Herbert Lütje (original) (raw)

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German flying ace

Herbert Lütje
Herbert Lütje
Born	30 January 1918Abbesbüttel/Gifhorn, Germany
Died	18 January 1967(1967-01-18) (aged 48)Cologne-Wahn, Germany
Allegiance	Nazi Germany (to 1945) West Germany
Service / branch	Luftwaffe German Air Force
Years of service	1937–45, 1957–
Rank	Oberstleutnant (Wehrmacht)Oberst (Bundeswehr)
Unit	LG 2, JG 2, NJG 1, NJG 6
Commands	8./NJG 1, IV./NJG 6, NJG 6
Battles / wars	World War II Norwegian campaign Battle of France Defense of the Reich
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Herbert Heinrich Otto Lütje (30 January 1918 – 18 January 1967) was a German military aviator, a wing commander in the Luftwaffe during World War II and an officer in the postwar German Air Force. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 50 aerial victories claimed in 247 combat missions. His 47 nocturnal claims made him the twentyfourth most successful night fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare.[1] All of his victories were claimed in Defense of the Reich missions, the majority at night against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command and three daytime claims, one over a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber and two Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft.

Born in Abbesbüttel, Lütje grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school, he joined the military service in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. In 1939 and 1940 he served with the night-fighter squadron of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) and Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) during the Norwegian campaign and Battle of France. Following the units reorganization, he served with III. Gruppe (3rd group) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). Lütje claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 6/7 September 1942 and was appointed squadron leader of 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of NJG 1 in May 1943. Following his 28th aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 June 1943, shortly after he was given command IV. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 (NJG 6—6th Night Fighter Wing). He was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of NJG 6 in October 1944. On 17 April 1945, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Following the rearmament of the Federal Republic of Germany, Lütje joined the German Air Force in July 1957. He died on 18 January 1967 in Cologne-Wahn.

Early life and career

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Lütje was born on 30 January 1918 in Abbesbüttel, at the time in the Province of Hanover, as part of the German Empire. He was the son of a farmer. After graduation from school, Lütje joined the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1937 as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) and attended the Luftkriegsschule 2 in Berlin-Gatow. Following flight training,[Note 1] he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 August 1939.[2] In December 1939, he was transferred to the night fighter squadron of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing).[3]

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In February 1940, the night fighter squadron was absorbed by the VI. (Nacht) Gruppe (4th night fighter group) of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing).[Note 2] There, Lütje was assigned to the 12. Staffel (12th squadron).[3] Flying with this squadron, he participated in the Norwegian Campaign.[2] On 24 April 1940, 12. Staffel was ordered to Aalborg where it stayed until May. From Aalborg, the unit flew patrol missions along the Danish coast. On 31 May, 12. Staffel was ordered back to Germany, arriving in Jever on 2 June.[4] The Staffel then moved to Köln-Ostheim airfield, flying night-fighter missions during the Battle of France.[5] In total, Lütje flew three missions over Norway and 19 missions during the Battle of France on the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D single engined fighter.[2]

Night fighter career

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A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown.

Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[6] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[7]

Following the campaign in Norway and France, VI.(N)/JG 2 was moved to Mönchengladbach in late June. There, the unit was outfitted with the Bf 109 E, equipped with the navigational direction finder PeilG IV direction finder (PeilG - Peilgerät). The objective was to test single-engined fighter aircraft as night-fighters. During this test phase, VI.(N)/JG 2 was integrated in the newly formed Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) on 26 June 1940. On 1 July, the Gruppe was officially designated III. Gruppe (3rd Group) of NJG 1 and converted to the twin-engined Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter.[8]

At the time, Lütje was assigned to the Stab of III. Gruppe. Flying his 49th night fighter mission, he claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 6/7 September 1941.[2] The claim was filed over an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bomber in the vicinity of Metelen.[9] With five aerial victories to his credit, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader) of the 8. Staffel of NJG 1 (8th Squadron of the 1st Night Fighter Wing) on 1 May 1942.[3] On 28 September 1942, he received the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) and was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) on 1 October.[2] By the end of 1942, his number of aerial victories had increased to 16.[10]

Lütje claimed a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber shot down during a day time mission against the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on 4 March 1943.[3] He achieved his 20th aerial victory on the night of 12/13 March 1943. Lütje was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 1 June 1943 after he had shot down six British and Canadian bombers on the night of 13/14 May 1943.[2] Among them was a Royal Air Force (RAF) Avro Lancaster from No. 57 Squadron piloted by Pilot Officer Jan Bernand Marinus Haye on a mission to bomb the Škoda Works at Plzeň. The bomber was set on fire and the crew bailed out safely.[11]

He was then appointed Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) of the newly formed IV. Gruppe (4th Group) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 (NJG 6—6th Night Fighter Wing) in June 1943.[12] IV./NJG 6 was based in Rumania and tasked with the protection of the Romanian oil fields. In September 1943 he flew a number of combat missions out of the Netherlands claiming four aerial victories.[3]

