under heavy shell fire.

The details on his medal card indicate that he first entered a theatre of war on 14 November 1915, when he was a private in 21st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (4th Public Schools Battalion). He was awarded the Victory Medal, the British War Medal and the 1914–15 Star; the MC on his medal card denotes the Military Cross he was awarded.[8] He was also Mentioned in Despatches, which entitled him to wear an oak leaf emblem on the ribbon of the Victory Medal.[9]

On 1 May 1917 he was appointed adjutant, and became an acting captain on 3 August 1917.[10] On 21 August 1917 he received a serious leg wound during an attack on Canal Wood south of Cambrai. He was in hospital for 5 months and did not rejoin the 17th Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers in France until 15 June 1918. He retained the appointment of adjutant until 19 June 1918, when he reverted to the rank of lieutenant until 4 July when he was promoted acting major and second-in-command of the battalion.[11] The rank of major was later made substantive and back-dated to 21 May 1918.[12] On 26 August 1918 he was promoted acting lieutenant-colonel and became temporary commanding officer of 17th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers.[13][14] He reverted to major and battalion second-in-command on 13 September 1918,[15] but took command again as an acting lieutenant-colonel on 29 October,[16] this time remaining in command until 24 April 1919.[17]He was demobilised at this time, reverting to his Special Reserve rank of lieutenant.[18]

After leaving the Army, Mackereth joined the Diplomatic Service and married his wife Muriel while posted to Jerusalem in 1921. He worked as a vice-consul at consulates across northern Africa; being posted to Tangier on 1 April 1923;[19] and Fez, Morocco on 18 October 1923,[20] his area of responsibility was widened in November 1926, but he continued to reside at Fez;[21] He moved to Addis Ababa on 2 November 1930.[22] He returned to the Middle East in 1933 when he was appointed to be consul for the Sanjaks of Damascus, Horns, Hama, and of the Hauran and the Governorate of the Djebel Druze on 10 January, residing at Damascus;[23] a role he continued until 1939. In 1937 he advised an increase in border patrol around Palestine due to the high numbers of Jewish immigrants fleeing Nazism in Hitler's Germany; the French were at this time in control of Damascus since the Versailles Conference had granted France a mandate over Syria.[24]

Documents known as the Tegart Collection contain correspondence from 1938 with Syrian and Transjordan authorities that relate to border control and security to counteract arms smuggling and terrorist infiltration along with Mackereth's report.[25]

A set of documents known as the Sir Edward Spears Papers, dated between June 1944 to January 1945, contain references to telegrams regarding Mackereth, then Counsellor at the British Legation, Beirut, to the Foreign Office on the situation in Syria and the Lebanon. In these communications there are attempts by Sir Edward Spears to have Mackereth transferred or dismissed for alleged bad handling of economic affairs. The correspondence from Spears also mentions tyre imports and distribution in Syria, and relations with the Bedouin with annotated weekly political summaries from Damascus with reports on the economic situation in the Levant. Spears' attempts to disturb Mackereth's career failed.[26]

On 11 March 1940 Mackereth returned to Addis Ababa, now as Consul General.[27] On 30 April 1941 he was appointed a Consul General at "Angora" as the British then called Ankara, Turkey.[28] On 26 March 1945 he took up the same appointment for French Morocco, residing at Rabat.[29]

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Mackereth was appointed Consul General in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), residing at Batavia, on 13 March 1946,[30] where he helped restore order following the Japanese surrender. He was given a personal promotion to the Fourth Grade of the Foreign Service from the same date.[31] He ended his career as Ambassador to Colombia from 19 December 1947[32] to 1953.

Honours and knighthood

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Mackereth was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1939 King's Birthday Honours.[33] In recognition of his work as British ambassador, he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1952 New Year Honours. The London Gazette announcement read:[34]

The KING has been graciously pleased to give directions for the following appointment to, and promotion in, the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George: —

To be Members of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders, of the said Most Distinguished Order:—

Gilbert MacKereth, Esq., C.M.G., M.C., His Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Bogota.

Mackereth and his wife Muriel retired to San Sebastián, Northern Spain. Following his death on 11 January 1962, age 69, his body was interred at San Sebastián. The headstone reads "In Loving Memory of Sir Gilbert Mackereth KCMG MC". His wife returned to England and died in 1979. They were childless, so following her death, his tomb in Spain became neglected.

Preservation of tomb

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In May 2010, the San Sebastián authorities generated an outcry in response to proposals to exhume and re-bury his body as a result of unpaid burial taxes.[35][36][37]

A hunt commenced on 5 May 2010 for descendants who may still live in or near to Bolton assisted by the Bolton News. As a result of press coverage, offers of assistance to pay the taxes were immediately received from members of the public in Britain and overseas. Terry Dean of the Western Front Association, North Lancashire Branch who had discovered the risk to Mackereth's grave brought the matter to the attention of the British media and resulted in articles appearing on the BBC website and in The Daily Telegraph and other newspapers on 6 May 2010, offers of assistance were immediately received from members of the public and saw a widespread appeal for information in the hunt for living relatives. Sir Robert Atkins MEP contacted Spanish authorities on 7 May 2010 asking them not to touch the grave.[38] Terry Dean also successfully traced living relatives of Mackereth: on 10 May 2010, it was reported that one of Mackereth's first cousins, Mr John Sloan, had been located. He accepted an offer from The Sun to pay the outstanding taxes and thus save the grave from being disturbed.[39]

Following further threats from the Spanish authorities, it was agreed with the family to return his ashes to the UK. On Friday 11 November 2011, his cremated remains were interred by Mr. Dean at the Gallipoli Garden of remembrance of the Fusilier Museum in Bury, Greater Manchester. Mackereth is believed to be the first soldier from World War I to be repatriated to England since the burial of the Unknown Soldier at Westminster Abbey in 1920.[40]

1. ^ "Sir Gilbert Mackereth KCMG MC 17th Bn Lancashire Fusiliers". Lancashire Fusiliers. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
2. ^ "FreeBMD Entry Info". .freebmd.org.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
3. ^ "| Genuki UK". Genuki.org.uk. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
4. ^ The History Of The Royal Fusiliers—U. P. S. University And Public Schools Brigade (Formation And Training), originally published By The Times
5. ^ Chris Baker. "The Royal Fusiliers". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
6. ^ "No. 30170". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 July 1917. p. 6782.
7. ^ "No. 30135". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 June 1917. p. 5994.
8. ^ "WWI campaign medals—Medal card of Mackereth, Gilbert" (fee usually required to view pdf of original medal card). DocumentsOnline. The National Archives. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
9. ^ Chris Baker. "Interpreting a medal index card". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
10. ^ "No. 30368". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 November 1917. p. 11457.
11. ^ "No. 30914". The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 September 1918. p. 11269.
12. ^ "No. 30974". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 October 1918. p. 12663.
13. ^ "No. 30931". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 October 1918. p. 11652.
14. ^ Hutchison, Peter (6 May 2010). "Historian facing Spanish tax bill for First World War hero—A military historian has been handed a Spanish tax bill after leaving a note on the grave of a First World War hero". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
15. ^ "No. 30985". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 October 1918. p. 12877.
16. ^ "No. 31103". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1918. p. 158.
17. ^ "No. 31404". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1919. p. 7633.
18. ^ "No. 31976". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 July 1920. p. 7435.
19. ^ "No. 32828". The London Gazette. 29 May 1923. p. 3748.
20. ^ "No. 32896". The London Gazette. 8 January 1924. p. 259.
21. ^ "No. 33224". The London Gazette. 26 November 1926. p. 7676.
22. ^ "No. 33724". The London Gazette. 9 June 1931. p. 3758.
23. ^ "No. 33977". The London Gazette. 12 September 1933. p. 5947.
24. ^ Fry, Michael G., & Itamar Rabinovich (SCME) Dispatches from Damascus: Gilbert Mackereth and British Policy in the Levant, 1933–1939 ISBN 978-0-8156-7052-0, memoranda sent in the latter part of 1937 by the British consul in Damascus, Colonel Gilbert Mackereth
25. ^ "File And Item Level Description of the Sir Charles Tegart Collection" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
26. ^ "|Sir Edward Spears papers". Janus.lib.cam.ac.uk. 8 July 1941. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
27. ^ "No. 34831". The London Gazette. 16 April 1940. p. 2241.
28. ^ "No. 35171". The London Gazette. 23 May 1941. p. 2940.
29. ^ "No. 37198". The London Gazette. 27 July 1945. p. 3882.
30. ^ "No. 37715". The London Gazette. 6 September 1946. p. 4470.
31. ^ "No. 37737". The London Gazette. 24 September 1946. p. 4807.
32. ^ "No. 38295". The London Gazette. 21 May 1948. p. 3064.
33. ^ "No. 34633". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1939. p. 3856.
34. ^ "No. 39421". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1952. p. 5.
35. ^ "Plea to save World War I Lancashire Fusilier remains". BBC News. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
36. ^ Hutchison, Peter (6 May 2010). "Telegraph Newspaper UK". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
37. ^ "War hero's grave to be dug up over unpaid taxes". Fleetwood Today. Retrieved 6 May 2010.[_dead link_]
38. ^ (UKPA) – 2 days ago. "|Press Association". Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.{{[cite web](/wiki/Template:Cite%5Fweb "Template:Cite web")}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
39. ^ "Lancashire Fusilier war hero's grave saved after plea". BBC News. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
40. ^ "Remains of Military Cross holder from the Great War are repatriated to Bury for reburial in garden". Bury Times. Newspaper Network. A Gannett Company. Newsquest Media Group Ltd. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2023.