Over Romania he again fought the USAAF during daytime sorties. Fighting the Fifteenth Air Force he shot down two P-38 Lightnings—one of them by his radio operator with the MG 81Z—on 10 June 1944.[13] His Bf 110 G-4 (Werknummer 140018—factory number) was severely damaged. He and his wireless radio operator Oberfeldwebel (Sergeant) August Bogumil were wounded and had to make a forced landing. Over Romania, Lütje was credited with six Vickers Wellington bombers and one Soviet Ilyushin Il-4 aircraft over the Black Sea during nocturnal combat missions. At the end of August 1944 IV./NJ 6 was relocated back to Germany.

Lütje was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of NJG 6 on 13 September 1944, succeeding Major Heinrich Griese. Command of IV. Gruppe was passed on to Hauptmann Martin Becker.[12] Lütje claimed his final eight aerial victories in 1945.[3] On 15 March, he was nominated for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). The nomination of the Oak Leaves was approved on 31 March and were awarded on 17 April 1945 after 50 aerial victories on 17 April 1945, the 836th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored.[14] At the end of war he was taken prisoner of war and released in June 1945.[2]

Following the Wiederbewaffnung (rearmament) of the Federal Republic of Germany, Lütje joined the German Air Force in July 1957. He retired holding the rank of Oberst (colonel) and died on 18 January 1967 in Cologne-Wahn.[2]

Aerial victory claims

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According Spick, Lütje was credited with 53 aerial victories, including two by day and 51 by night, claimed in approximately 150 combat missions.[15] Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 50 victory claims.[16] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Lütje with 46 claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims and one by his air gunner Oberfeldwebel Bogumil.[17]

Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 28 September 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän[67]
German Cross in Gold on 28 January 1943 as Hauptmann in the 8./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[68]
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight's Cross on 1 June 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 8./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[69][70]
- 836th Oak Leaves on 17 April 1945 as Major and Geschwaderkommodore of Nachtjagdgeschwader 6[69][71]

^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.
^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman, this claim was unconfirmed.[24]
^ Scutts 1998, p. 88.
^ a b c d e f g h Stockert 2011, p. 96.
^ a b c d e f Obermaier 1989, p. 76.
^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 44.
^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 139.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.
^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 30.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 30–62.
^ Pitchfork 2003, p. 103.
^ a b Aders 1978, p. 230.
^ Ziefle 2013, p. 173.
^ Stockert 2011, pp. 96–97.
^ Spick 1996, p. 243.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 30–244.
^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 785–786.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 31.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 32.
^ Halifax L9603.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 36.
^ Wellington Z1143.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 43.
^ a b c d e f g Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 786.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 46.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 47.
^ Wellington DV951.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 49.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 50.
^ Wellington Z1462.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 54.
^ Wellington BJ608.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 55.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 56.
^ Wellington Z1212.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 57.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 58.
^ Stirling BF337.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 59.
^ Wellington Z1084.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 62.
^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 68.
^ Bowman 2016, p. 127.
^ B-17 41-24512.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 70.
^ Halifax HR687.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 71.
^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 72.
^ Lancaster ED435.
^ a b c d e f Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 80.
^ a b c d e f Bowman 2016, p. 146.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 110.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 115.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 118.
^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 174.
^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 186.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 194.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 208.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 210.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 218.
^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1353.
^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 234.
^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 236.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 242.
^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 243.
^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 244.
^ Patzwall 2008, p. 139.
^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 289.
^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 518.
^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 298.
^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 102.

Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN 978-0-354-01247-8.
Bowman, Martin (2016). Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-4738-4986-0.
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [_The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches_] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.
Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [_The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945_] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [_The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2_] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [_The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War_] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
Pitchfork, Graham (2003). Shot down and on the run: the RCAF and Commonwealth aircrews who got home from behind enemy lines, 1940–1945. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-483-8.
Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [_Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940_] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [_The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942_] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [_The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives_] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-696-5.
Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
Stockert, Peter (2011). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 9 [_The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 9_] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [_The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z_] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
Ziefle, Michael (2013). Messerschmitt Bf 110: Die Rehabilitierung eines Flugzeuges [_Messerschmitt Bf 110: The Rehabilitation of an Airplane_] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8482-8879-3.
Accident description for Boeing B-17 41-24512 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Halifax HR687 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Halifax L9603 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Lancaster ED435 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Stirling BF337 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Wellington BJ608 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Wellington DV951 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Wellington Z1084 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Wellington Z1143 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Wellington Z1212 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.
Accident description for Wellington Z1462 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 12 September 2022.

Military offices
Preceded by_Major_ Heinrich Griese	*Commander of Nachtjagdgeschwader* 6** 13 September 1944 – 8 May 1945	Unit disbanded